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Objective To compare the response measures and outcomes of SARS-CoV(2003), H1N1 influenza(2009), H7N9 influenza(2013)and COVID-19(2020)in Shanghai and provide scientific evidence for the emergency response of public health emergencies. Methods We compared the response measures and outcomes of the four epidemics in Shanghai in the aspects of government response, prevention and control system, scientific and technological support, social mobilization and prevention effects, using critical incident analysis based on the time axis of the epidemics from literature review. Results In response to the four epidemics of infectious diseases occurred in 2003-2020, Shanghai has generally made some significant effort and flexible measures in the first month of the epidemics, including"closure of live poultry markets"and"three closed-loops and four 100% coverage"and other specific prevention and control measures, which have enhanced the prevention and control system. However, we identified that the construction of prevention and control system for public health emergencies remained inefficient, compared to rapid economic development. The majority of the construction measures were principally post-epidemic. In addition, there were many challenges, such as passive response, temporary response teams and measures, and difficulties in the flexible bottom-up response for residents, families and industries without standard operating procedure and guidelines. Conclusion It may be an effective measure for the prevention and control of infectious diseases to build joint prevention and control measures with mass participation and regular drills, in the perspectives of strategic, tactical and operational levels of epidemic prevention and control.
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Objective]Training students to consult literature, teamwork, language expression, report writing and other aspects of the ability to develop professionalism, improve the overall quality.[Methods] We review reflections of the current situation on teachingChinese Medical Historycurriculum, put forward a set of time as the main line, physicians investigating and studying as the center, set questionnaires, group discussions, class reporting, comprehensive evaluation of integrated interactive solutions.[Results] By strengthening the self-study and discussion, to stimulate students' enthusiasm for learning and exploration, so that students master the initial medical history of the life, works and academic achievements, for the future in-depth study of traditional Chinese medicine professional knowledge and lay a good foundation. [Conclusion] After preliminary practice, it achieved good results, to be promoted in Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the time-axis variable function of the digital stethoscope in teaching cardiac auscultation. The subjects were 61 fifth-year medical students. The effectiveness of the time-axis variable function of the digital stethoscope for cardiac auscultation was assessed with five representative heart sounds or murmurs. The students reported that auscultatory findings were clearer at half speed than at normal speed for the following sounds, in decreasing order of frequency: systolic murmur following a systolic click, splitting of the second heart sound, systolic ejection murmur, and the third heart sound. In contrast, students frequently reported that auscultatory findings were clearer at normal speed for systolic regurgitation murmur. We suggest that the time-axis variable function is useful for improving auscultatory ability and would be particularly effective for helping students identify and understand the temporal relation of sequential heart sounds or of multicomponent murmurs.