RESUMEN
Background. In the process of infarction, important mechanism of blood supply deficiency is collateral blood supply. There are a lot of various collaterals which are able to supply in the period of necessity of human brain. Collateral which forms in the level of villas circle (ring) in the cranium is the most important front and back artery cord of brain form villas circle (ligament) as a result of these arteries possibility of forming collateral blood supply in the period of blood insufficiency in vertebral and carotis and between magisterial artery of 2 sides of brain opens. It is rare when the system of villas circle (ring) is complete (full), artery cord is narrow (hypoplasia, aplasia) or none, villas circle(ring) loses its complete and it becomes open on the front and at the back part. By the researchers study hypoplasia of artery cord occurs in 20-40% because it branches off from other artery. By Yu.M. Nixitins study vertebral artery of the brain branches off the form the artery into carotis and it open at back part-was 25%, study of system of villas circle (ring) by angiography hasnt been done. Aim. We aimed at the diagnosing villas circle system by angiographic method and studying its incompleteness, form cause, age and sex dependence. Materials and Methods. We studied material of 595 patients who were done angiography of the brain because of acute and chronic deficiency of blood supply of the brain in 2007-2008 at the third clinical hospital by P.N.Shastin in the cabinet of angiography came from clinic, district and Achtan Elit hospital. We clarified magisterial arteries and villas circles in the cranium by the standard method in 2 sides used polydiagnostic 2 digital subtraction equipment of Philips form of Japan. We evaluated artery system, location, form and size and studied age and sex dependence.75% of verographer solution not more than 80-100ml was injected into the artery. Conclusion: 1. Incompleteness of circle revealed in 31.7 % 2. Open case of villas circle in the front part was in 41.5 % 3. Open case of villas circle at the back revealed in 58.4% 4. Studying villas circle, evaluating collateral blood supply is necessary to blood supply deficiency in particular to define blood deficiency insult.
RESUMEN
Background Enamel hypoplasia occurs due to inherent and non-inherent factors. Researchers noted occurrence of non-inherent based enamel hypoplasia happens due to malnutrition of children or foreign infl uence to teeth while they are on their formation stage (Groshikov 1985). According to studies of N.A. Belova, a researcher, in 1976, an examination conducted on 200 children between the ages of 2.5-3 in Moscow area and resulted 20.5% of the children were affected with EH. Results from Asian countries such as in Beijing, China the prevalence rate was 22.5% (Lee et all, 1995) among 1344 children who were 8-15 years of age and had premature weight at birth, and in Deli, India 30% (Agarwal K.N et aii, 1999-2001) among 280 children who were 0-1 year of age and had substitute provision. Prevalence rate was 32.7% in Iranian cities of Yazd and Hadi among 1223 elementary school children (A.R.Daneshkazemi, DDS, MS; A. Davari, DDS, MS). Inherent based EH or Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an abnormal development of enamel. It is formed due to genetic mutation (Aldred, 2003). Prevalence of inherent EH differs from countries to countries and the variation was 1:718-1:14000 (Seow, 1993). Its genetic inheritance pattern can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or XLinked (Shafer, 1987, Seow, 1993). The basis for this study work on risk factors of EH was due to lack of similar studies among the youth of our county. Objective The aim of the research work was to study the pathogenesis and etiology of enamel hypoplasia, Methodology We have conducted clinical examination up among 296 (12-year-old) children, and surveyed with a specially designed questionnaire those who are affected with enamel hypoplasia followed illustrations of their genetic chart. Result Of those who were involved in the research, 11.8% were affected with EH, and 10.4% had non-genetic infl uence factors, 1.01% had genetic infl uence factors and 0.34% had genetic syndrome. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine non-genetic infl uence factors among 62 children were free of EH (DMFT 1.70.14) and 31 children who had genetically infl uenced EH. While, 71% of the children who had EH had normal birth weight and 29% had miniature weight, 87% of the healthy children had normal birth weight and 13% had miniature birth weight (OR = 2.761 [CI 95percentage 0.944-8.08]).While 58% of the children with EH were breastfed, 16% had mixed milk, 8% had substitute milk only, 87% of the healthy children were breastfed, 8% had mixed milk, and 5% had substitute milk only(OR=5.0 [CI 95% 1.085-23.034]). Where as 31% of the healthy children had vitamin D defi ciency, 46% percent had digestion problems, 8% had some type of infectious disease, and 58% had respiratory infection while they were 0-1 year old, 25% of the children with EH had vitamin D defi ciency, 25% had digestion problems, 13% had some type infectious disease, and 58% had respiratory infection while they were 0-1 year old. Looking at the result digestion illness raises (OR = 5.895 [CI 95percentage 1.944-17.879]) the risk of having EH than any other infectious diseases (OR=1.356 [CI 95percentage 0.215-8.571]). 19% of the mother of the 31 children who had EH had early pregnancy sickness, 26% had late pregnancy sickness. However, 10% of the healthy 62 children had early, and 16% had late pregnancy sickness (OR=2.761 [CI 95percentage 0.944-8.08]). While 74% of the mothers of the children with EH were delivered on time and 26% premature delivery, 86% of the mothers of the healthy children were delivered on time and 11% had premature delivery(OR=2.733; CI95% 0.887-8.419). Genetic factor infl uence is due to X linked dominant chromosome on two occurrences, and one occurrence is due to Y chromosome. One occurrence of genetic syndrome has been diagnosed as Acrofacial syndrome Nagera. Conclusion. Late pregnancy sickness among other had the highest probability of causing EH. Premature delivery, miniature weight had the highest probability of causing EH. Babies breastfed mixed milk for age 0-1 had the highest probability of causing EH among other illnesses that causes EH. Digestion illness had the highest probability of causing EH among other illnesses that causes EH. Infectious diseases had relevant risk factor. Genetic factor infl uence on EH is due to X linked dominant chromosome, and Y chromosome. One sign of genetic syndrome has been detected as due to Acrofacial syndrome Nagera.