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Tuberculosis (TB) is infectious diseases were the lungs are mostly affected. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosisbacteria and is spread when a person already affected with TB coughs, sneezes, spits,laughs, or talk. Even though it’s is contagious does not easily catch i.e. chances of catching TB are much higher with someone you live with or work than from a stranger. Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) arises when the antibiotic fails to kill bacteria. MDR-TB can be treatable and curable with specific anti-TB drugs but unfortunately, these are limited in quantities or not readily available. As per WHO around 4,50,000 people developed MDR-TB in the year 2012. People with a weak immune system are at maximumrisk of active TB development. For instance, HIV conquers the immune system, making it harder for the body to control TB bacteria. People infected with both HIV and TB are 20-30% more probable to develop active TB than those who do not have HIV. Besides, WHO estimates, every year 9 million people get sick with TB and 3 million with these are “missed” by health systems. Among the top 3 causes of death in women between 15-44 TB is one the major cause. The symptoms of TB may be mild for many months and can infect 10-15 other people through close contact. This study involves a comparative evaluation of the presence of Tuberculosis concerning factors such as socioeconomic status, sex ratio, age, addiction of nicotine or alcohol, etc. All the screenings were based upon various methods of diagnosis used in pulmonary tuberculosis such as Ziehl Neelsen staining, culture on L.J media, Petroff’s concentration method, and DNA PCR method
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With the increasing life expectancy and ageing population in Singapore, we are likely to see more patients with dementia seeking help from their primary care clinicians. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists for dementia management can be costly given their modest efficacy, and it is important to discuss the risks and benefits with patients before a shared decision is made. Non-pharmacological management such as regular structured routine, good sleep hygiene, reminiscence and other activities are also useful in improving the well-being of dementia patients. Caregivers and family members can be advised on what to watch out for to keep patients safe at home and outdoors, as dementia patients have poor safety awareness. The primary care clinician can manage depression, if present, and refer the patient to memory clinics or appropriate specialist clinics for further assessment when indicated.
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Dementia is a condition marked by the progressive and irreversible clinical syndrome of cognitive decline that is eventually severe enough to interfere with daily living. Management of dementia is often complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. This article discusses the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as agitation, insomnia, restlessness, hallucinations, anxiety and depressed mood, for which patients and their caregivers commonly seek medical advice from their primary care clinician. These symptoms can cause significant distress to patients, their families and caregivers, and may even lead to the patient being prematurely institutionalised. Management consists of assessment of BPSD and supporting the needs of the family, especially those of the caregiver, and can be both non-pharmacological and pharmacological.
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Parkinson's disease patients are often combined with postural deformities , including antecollis, camptocormia, pisa syndrome, scoliosis and striatal deformities in addition to the most common stooped simian appearance.These postural deformities , which have serious effects on the patient's quality of life, generally appear in the later period of Parkinson's disease, and fortunately are usually reversible. Therefore, early identification together with intervention are necessary.The advances in the definition , clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and treatment of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease are reviewed in this article.
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Objective To investigate the feasibility of implementing the 24 hours treatment and management model of children with cerebral palsy in Shanghai,in order to provide a set of effective and saving manpower,material and financial rehabilitation and management model for children with cerebral palsy.Methods Firstly,the 10 exports engaged in cerebral palsy rehabilitation were selected as the in depth interviewees by the sampling method of grounded theory.Secondly,applying in depth interviews,the 10 exports were interviewed by designing interview outline and subjects.Last,the interview data were collected and analyzed.Results By analyzing the interview data in three-stage coding mode,three factors affecting the feasibility of 24 hours treatment and management model of children with cerebral palsy in Shanghai were obtained,including the favorable factors,obstacles and necessary factors.Conclusions The 24-hour treatment and management model of children with cerebral palsy in Shanghai is feasible,but it will encounter some obstacles in the implementation process.Through the policy support for health care and education sectors,the feasibility of the pattern will be greatly enhanced.
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Objective To investigate the current situation of the cognition of diabetic patients to the targets of treatment and management,and then make clear the relationship between the treatment targets and the blood glucose concentration and the quality of life among diabetic patients. Methods Investigated 150 diabetic patients randomly by 3 kinds of scales: ① targets of treatment and management scale;② quality of life scale;③ communication between the doctor and the patients questionary. Results When the patients set the targets of treatment and management,especially these targets were in agreement with those of doctor,their blood sugar were always controlled well(P