Sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic disease: Experimental evidence and mechanisms / 体力科学

Sedentary behavior is ubiquitous in modern lifestyles and defined as any waking behavior with an energy expenditure of ≤ 1.5 metabolic equivalents while sitting, reclining, or lying. Epidemiological evidence suggests that high volumes of sedentary behavior are independently associated with an elevated risk of cardiometabolic disease and all-cause mortality. By contrast, a growing body of experimental evidence showing the potential benefits for cardiometabolic risks of reducing and breaking up sedentary time. Therefore, recent physical activity guidelines indicate the importance of reducing and regularly interrupting prolonged sitting. In this narrative review, we summarize the findings from experimental studies that investigated the acute impacts of prolonged, uninterrupted sitting and interrupting sitting on several cardiometabolic risk factors, including vascular function, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism. Here, we highlight experimental evidence from controlled laboratory trials that may lead to a better understanding of biological plausibility, the causal structure of relationships, and potential mechanistic insight on linking sedentary behavior with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. Our literature review collectively suggests that in addition to increasing moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, reducing sedentary time may contribute to cardiometabolic health. However, the recent evidence remains limited and inconclusive, thus future studies are needed to develop a deeper causal and mechanistic understanding of the biological pathways through which prolonged sitting can adversely influence cardiometabolic health outcomes.

Clinical and mechanism research on functional erectile dysfunction treated with moxibustion and / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical therapeutic effect on functional erectile dysfunction (FED) of kidney deficiency and liver stagnation treated by @*METHODS@#A total of 120 patients with FED were randomized into an observation group (60 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (60 cases, 4 cases dropped off). In the control group, the patients were treated with oral @*RESULTS@#After treatment, the scores of IIEF5, EHS and EDITS were all increased as compared with the values before treatment (@*CONCLUSION@#The combined therapy of

Patrón de flujo en "4D Flow" y su vínculo con la aortopatía bicúspide / 4D Flow pattern and its role in bicuspid aortic valve aortopathy

ABSTRACT: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is generally associated with thoracic aortic dilatation (TAD). Related factors include; genetical, morphological (valvular phenotype) and most recently, hemodynamic profiles associated with flow pattern and wall shear stress. Cardiac magnetic resonance 4D Flow (4DF) can give an integral evaluation of these later flow variables. Remarkable, different spectrums of flow and vortex direction exist in BAV that are related to the site of TAD (proximal or distal). Therefore, we present a 57 years old patient with BAV (Sievers 0) with anteroposterior leaflets distribution in which 4DF depicted an anteriorly and righthand oriented jet that correlated with the zone of grater AD; also, vortex rotation was counterclockwise, corresponding to the most frequent vortex type in BAV. In conclusion, 4DF is a powerful and ground-breaking tool that enhances our knowledge of BAV related aortopathy.

Review of the mechanism of essential hypertension treated by acupuncture / 中国针灸

The relevant literature of pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH) and the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment of EH was retrieved from January 1, 1999 to February 28, 2018 in the CNKI and PubMed databases, and aimed to summarize and explore the mechanism of antihypertensive by acupuncture.It has been found that acupuncture exerts antihypertensive effect by coordinating multi-system, multi-target, multi-layer adjustment mechanism, such as acupuncture inhibiting of central and peripheral sympathetic nerve activity, rejusting immune system and expression of inflammatory response factors, regulating the balance of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), improving vascular structure and function, the anti-oxidative stress and promoting autophagy.

Effect of IVF-ET on mesenteric vascular function in offspring / 中国药理学通报

To study the effect of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) on the contractile function of mesenteric vessels in offspring mouse model and its regulatory mechanism. Methods Offspring mouse model of IVF-ET (20 weeks after birth) was built to compare with natural born descendant in vascular regulation. The bodyweight and BMI of mice were measured. Serum levels of cardiovascular related cytokines were tested by ELISA and colorimetric method. Samples of mesenteric vascular were from IVF-ET mice and normal controls. Given the vital function in regulating vascular contraction which Ca2+signaling pathway exhibited , four representative genes (Calm2, Itprl, RyR2, RyR3) were selectedfor study. And the mRNA expression levels of Calm2, Itpr2, RyR2, RyR3 were tested by qPCR. The protein expression levels of Calm2 and Itprl were tested by Western blot. Results Mice born under IVF-ET showed increased bodyweight and abnormal BMI after 20th week, and the serum levels of NO and Ang II were significantly higher than those of control (P < 0. 0 5) . The expression levels of Calm2, Itprl were up-regulated both in molecular and protein levels (P <0. 0 1) , RyR3 was up-regulated in molecular level (P < 0. 01) , while RyR2 was down-regulated in molecular level (P < 0. 0 1) . Conclusions The changes of serological markers and regulatory gene expression level related to vasoconstriction function may be closely related to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in IVF-ET offspring.

Cerebral injury induced by heat stroke and the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy / 中华危重病急救医学

With the global warming, the incidence of heat stroke was significantly higher than before. Severe heat stroke has a high mortality, high morbidity and consolidated central nervous system injury characteristics. The main features of severe heat stroke cerebral injury include cognitive impairment, delirium, convulsions and coma. Its mechanism is related with heat shock induced cerebral tissue ischemia and hypoxia, vascular dysfunction, secondary cascade inflammation and so on. Currently, the main treatment of heat stroke cerebral injury is the hypothermia therapy, dehydration for the reduction of intracranial pressure, naloxone and other cerebral protection and nutrition treatments. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is effective in treating brain injury. HBOT can alleviate tissue ischemia and hypoxia, improve circulation, reduce cerebral edema, and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative damage, anti-apoptosis and other molecular biological effects. HBOT also play a wake up-promoting effect of nerve repair in the cerebral injury. The treatment of cerebral injury has been the difficulty and weakness of heat stroke research. Therefore, this article reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen on cerebral injury in severe heat stroke to clarify the advantages of HBOT and to provide experimental basis for further research.

Sesquiterpene lactones from Hedyosmum brasiliense induce in vitro relaxation of rat aorta and corpus cavernosum

Abstract Hedyosmum brasiliense Miq., Chloranthaceae, has been used in Southern Brazil as a sedative, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac. In this study, endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings and strips of corpus cavernosum were used to investigate the relaxant effects of an hexane fraction of leaves of H. brasiliense and its sesquiterpene lactones 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide, podoandin, and elemanolide 15-acetoxy-isogermafurenolide. The incubation of hexane fraction of leaves of H. brasiliense resulted in significant relaxation of endothelium-intact aortic rings previously contracted by phenylephrine. In addition, 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide and podoandin displayed a clear concentration-dependent ability to relax endothelium-intact (∼85 to 90%) and endothelium-denuded (∼45 to 55%) rat aortic rings. A less pronounced vascular relaxation was recorded when 15-hydroxy-isogermafurenolide was tested. Interestingly, in tissues previously incubated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (100 µM), both 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide and podoandin had their effects in endothelium-intact vessels reduced to the same degree of relaxation observed in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Podoandin, 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide, and 15-acetoxy-isogermafurenolide (100 µM) were also able to relax precontracted corpus cavernosum strips by 49.5 ± 3.9%, 65.9 ± 7.3% and 57.9 ± 5.5%, respectively. Our results demonstrated that 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide, podoandin and 15-acetoxy-isogermafurenolide, isolated from H. brasiliense, generate both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation of rat aortic rings, as well as being able to induce in vitro relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum. Importantly, the endothelium-dependent effect is fully dependent on nitric oxide production. Considering that penile erection depends on both relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle and inflow of blood for the cavernous bodies, this is the first study reporting experimental evidence supporting the aphrodisiac properties of H. brasiliense.

Effects of disturbed blood flow during exercise on endothelial function: a time course analysis

This study aimed to examine the time course of endothelial function after a single handgrip exercise session combined with blood flow restriction in healthy young men. Nine participants (28±5.8 years) completed a single session of bilateral dynamic handgrip exercise (20 min with 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction). To induce blood flow restriction, a cuff was placed 2 cm below the antecubital fossa in the experimental arm. This cuff was inflated to 80 mmHg before initiation of exercise and maintained through the duration of the protocol. The experimental arm and control arm were randomly selected for all subjects. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood flow velocity profiles were assessed using Doppler ultrasonography before initiation of the exercise, and at 15 and 60 min after its cessation. Blood flow velocity profiles were also assessed during exercise. There was a significant increase in FMD 15 min after exercise in the control arm compared with before exercise (64.09%±16.59%, P=0.001), but there was no change in the experimental arm (-12.48%±12.64%, P=0.252). FMD values at 15 min post-exercise were significantly higher for the control arm in comparison to the experimental arm (P=0.004). FMD returned to near baseline values at 60 min after exercise, with no significant difference between arms (P=0.424). A single handgrip exercise bout provoked an acute increase in FMD 15 min after exercise, returning to near baseline values at 60 min. This response was blunted by the addition of an inflated pneumatic cuff to the exercising arm.

Clinical significance of cerebrovascular hemodynamic index with ultrasound in silent cerebral infarction / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective Toobservetheclinicalsignificanceofcerebrovascularhemodynamicindex (CVHI)inthepatientswithsilentcerebralinfarction.Methods Atotalof180patientsperformed cerebrovascular hemodynamics with ultrasound and head MRI examinations were enrolled retrospectively. They were divided into three groups:60 patients with silent cerebral infraction (SCI)were used as a SCI group,60 age-,sex- and previous medical history-matched high risk patients with cerebrovascular disease were used as a cerebrovascular disease risk factor (CV-HRF)group,and 60 healthy subjects were used as a normal control group over the same period. Cerebrovascular function detector was used to collect CVHI at the bilateral carotid arteries. The CVHI features of the 3 groups were analyzed and compared. Results Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,thereweresignificantchangesinvariousindexesofcerebral vascular hemodynamics in the SCI group and the CV-HRF group. The indexes of reflecting the cerebral blood supply state included significantly decreased mean blood flow,mean flow velocity,maximum flow velocity,and minimum flow velocity (P<0. 05);the indexes reflecting vascular elastic properties and resistance status included the increased pulse wave velocity,characteristic impedance,peripheral resistance,and dynamic resistance (P<0. 05);the indexes reflecting cerebral microcirculation included significantly increased critical pressure and decreased differential pressure (P<0. 05);the total score of cerebrovascular function was also decreased significantly,they were 44 ± 9,51 ± 5,and 85 ± 7,respectively (P<0. 05);there were significance differences in the distribution of total score amongthe3groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Thehigh-riskpatientswithsilentcerebralinfarction and cerebrovascular disease have the CVHI changes. The total integrated value of cerebrovascular function declined,and the former is more obvious.

Low Intensity Resistance Exercise Training with Blood Flow Restriction: Insight into Cardiovascular Function, and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Humans

Attenuated functional exercise capacity in elderly and diseased populations is a common problem, and stems primarily from physical inactivity. Decreased function and exercise capacity can be restored by maintaining muscular strength and mass, which are key factors in an independent and healthy life. Resistance exercise has been used to prevent muscle loss and improve muscular strength and mass. However, the intensities necessary for traditional resistance training to increase muscular strength and mass may be contraindicated for some at risk populations, such as diseased populations and the elderly. Therefore, an alternative exercise modality is required. Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) with low intensity resistance exercise (LIRE) has been used for such special populations to improve their function and exercise capacity. Although BFR+LIRE has been intensively studied for a decade, a comprehensive review detailing the effects of BFR+LIRE on both skeletal muscle and vascular function is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss previous studies documenting the effects of BFR+LIRE on hormonal and transcriptional factors in muscle hypertrophy and vascular function, including changes in hemodynamics, and endothelial function.

Effects of folate and Vitamin B12 on vascular function in mefformin-treated diabetic patients / 中国医师进修杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects on serum homocysteine(Hcy) level,vascular function and carotid intima-media thickness(IMT) in metformin-treated diabetic patients with or without supplementation with folate and Vitamin B12.MethodsA total of 100 newly diagnosed diabetic type 2patients were divided into two groups by random digits table with 50 cases each,90 patients completed study.Forty-seven participants (control group) received a 6-month course of metformin treatment,43 patients (treatment group) received mefformin,folate and Vitamin B12 treatment.The levels of serum Hcy,endothelin-1 (ET-1),carotid IMT,large or small arterial elasticity index (C1,C2),flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery were evaluated before and after treatment.ResultsThe level of serum Hcy in control group significantly increased compared with before treatment[ (13.4 ± 2.7)μ mol/L vs.(11.1 ± 1.9)μ mol/L],hut the level of serum Hcy in treatment group significantly decreased compared with before treatment [ (9.2 ± 1.8 ) μ mol/L vs. ( 11.3 ± 2.0) μ mol/L ],there was significant difference(P ＜ 0.05 ).A beneficial effect was observed in the serum ET-1,FMD,carotid IMT and C2 in treatment group[ (20.0 ± 6.2)ng/L,( 15.8 ± 7.6)％,(0.8 ± 0.2) mm,(4.1 ± 2.1 ) ml/mm Hg ( 1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) × 100 vs. (31.3 ±10.1 ) ng/L,(9.7 ± 4.5)％,( 1.1 ± 0.4) mm,(2.3 ± 1.0) ml/mm Hg × 100 ] (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of ET-1,FMD,carotid IMT and C2 after treatment in control group [ (24.8 ± 6.8) ng/L,( 12.9 ± 6.3 )％,(0.9 ± 0.3)mm,(3.0 ± 1.4) ml/mm Hg × 100] had significant difference compared with before treatment [ (30.6 ± 8.7)ng/L,(9.8 ± 4.6)％,( 1.0 ± 0.3) mm,(2.2 ± 0.9) ml/mm Hg × 100](P＜ 0.05).However,the results were improved significantly in treatment group than those in control group (P ＜0.05).In treatment group,significant correlation were detected between changes of Hcy and ET- 1 (r =0.43,P ＜ 0.05 ),carotid IMT(r =0.56,P ＜ 0.05),FMD (r =-0.54,P ＜ 0.05 ),C2 (r =-0.37,P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionsAdministration of folate and Vitamin B12 can reduce the levels of serum Hcy and ET-1 in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients,which exert beneficial effect on carotid IMT,FMD and C2.

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with Vascular Function, Carotid Atherosclerosis and the UKPDS Risk Engine in Korean Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Few studies have evaluated the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk simultaneously using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine and non-invasive vascular tests in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Participants (n=380; aged 20 to 81 years) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were free of clinical evidence of CVD. The 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risks were calculated for each patient using the UKPDS risk engine. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), flow mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) were measured. The correlations between the UKPDS risk engine and the non-invasive vascular tests were assessed using partial correlation analysis, after adjusting for age, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean 10-year CHD and 10-year stroke risks were 14.92+/-11.53% and 4.03+/-3.95%, respectively. The 10-year CHD risk correlated with CIMT (P<0.001), FMD (P=0.017), and PWV (P=0.35) after adjusting for age. The 10-year stroke risk correlated only with the mean CIMT (P<0.001) after adjusting for age. FMD correlated with age (P<0.01) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.09). CIMT correlated with age (P<0.01), HbA1c (P=0.05), and gender (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The CVD risk is increased at the onset of type 2 diabetes. CIMT, FMD, and PWV along with the UKPDS risk engine should be considered to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Oxidative stress is not associated with vascular dysfunction in a model of alloxan-induced diabetic rats / Estresse oxidativo não está associado à disfunção vascular em um modelo de diabetes induzida por aloxana em ratos

OBJECTIVES: To verify if an experimental model of alloxan-diabetic rats promotes oxidative stress, reduces nitric oxide bioavailability and causes vascular dysfunction, and to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on these parameters. METHODS: Alloxan-diabetic rats were treated or not with NAC for four weeks. Plasmatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite/nitrate (NOx), the endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS) immunostaining and the vascular reactivity of aorta were compared among diabetic (D), treated diabetic (TD) and control (C) rats. RESULTS: MDA levels increased in D and TD. NOx levels did not differ among groups. Endothelial eNOS immunostaining reduced and adventitial iNOS increased in D and TD. The responsiveness of rings to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and phenylephrine did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS: NAC had no effect on the evaluated parameters and this experimental model did not promote vascular dysfunction despite the development of oxidative stress.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar se um modelo experimental de diabetes por aloxana promove estresse oxidativo, reduz a disponibilidade de óxido nítrico e causa disfunção vascular, e avaliar o efeito da N-acetilcisteína (NAC) nesses parâmetros. MÉTODOS: Ratos diabéticos por aloxana foram tratados com NAC por quatro semanas. Níveis plasmáticos de malondialdeído (MDA) e nitrito/nitrato (NOx), imunomarcação para óxido nítrico sintase endotelial e induzida (eNOS e iNOS) e reatividade vascular da aorta foram comparados entre ratos diabéticos (D), diabéticos tratados (TD) e controles (C). RESULTADOS: O MDA aumentou nos grupos D e TD. O NOx não diferiu entre os grupos. A marcação da eNOS no endotélio reduziu e a da iNOS na adventícia aumentou nos grupos D e TD. A responsividade dos anéis vasculares à acetilcolina, nitroprussiato de sódio e fenilefrina não diferiu entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A NAC não teve efeito sobre os parâmetros avaliados. Esse modelo experimental não promoveu disfunção vascular apesar do desenvolvimento de estresse oxidativo.

Protective effects of L-Arginine in the diabetic vascular dysfunction / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the effects of L-Arginine on diabetic vascular endothelial function. Methods 60 patients with Diabetes were randomly divided into two group:placebo control group(30 patients)and L-Arginine group(30 patients). Patients in L-Arginine group were taken L-Arginine 7g a day. All patients were treated for 28days and other 7days for elution. The plasma concentration of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin (ET), vWF were measured in each group before and after the experiment. Flow Mediated Dilation(FMD) function of brachial artery of all patients were measured by high resolution vascular ultrasound. Results After the experiment, the plasma concentration of NO in L-Arginine group was higher than that of placebo group, meanwhile the plasma concentration of ET and vWF were lower than placebo group (P ＜ 0. 05). Moreover, FDM in L-Arginine group were significant higher than placebo group(P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion L-Arginine could protect the vascular function in the diabetic patients.

Influence of anisodamine chronic administration on the vascular function and morphology spontaneously hypertensive rats / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of Anisodamine chronic administration on the vascular function and morphology of SHR. Methods The SHR were injected by chronic abdominal Anisodamine; Then the SHR were sacrificed after ten weeks. The abdominal aorta were obtained after perfusion and the changes of aorta morphology were observed under a microscope. The influence of Anisedamine on the vasculovr funtion was investigated by the rat's aorta rings perfusion. Results In the physiological state, given SHR long-term Anisodamine, the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle relaxation will significantly improve; Anisodamine chronic adminstration can inhibit the formation of aortic aneurysm and change a benign vascular structure. Conclusion Anisodamine chronic adminstration will improve the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle relaxation, and change a benign vascular structure, Anisodamine has a protective effect on endothelial and smooth muscle.

Acute Reduction of Pulse Wave Velocity after Sauna in Adults in a Community

BACKGROUND: Recently, thermal therapy such as sauna and sweating room is popular as a health behavior. In patients with heart failure, sauna treatment improves hemodynamic data and clinical symptoms by restoring endothelial function. The purpose of this study was to investigate that sauna bath could decrease pulse wave velocity reflecting vascular function of people in the community. METHODS: A total of 43 volunteers (11 male, 32 female) older than 40 years old were kept in 60 degrees C dry sauna for 15 to 20 minutes. We measured the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and body temperature before and, 30 and 60 minutes after sauna bath and assessed the differences of the means of these measurements with repeated measures of ANOVA. Then, we peformed multiple regression analysis to find out the factors independently associated with the amount of baPWV change. RESULTS: The BaPWV and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly 30 and 60 minutes after sauna bath comparing to those before (P<0.001, P=0.003, P=0.011, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that baseline baPWV and history of hypercholesterolemia independently influenced on the amount of baPWV change (beta=-0.47, P=0.002; beta=-0.36, P=0.013, respectively). CONCLUSION: We studied the acute reduction of pulse wave velocity after sauna bath in adults over 40 years old. This change was striking in the subjects with faster baseline baPWV. This result suggests that sauna bath can improve vascular function in the high risk group of cardiovascular diseases.

Vascular endothelial function measured with high- resolution ultrasound in atherogenic diet feeding rabbits / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective: To study the vascular endothelial function in atherogenic diet fed rabbits during a variety of feeding time. Methods: 12 Japanese big- eared rabbits were fed either a normal control diet or an atherogenic diet (containing 1 % cholesterol,5% lard and 2% yolk) for 14 weeks. At different feeding times (week0, 1,2,4,6,8,10,12,14),vascular endothelial functions ,including endothelial dependant dilation (EDD) and non- endothelial dependant dilation (NEDD) were measured with high- resolution ultrasound. Results: EDD dysfunction occurred after 1 week of atherogenic diet feeding. With continued feedings ,EDD dysfunction was progressively worse. NEDD dysfunction occurred at week 8,much later than EDD dysfunction. Conclusion :Vascular endothelial functions including EDD and NEDD in atherogenic diet fed rabbits were seriously damaged. EDD dysfunction occurred much earlier than NEDD dysfunction.