Role of mast cell in the late phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by trimellitic anhydride / 대한해부학회지

Mast cells are known as effector cells of IgE-mediated allergic responses, but role of mast cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered controversial. In this study, we investigated role of mast cell in trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced CHS. The mice were sensitized to TMA on the back and repeatedly challenged with TMA on the left ear at 1-week intervals. The ear after challenge showed biphasic responses. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of early and late phase reactions in proportion to the frequency of TMA challenges in C57BL/6 mice. In late phase reaction, peak of ear response by single challenge showed at 24 hours after challenge, but the peak by repeat challenges at 8 hours after the last challenge. Number of mast cells and eosinophils per unit area increased in proportion to frequency of TMA challenges. However, mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice developed the late phase reaction without the early phase reaction. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of ear response and the infiltration of eosinophils. The magnitude of these responses observed according to the frequency of the TMA challenge in mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice was significantly lower than that in C57BL/6 mice. Also TMA elicited mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusively, TMA induces the early and late phase reactions in CHS, and mast cells may be required for TMA-induced CHS.

Role of IL-10 in the Trimellitic Anhydride-induced Contact Dermatitis / 체질인류학회지

Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is widely used industrially to make epoxy and alkyd resins, plasticizers and surfactants. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contact dermatitis is induced by repeated TMA challenge and the role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the TMA-induced contact dermatitis. The repetition of the challenge enlarged the extent of an early and a late phase of contact dermatitis in IL-10(+/+) and IL-10(-/-) mice. In the late phase of TMA-induced contact dermatitis, the peak of ear swelling responses by single challenge showed at 12 h after challenge, but the peak was observed at 8 h after repeated challenge. In the IL-10(-/-) mice, the repetition of the TMA challenges enlarged the extent of the contact dermatitis, but less than those in IL-10(+/+) mice. These results indicate that mice sensitized by TMA could possibly offer a useful model to study the mechanism of contact dermatitis, and IL-10 may act as potential modulators in the TMA-induced contact dermatitis. IL-10 may provide therapeutic tools for the treatment of TMA-induced contact dermatitis.

Mechanisms of Occupational Asthma: Not all Allergens are Equal

Asthma is a heterogeneous lung disorder characterized by airway obstruction, inflammation and eosinophil infiltration into the lung. Both genetics and environmental factors influence the expression of asthma, and not all asthma is the result of a specific immune response to allergen. Numerous asthma phenotypes have been described, including occupational asthma, and therapeutic strategies for asthma control are similar regardless of phenotype. We hypothesized that mechanistic pathways leading to asthma symptoms in the effector phase of the disorder differ with the inciting allergen. Since route of allergen exposure can influence mechanistic pathways, mice were sensitized by identical routes with a high molecular weight occupational allergen ovalbumin and a low molecular weight occupational allergen trimellitic anhydride (TMA). Different statistical methods with varying selection criteria resulted in identification of similar candidate genes. Array data are intended to provide candidate genes for hypothesis generation and further experimentation. Continued studies focused on genes showing minimal changes in the TMA-induced model but with clear up-regulation in the ovalbumin model. Two of these genes, arginase 1 and eotaxin 1 are the focus of continuing investigations in mouse models of asthma regarding differences in mechanistic pathways depending on the allergen. Microarray data from the ovalbumin and TMA model of asthma were also compared to previous data using Aspergillus as allergen to identify putative asthma ‘signature genes’, i.e. genes up-regulated with all 3 allergens. Array studies provide candidate genes to identify common mechanistic pathways in the effector phase, as well as mechanistic pathways unique to individual allergens.

Mechanisms of occupational asthma: Not all allergens are equal

Asthma is a heterogeneous lung disorder characterized by airway obstruction, inflammation and eosinophil infiltration into the lung. Both genetics and environmental factors influence the expression of asthma, and not all asthma is the result of a specific immune response to allergen. Numerous asthma phenotypes have been described, including occupational asthma, and therapeutic strategies for asthma control are similar regardless of phenotype. We hypothesized that mechanistic pathways leading to asthma symptoms in the effector phase of the disorder differ with the inciting allergen. Since route of allergen exposure can influence mechanistic pathways, mice were sensitized by identical routes with a high molecular weight occupational allergen ovalbumin and a low molecular weight occupational allergen trimellitic anhydride (TMA). Different statistical methods with varying selection criteria resulted in identification of similar candidate genes. Array data are intended to provide candidate genes for hypothesis generation and further experimentation. Continued studies focused on genes showing minimal changes in the TMA-induced model but with clear up-regulation in the ovalbumin model. Two of these genes, arginase 1 and eotaxin 1 are the focus of continuing investigations in mouse models of asthma regarding differences in mechanistic pathways depending on the allergen. Microarray data from the ovalbumin and TMA model of asthma were also compared to previous data usingAspergillus as allergen to identify putative asthma 'signature genes', i.e. genes up-regulated with all 3 allergens. Array studies provide candidate genes to identify common mechanistic pathways in the effector phase, as well as mechanistic pathways unique to individual allergens.

Roles of TNF-alpha and IgE in the late phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by trimellitic anhydride

Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is widely used industrially to make epoxy and alkyd resins, plasticizers and surfactants. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is induced by repeated TMA challenge and the role of TNF-a and IgE in the TMA-induced CHS. The repetition of the challenge enlarged the extent of an early and a late phase of CHS in TNF-alpha+/+ (B6129SF2/J) and Balb/c mice. In the late phase of TMA-induced CHS, the peak of ear swelling responses by single challenge showed at 24 h after challenge, but the peak was observed at 8 h after repeated challenge. In the TNF-a knockout TNF-alpha-/- (B6;129S-Tnf(tm1Gk1) mice, the repetition of the TMA challenges enlarged the extent of the late phase of CHS, but less than those in TNF-alpha+/+ mice. Injection of anti-TNF-alpha antibody into the peritoneal cavity of Balb/c mice significantly decreased the extent of the late phase of CHS. Subcutaneous injection of anti-IgE antibody into Balb/c mice also decreased the extent of the late phase of CHS in dose-dependent manner. Histologically, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils was more pronounced in repeatedly TMA-challenged TNF-alpha+/+ and Balb/c mice than in the TNF-alpha-/- mice and anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IgE antibodies treated Balb/c mice. These results indicate that mice sensitized by TMA could possibly offer a useful model to study the mechanism of CHS, and TNF-a and IgE may act as potential modulators in the late phase of TMA-induced CHS. Neutralization of TNF-alpha and IgE by anti-TNF-a or anti-IgE antibodies may provide therapeutic tools for the treatment of TMA-induced CHS.

Cardiac expression profiles of the naked DNA vectors encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor

We investigated expression profiles and biological effects of the naked DNA vectors in the heart. To this end, naked DNA vector was injected into the apex of the beating rat heart after thorocotomy. When the expression of LacZ reporter was examined by reverse transcription-PCR and histochemical staining for b-galactosidase, LacZ expression was detected only in the heart, suggesting limited dissemination of the injected vector in vivo. Even within the heart, LacZ expression was limited to the injection area (apex). Similar observations were made with other transgenes such as VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), where 77% and 69% of the total transgene exprssion were detected in the heart segments containing the apex. Although VEGF and bFGF expressions were detected until 2 weeks after DNA injection, the highest levels of VEGF and bFGF were observed on day 5 and day 1, respectively. The optimal doses of the vectors were 10 mg and 25 mg for the VEGF and bFGF vectors, respectively. Interestingly, injection of bFGF vector led to 50% increase in the level of endogenous murine VEGF expression. Consistent with this finding, the number of vessels that stained positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin was increased in the bFGF vector-injected heart. These results suggest that simple injection of naked DNA vector may be sufficient to induce significant angiogenesis in the myocardium and that naked DNA gene therapy may be a feasible approach for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.