Expression changes of NaV channel subunits correlate with developmental maturation of electrophysiological characteristics of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the variations in the expression of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel subunits during development of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons and their correlation with maturation of electrophysiological characteristics of the neurons.@*METHODS@#We observed the changes in the expression levels of NaV1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.6 during the development of Purkinje neurons using immunohistochemistry in neonatal (5-7 days after birth), juvenile (12-14 days), adolescent (21-24 days), and adult (42-60 days) SD rats. Using whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we recorded the spontaneous electrical activity of the neurons in ex vivo brain slices of rats of different ages to analyze the changes of electrophysiological characteristics of these neurons during development.@*RESULTS@#The expression of NaV subunits in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons showed significant variations during development. NaV1.1 subunit was highly expressed throughout the developmental stages and increased progressively with age (P < 0.05). NaV1.2 expression was not detected in the neurons in any of the developmental stages (P > 0.05). The expression level of NaV1.3 decreased with development and became undetectable after adolescence (P < 0.05). NaV1.6 expression was not detected during infancy, but increased with further development (P < 0.05). NaV1.1 and NaV1.3 were mainly expressed in the early stages of development. With the maturation of the rats, NaV1.3 expression disappeared and NaV1.6 expression increased in the neurons. NaV1.1 and NaV1.6 were mainly expressed after adolescence. The total NaV protein level increased gradually with development (P < 0.05) and tended to stabilize after adolescence. The spontaneous frequency and excitability of the Purkinje neurons increased gradually with development and reached the mature levels in adolescence. The developmental expression of NaV subunits was positively correlated with discharge frequency (r=0.9942, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the excitatory threshold of the neurons (r=0.9891, P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The changes in the expression levels of NaV subunits are correlated with the maturation of high frequency electrophysiological properties of the neurons, suggesting thatmature NaV subunit expressions is the basis of maturation of electrophysiological characteristics of the neurons.

Diagnostic Lacunae and Implications of an Automated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation in a Child with Type 3 Long QT (LQT3) Syndrome

A diagnosis of congenital long QT interval syndrome based on history and electrocardiogram was made in a child in the absence of readily available genetic testing. A genotype 3 (LQT3) was suspected after exclusion of other variants as the child was non?responsive to beta?blocker and sodium channel blocker medication. As the child continues to show episodic bradycardia, polymorphic ventricular ectopy, and T?wave alternans, a single?chamber automated implantable cardioverter?defibrillator implantation was done successfully. This report highlights how the diagnosis of LQT3 was arrived at as well as the anesthetic challenges in the management of patients with LQTS.

Genetic study in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Londrina (Paraná State, Brazil): an approach to population structure and pyrethroid resistance

Abstract Londrina is the fourth most populous city in southern Brazil. Its subtropical weather with rain in all seasons, as well as its high population density, make the city perfect for the Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) life cycle. Over the last few years, Londrina presented high infestation indexes and was one of the cities with the most reported cases of dengue. Uncontrolled use of synthetic insecticides may influence the mosquito's genetic composition. In this paper, we studied mitochondrial DNA and kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti. The analysis of the ND4 gene in 330 specimens showed the presence of 27 haplotypes. The pyrethroid resistance alleles (kdr) evaluated are present in the collected populations, with a 50% frequency of the Val1016Ile and 48% of the Phe1534Cys mutations. Such analysis of the mutations in the populations collected at the State University of Londrina's campus - a microenvironment that differs from the rest of the city - showed frequencies of 57% and 62%, respectively. The low gene flow observed, Nm = 0.11 and Nm = 0.10, along with the elevated differentiation, Fst = 0.19 and Fst = 0.18, among populations suggest an influence of genetic drift. The strong presence of resistance alleles kdr in the city is evident, which demonstrates that even with the interruption of the use of pyrethroids by the National Dengue Control Program, resistance may be maintained due to domestic use. Thus, the results have shown the need for genetic monitoring, alongside other entomological surveillance monitoring tools, to create strategies of mosquito control.

Evaluación de primers reportados para detección de KDR en especies de Anopheles colectadas en los departamentos de Caaguazú y Alto Paraná en Paraguay / Evaluation of primers reported for KDR detection in Anopheles species collected in the departments of Caaguazú and Alto Paraná in Paraguay

Las mutaciones KDR en el gen del canal del sodio (VGSC) han sido ya detectadas en al menos 13 especies de mosquitos Anopheles en su mayoría especies de África, pero aún resta por determinar los cebadores específicos para la detección en especies de Latinoamérica. En nuestro país la especie Anopheles darlingi es el vector principal de la malaria, y el A. albitarsis, el vector secundario. Se emplearon muestras de mosquitos Anoheles de las especies A. strodei, A. albitarsis, A. fluminensis, A. evansae, A. nuneztovari, A. nyssorhynchela lutzi y A. oswaldoi capturadas en los departamentos de Caaguazú y Alto Paraná en Paraguay. Para la amplificación y secuenciación se usaron cebadores reportados para el gen VGSC de A. albimanus en Guatemala, que resultaron ser específicos solo para la especie A. strodei. La secuencia revela el codón TTA que codifica para una Leucina como la secuencia TTG, reportada para la versión susceptible en la posición L1014. El fragmento amplificado es de aproximadamente 225 pares de bases. A nuestro entender, esta es la primera caracterización del gen VGSC en mosquitos Anopheles del Paraguay y para la especie A. strodei

KDR mutations in the sodium channel gene (VGSC) have already been detected in at least 13 species of Anopheles mosquitoes, mostly African species, but the molecular techniques for detection in Latin American species have yet to be determined. In our country, Anopheles darlingi species is the main vector of Malaria, and A. albitarsis, the secondary vector. We used samples of Anoheles from the species A. strodei, A. albitarsis, A. fluminensis, A. evansae, A. nuneztovari, A. nyssorhynchela lutzi and A. oswaldoi collected at the departments of Caaguazú and Alto Paraná in Paraguay. For the amplification and sequentiation, primers reported for the VGSC gen of A. strodei in Guatemala were used and were specific only for A. strode in this case. The sequence revealed the TTA codon that codifies for a leucine as the TTG sequence, reported for the susceptible version at position L1014. The amplified fragment is approximately 225 base pairs. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of the VGSC gene in Anopheles mosquitoes in Paraguay and for the species A. strodei

Epilepsia refractaria con convulsiones febriles plus en niños con mutaciones de la subunidad alfa de canales de sodio (SCN1A): un reporte de caso / Refractory epilepsy with febrile seizures in a child with sodium channel alpha subunit mutation (SCN1A): A case report

RESUMEN Se presenta caso de una niña de 10 años con cuadro de epilepsia mioclónica juvenil severa en la infancia, que a los 6 meses de edad debutó con crisis tónico-clónicas generalizadas (TCG) luego de la administración de una dosis de vacuna DPT, con posteriores crisis TCG, mioclónicas y múltiples episodios de estado epiléptico refractarios a fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) de primera y segunda línea durante los primeros 5 años. Las crisis se asociaron a retraso global en el desarrollo luego del primer episodio. Durante la evolución se realizaron estudios que incluyen resonancia magnética cerebral que fue normal y tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET-CT) que evidenció alteraciones en el metabolismo en región temporal izquierda, además de estudios para inmunodeficiencias y trombofilias sin alteraciones. Los electroencefalogramas iniciales fueron normales, pero video electroencefalograma de 12 horas mostró actividad irritativa en la región central con diseminación bilateral. Los estudios genéticos identificaron una mutación en el marco de lectura de tipo "frameshift" del gen SCN1A mediante secuenciación de la región codificante. Luego de los primeros años de vida, la paciente presenta, atípicamente, remisión progresiva de las crisis con posterior desmonte de FAE y mejoría del neuro-desarrollo en el proceso interdisciplinario de rehabilitación.

SUMMARY We report the case of a 10-year-old female with a history of severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy who presents with generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures at 6 months of age after administration of a DPT vaccine, who then begins to present frequent and severe GTC seizures, myoclonic seizures and multiple refractory status epilepticus poorly controlled with first and second line anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). This was accompanied by development delay. Studies performed on the patient included brain MRI which was normal, immunodeficiency and trombophilic studies which were normal and electroencephalographs: studies (EEG) that were at first mostly normal. The most significant findings were seen during a 12-hour video-EEG which reported epileptogenic activity in central region with bilateral dissemination and a PET-CT that showed metabolism alterations in the left temporal region. Due to this presentation a channelopathy was suspected and a coding region sequentiation study was performed which identified a frameshift mutation of the SCN1A gene confirming the diagnosis. Atipically, after 5 years the patient begins to present a favorable evolution with significant seizure remission even allowing the progressive weaning of AEDs and a remarkable stalemate of developmental delay after interdisciplinary rehabilitation process was started.

Mechanism of dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of acute visceral pain in rats: relationship be-tween α2 adrenergic receptors and expression of Nav1. 8 in dorsal root ganglion neurons / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the relationship betweenα2 adrenergic receptors and expression of Nav1. 8 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and to illuminate the mechanism of dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of acute visceral pain in rats. Methods Thirty-two clean-grade healthy adult male Spra-gue-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 180-220 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: control group ( group C ) , acute visceral pain group ( group VP ) , dexmedetomidine group (group D), and dexmedetomidine plus atipamezole group (group DA). In VP, D and DA groups, 10-3 mmol∕L capsaicin 1. 3 ml was injected into the rectum at a dose of 10-3 mmol∕L to establish the acute visceral pain model, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C. Atipamezole 1 mg∕kg was subcutaneously injected through the back of the neck at 20 min before establishing the model in group DA. Dexmedetomidine 10μg∕kg was injected through the tail vein at 15 min before establishing the model in D and DA groups, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead at the correspording time points in C and VP groups. The visceral pain behavior score was recorded at 1 h after establishing the model. The animals were then sacrificed, and DRGs of the lumbar segment (L3-6) were removed for determination of the number of Nav1. 8 positive DRG neurons (by immunohisto-chemistry) and expression of Nav1. 8 mRNA (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Results Compared with group C, the visceral behavior scores and the number of Nav 1. 8 positive DRG neurons were significantly increased, and the expression of Nav 1. 8 mRNA was up-regulated in VP, D and DA groups (P<0. 05). Compared with group VP, the visceral behavior score and the number of Nav1. 8 positive DRG neurons were significantly decreased, and the expression of Nav 1. 8 mRNA was down-regulated in D and DA groups (P<0. 05). Compared with group D, the visceral behavior scores and the number of Nav1. 8 positive DRG neurons were significantly increased, and the expression of Nav1. 8 mRNA was up-regulated in group DA ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine reduces acute visceral pain is related to activatingα2 adrenergic receptors and to down-regulating the expression of Nav1. 8 in DRG neu-rons of rats.

Role of voltage-gated sodium channel in tumor metastasis / 国际药学研究杂志

The metastasis is the most important biological characteristic of malignant tumors. Once distant metastasis occurs in the tumor tissue, this usually means that the tumor has entered the advanced stage, so it is difficult to cure with local treatment alone, which is the main cause of death. It has been found that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are expressed not only in excitable cells but also in many metastatic cells, particularly in certain types of cancer cells and the expression of VGSC is related to cancer migration, invasion and metastasis in vivo. Therefore, this article reviews recent studies on the VGSC in tumor invasion and metastasis.

Research progress on neurological diseases associated with SCN2A gene mutations / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

SCN2A gene encodes voltage-gated sodium channel protein Navl.2.Mutations of SCN2A gene lead to many neurological diseases,including benign epilepsy,epileptic encephalopathy and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Most mutations of SCN2A are missense mutation,mild epilepsy might be associated with missense mutations inherited from a single parent,many nonsense and missense mutations identified in severe cases are de novo and truncated mutation.There is no absolute relationship between genotype and phenotype.Functional changes and severity of the phenotype might preliminary predict according to SCN2A mutation regions of the protein.Sodium channel blockers are good choice as first-line treatment for those early onset encephalopathy patients,but also should be individualized.

Protein Kinase C Mediates the Corticosterone-induced Sensitization of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Innervating the Rat Stomach

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastric hypersensitivity contributes to abdominal pain in patients with functional dyspepsia. Recent studies showed that hormones induced by stress are correlated with visceral hypersensitivity. However, the precise mechanisms underlying gastric hypersensitivity remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was designed to investigate the roles of corticosterone (CORT) on excitability of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the stomach. METHODS: DRG neurons innervating the stomach were labeled by DiI injection into the stomach wall. Patch clamp recordings were employed to examine neural excitability and voltage-gated sodium channel currents. Electromyograph technique was used to determine the responses of neck muscles to gastric distension. RESULTS: Incubation of acutely isolated DRG neurons with CORT significantly depolarized action potential threshold and enhanced the number of action potentials induced by current stimulation of the neuron. Under voltage-clamp mode, incubation of CORT enhanced voltage-gated sodium current density of the recorded neurons. Pre-incubation of GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, blocked the CORT-induced hyperexcitability and potentiation of sodium currents. However, pre-incubation of H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, did not alter the sodium current density. More importantly, intraperitoneal injection of CORT produced gastric hypersensitivity of healthy rats, which was blocked by pre-administration of GF109203X but not H-89. CONCLUSIONS: Our data strongly suggest that CORT rapidly enhanced neuronal excitability and sodium channel functions, which is most likely mediated by protein kinase C but not protein kinase A signaling pathway in DRG neurons innervating the stomach, thus underlying the gastric hypersensitivity induced by CORT injection.

Multiple voltage-gated sodium channel αsubunits expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To observe the expressions of voltage-gated sodium channel (NaCh)αsubunits in adult rat ventricular myocytes.Methods Single ventricular myocytes were isolated from adult rat heart.Expressions of various αsubunits (Nav1.1,Nav1.2,Nav1.3,Nav1.5,Nav1.6 and Nav1.7)of NaCh in the ventricular myocytes were detected by immunocytochemistry staining.Sodium current was recorded by whole-cell patch clamp method. Results The neuronal subunits Nav1.1,Nav1.6 and Nav1.7 as well as the cardiac subunit Nav1.5 of NaCh were expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes.Nav1.1,Nav1.5 and Nav1.7 were distributed along the cell membrane of the ventricular myocytes and around the transverse tubule;Nav1.6 was labeled along the cell membrane by lengthways.All these subunits were not colocalized with Cx43 at the intercalated disc.Both transient sodium current (I Na,T )and late sodium current (I Na,L )were recorded from adult rat ventricular myocytes.Conclusion Various neuronal subunits (Nav1.1,Nav1.6 and Nav1.7)as well as cardiac subunit (Nav1.5 )of NaCh were expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes,which is important for normal function of I Na,T and I Na,L .

Multiple voltage-gated sodium channel αsubunits expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To observe the expressions of voltage-gated sodium channel (NaCh)αsubunits in adult rat ventricular myocytes.Methods Single ventricular myocytes were isolated from adult rat heart.Expressions of various αsubunits (Nav1.1,Nav1.2,Nav1.3,Nav1.5,Nav1.6 and Nav1.7)of NaCh in the ventricular myocytes were detected by immunocytochemistry staining.Sodium current was recorded by whole-cell patch clamp method. Results The neuronal subunits Nav1.1,Nav1.6 and Nav1.7 as well as the cardiac subunit Nav1.5 of NaCh were expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes.Nav1.1,Nav1.5 and Nav1.7 were distributed along the cell membrane of the ventricular myocytes and around the transverse tubule;Nav1.6 was labeled along the cell membrane by lengthways.All these subunits were not colocalized with Cx43 at the intercalated disc.Both transient sodium current (I Na,T )and late sodium current (I Na,L )were recorded from adult rat ventricular myocytes.Conclusion Various neuronal subunits (Nav1.1,Nav1.6 and Nav1.7)as well as cardiac subunit (Nav1.5 )of NaCh were expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes,which is important for normal function of I Na,T and I Na,L .

Uliginosin B, a natural phloroglucinol derivative with antidepressant-like activity, increases Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice cerebral cortex

ABSTRACT Uliginosin B, a phloroglucinol isolated from Hypericum polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt, Hypericaceae, has antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test in rodents and inhibits monoamines neuronal reuptake without binding to their neuronal carriers. Studies showed the involvement of Na+,K+-ATPase brain activity in depressive disorders, as well as the dependence of neuronal monoamine transport from Na+ gradient generated by Na+,K+-ATPase. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of uliginosin B on Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice cerebral cortex and hippocampus (1 and 3 h after the last administration) as well as the influence of veratrine, a Na+ channel opener, on the antidepressant-like effect of uliginosin B. Mice were treated (p.o.) with uliginosin B single (10 mg/kg) or repeated doses (10 mg/kg/day, 3 days). Acute administration reduced the immobility in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test and increased Na+,K+-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex 1 h after treating, whereas the repeated treatment induced the antidepressant-like effect and increased the Na+,K+-ATPase activity at both times evaluated. None treatment affected the hippocampus enzyme activity. Veratrine pretreatment prevented uliginosin B antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test, suggesting the involvement of Na+ balance regulation on this effect. Altogether, these data indicate that uliginosin B reduces the monoamine uptake by altering Na+ gradient.

Mutation (Thr704Met) of the SCN4A gene causes severe familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical features and pathogenic genes of a familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis ( HOKPP).Methods PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were used to screen candidate genes of the HOKPP family members (CACNA1S, SCN4A, KCNE3), and the clinical features were carefully analyzed at the same time.Results The sequencing analyses of the SCN4A gene in the proband identified three nucleotide sequence mutations, which influenced the amino acid sequence of the skeletal sodium channel.One of the mutations was identified as a C/T heterozygous pattern at the 2111th nucleotide position in exon 13, resulting in a change from Thr to Met at the 704th amino acid position of the sodium channel protein.All affected patients carried the Thr704Met mutation, whereas unaffected family members did not.Clinical symptoms in this family followed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.Muscles weakness, pain and hypokalemia in the period between attacks were seen in all patients.Paralytic symptoms occurred early, lasted longer and recurred frequently, while cold was the main predisposing factor.With the progress of the disease, patients represented persistent weakness and atrophy in proximal muscles.Conclusions Mutation (Thr704Met) in the SCN4A gene should be responsible for this family.This mutation causes severe HOKPP and progressive muscle atrophy.

Research progress in voltage-gated sodium channels and tumor / 肿瘤

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are heteromeric protein complexes containing one core subunit α and one or more auxiliary subunit β. VGSCs are widely expressed in various forms of tumor cells and tissues. Importantly, subunit α can regulate the invasive capacity of tumor cells, and subunit β is related to the adhesion and migration capacities of tumor cells. The function of subunit β in different types of tumor is different. Emerging studies have revealed that VGSCs have certain effects on tumor invasion and metastasis, which indicates that VGSCs may become the target for tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy. Therefore, this paper summarizes the effects of VGSCs on tumor invasion and migration, as well as the research progress in VGSCs used as tumor therapeutic target.

ReIationships between sodium channeI NaV 1.7 and pain / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV1.1-NaV1.9) play important roles in the generation and maintenance of electrical excitability. NaV1.7 is preferentially expressed in peripheral somatic sensory neurons and sympathetic ganglion neurons. ln humans, gain-of-function mutations of SCN9A gene, which encodes NaV1.7, cause inherited neuropathic pain, whereas loss-of-function mutations result in a congenital indifference to pain without motor, cognitive and cardiac deficits. The effects of some analge-sics are associated, at least in part, with the NaV1.7 and selective NaV1.7 inhibitors have also been demonstrated to be analgesic in animal models. NaV1.7 has emerged as a potential target for the treat-ment of pain.

Recent Development of Eslicarbazepine Acetate, a New Drug against Epilepsy / 中国药师

The latest literatures on eslicarbazepine acetate in the treatment of epilepsy from home and abroad were referred. The results showed that the oral absorption of eslicarbazepine acetate is quick with long half life, linear pharmacokinetics and low potential of drug-drug interactions. Compared with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate is more effective against epilepsy.

Nav1.5 cardiac sodium channels, regulation and clinical implications / Canales de sodio Nav1.5 cardíacos, regulación e implicaciones clínicas

Voltage-gated sodium channels constitute a group of membrane proteins widely distributed thought the body. In the heart, there are at least six different isoforms, being the Nav1.5 the most abundant. The channel is composed of an α subunit that is formed by four domains of six segments each, and four much smaller β subunits that provide stability and integrate other channels into the α subunit. The function of the Nav1.5 channel is modulated by intracellular cytoskeleton proteins, extracellular proteins, calcium concentration, free radicals, and medications, among other things. The study of the channel and its alterations has grown thanks to its association with pathogenic conditions such as Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, atrial fibrillation, arrhythmogenic ventricular dysplasia and complications during ischemic processes.

Los canales de Sodio dependientes de voltaje constituyen un grupo de proteínas de membrana ampliamente distribuidas en el cuerpo humano. En el corazón se dispone de al menos seis diferentes isoformas de estos canales: los Nav1.5 son los más abundantes. El canal está constituido por una subunidad α, formada por cuatro dominios, cada uno de estos con seis segmentos y cuatro subunidades β mucho más pequeñas que estabilizan la estructura e integran la subunidad α de otros canales. La función del canal Nav1.5 se ve modulada por proteínas del citoesqueleto, proteínas extracelulares, concentraciones de calcio, radicales libres, medicamentos, entre otros. El estudio del canal y sus alteraciones se ha incrementado gracias a la asociación de este con condiciones patológicas como el síndrome de QT largo, el síndrome de Brugada, la fibrilación auricular, la displasia ventricular arritmogénica y por las complicaciones de en procesos isquémicos.

Análise da resistência a inseticidas químicos em populações de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), de Municípios do Estado de Pernambuco / Analysis of resistance to chemical insecticides in populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in municipalities of Pernambuco State

A resistência de populações de Aedes aegypti a inseticidas químicos tem representado um desafio nos programas para seu controle. Este projeto teve como objetivos caracterizar o perfil de susceptibilidade de populações de A. aegypti de Pernambuco, relacionando-o ao histórico local de uso de tais compostos e aos mecanismos que podem estar associados à resistência. Amostras de A. aegypti de 17 municípios foram analisadas através de bioensaios com o temephos (larvicida) e diflubenzuron (regulador de crescimento) e um adulticida, a cipermetrina. Testes bioquímicos foram realizados para quantificar a atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (ACE), glutationa S-transferase (GST), esterases (Alfa, Beta e PNPA) e oxidases de função mista (MFO). Também foram investigadas mutações no gene do canal de sódio: sítios 982, 1011, 1014, e 1016. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as populações estavam resistentes ao temephos, exceto a de Fernando de Noronha. A razão de resistência (RR) foi moderada apenas na população Recife, enquanto RR 100 vezes foram observadas em 10 populações. Houve uma correlação entre o consumo e a RR a este produto. Para o diflubenzuron foi construída uma linha de base dose resposta e as RR foram correlacionadas positivamente com as observadas para o temephos...

Resistance to chemical insecticides represents a challenge for Aedes aegypticontrol programs. This project aimed to characterize the susceptibility status ofA. aegypti populations fromPernambuco state, associating it to the local use history...

Clinical Analysis and Gene Mutation Screening of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ?1 Subunit in 2 Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus Families / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the mutation of voltage-gated sodium channel ?1 subunit(SCN1B)gene in Chinese Han families with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus(GEFS+).Methods Two families pedigrees were established and disease history,physical examination were collected in order to analyze the mode of inheritance.The mutation sites of reported SCN1B gene exon 3-(C46T,G47A,C156G)were detected by polymerase chain reaction sequence special primers(PCR-SSP)method after genomic DNA were extracted.Results There were 13 patients in the 2 families,all were Han people and 9 cases were living.The results showed the mode of inheritance basically corresponds with autosomal dominant inheritance complicated with incomplete penetrance,and leaded to different kinds of phenotype.The mutation sites of SCN1B gene exon 3 were detected by using PCR-SSP method,and heterozygote was not found,and point mutations were also not found in the 2 families.Conclusions GEFS+ is a complex disorder with genetic heterogeneity.There were no gene mutations of SCNIB in the 2 GEFS+ families,which might suggets the possibility of insufficient samples as the patients came from Henan province and the possibility of differences from races and regions of other countries.