Caracterización de 11 líneas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) resistentes a Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman en Cuba / Characterization of 11 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines resistant to Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman in Cuba

RESUMEN Por su alto valor nutricional, el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es la especie más importante para el consumo humano entre las leguminosas de grano comestibles. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar 11 líneas RAZ de frijol común, promisorias por su resistencia contra Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh. En octubre de 2019, se sembraron 11 líneas RAZ del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), San José de Las Lajas, Cuba. Se evaluaron 22 caracteres cuantitativos y cualitativos del descriptor del frijol común y se realizaron análisis de frecuencia para las características cualitativas y estadígrafos básicos y análisis de componentes principales (ACP) de los atributos cuantitativos. Los caracteres con mayor variabilidad fueron el color primario de la semilla (reportándose 5 diferentes, y siendo el blanco sucio el más frecuente); el color predominante de la vaina en la madurez fisiológica (las cuales presentaron 4 variantes de color, principalmente verdes y amarillas); el aspecto de la testa (destacando el aspecto opaco, registrándose en 6 líneas); así como la ausencia del color alrededor del hilo en 10 de ellas. Los parámetros relacionados con el ciclo biológico presentaron menor variabilidad. El peso de 100 granos correspondió al tipo de grano pequeño. El rendimiento promedio fue 1 685 kg/ha, destacándose la línea 'RAZ 124' con 4 237 kg/ha. El ACP explicó el 61.82 % de la variabilidad total e integró las 11 líneas en 4 grupos que caracterizaron su comportamiento. Los resultados indican que las líneas estudiadas pueden incorporarse en el programa de mejoramiento del frijol en Cuba a través de su evaluación en diferentes ambientes regionales para la selección de posibles nuevos cultivares comerciales.

ABSTRACT Due to high nutritional value, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important species for human consumption among the food grain legumes. The objective of this study was to characterize 11 RAZ lines of common bean, promising for their resistance to the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh.). In October 2019, 11 RAZ lines from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) were planted using a randomized complete block design at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA), San José de las Lajas, Cuba. Twenty-two quantitative and qualitative traits of the common bean descriptors were used, and frequency analyses were performed for the qualitative traits and basic statistics and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for the quantitative traits. The traits with greater variability were the primary seed color (5 different colors were reported, with dirty white being the most frequent); the predominant color of the pods at physiological maturity, (which presented 4 color variants, with green and yellow ones standing out); the opaque aspect of the coat stood out, being registered in 6 lines, as well as the absence of color around the hilum in 10 of them. All possible variants were found for the predominant appearance of the seed coat, predominant pro-file of the pod and presence of color around the hilum. Variables related to the biological cycle showed less variability. The weight of 100 grains corresponded to the small grains type. The average yield was 1 685 kg/ha, with the 'RAZ 124' line standing out with 4 237 kg/ha. The PCA explained 61.82 % of total variability and classified the 11 lines into four groups that characterize their performance. These results indicate that the lines under study can be incorporated into the vean breeding program in Cuba by means of their evaluation in different regional environments for the selection of possible new commercial cultivars.

BIOACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM SOLANACEAE AGAINST Zabrotes subfasciatus / Bioactividad de extractos de Solanaceae contra Zabrotes subfasciatus

ABSTRACT The botanical family Solanaceae has many species producing compounds with insecticidal properties, e.g. nicotine and capsaicin, which are used for pest management in agriculture. This fact provides perspectives to identify insecticidal compounds in Brazilian native species of Solanaceae. In this study, we performed a screening with 25 ethanolic extracts from 17 Solanaceae species in order to evaluate their bioactivity against the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). The bioactivity of Solanaceae ethanolic extracts (2,500 mg kg-1) was tested with residual contact bioassays. Adults of Z. subfasciatus were exposed to treated bean grains, and adult mortality, oviposition, F1 progeny and damages on grains were quantified. Most of the ethanolic extracts from Solanaceae reduced the number of eggs per sample, the egg-adult viability, the F1 progeny and the damages on bean grains promoted by Z. subfasciatus, but none of them interfered on its sex ratio. Ethanolic extract from leaves of Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil promoted the most promissory effects on Z. subfasciatus. This ethanolic extracts can be a suitable alternative to control Z. subfasciatus in stored beans, mainly for small farmers and organic farmers.

RESUMEN La familia botánica Solanaceae tiene muchas especies que producen compuestos con propiedades insecticidas, e.g. nicotina y capsaicina, que se utilizan para el control de plagas en la agricultura. Este hecho proporciona perspectivas promisorias para identificar compuestos insecticidas en especies nativas brasileñas de Solanaceae. En el presente estudio se llevó a cabo un cribado con 25 extractos etanólicos de 17 especies de Solanaceae con el propósito de evaluar su bioactividad sobre el gorgojo pinto del frijol, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). La bioactividad de los extractos etanólicos se evaluó por experimentos de contacto residual. Los adultos de Z. subfasciatus se expusieron a los frijoles tratados con los extractos y se midió la mortalidad de los adultos, la ovoposición, la progenie F1 y el daño en los granos. La mayoría de los extractos etanólicos redujeron el número de huevos, la viabilidad de los huevos, la progenie y el daño en los granos, pero ninguno de ellos interfirió en la proporción sexual de los insectos. El extracto etanólico de las hojas de Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil promovió los efectos más prometedores sobre Z. subfasciatus. Este extracto puede ayudar a controlar a Z. subfasciatus en frijoles almacenados, principalmente a los pequeños agricultores y a los agricultores orgánicos.

Change in malate dehydrogenase and alpha amylase activities in Rubus fruticosus and Valeriana jatamansi treated granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius / Mudança nas atividades de malato desidrogenase e alfa amilase em Rubus fruticosus e gorgulho tratado com Valeriana jatamansi, Sitophilus granarius

Poor storage conditions provide favorable environment to stored grain pests for their growth. The bio-pesticides are the best alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Present study was conducted to compare toxicity of Rubus fruticosus and Valeriana jatamansi against granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius and subsequent changes in enzyme activity responsible for grain damage. In current research 5 g of R. fruticosus fruit and V. jatamansi rhizome powders were tested separately against S. granarius, in 50 g wheat whole grains for seven days in comparison with the control. The enzymatic activity of malate dehydrogenase and α-amylase was observed in the cellular extracts of S. granarius. The insects were crushed and homogenized in phosphate-buffer solution and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes. For the enzymatic measurement supernatant was tested; the spectrophotometer was adjusted at 340 nm. The reagents were mixed and incubated at 25 °C for five minutes. The cuvettes were placed in the experimental and reference sites of spectrophotometer and recorded the change in absorbance for 3-4 minutes. There was 5.60% and 14.92% reduction in the activity of malate dehydrogenase in R. fruticosus and V. jatamansi, treated insects, respectively. The alpha amylase enzyme activity was 6.82% reduced and 63.63% increase in R. fruticosus and V. jatamansi, treated insects, respectively. Present study addresses that both plant powders are effective against granary weevil by altering enzyme activities so both the plant powders can be used as bio-pesticides against the stored grains pests.

As más condições de armazenamento proporcionam um ambiente favorável às pragas armazenadas para o crescimento. Os biopesticidas são as melhores alternativas aos pesticidas sintéticos. O presente estudo foi conduzido para comparar a toxicidade de Rubus fruticosus e Valeriana jatamansi contra gorgulhos, Sitophilus granarius e subsequentes alterações na atividade enzimática responsáveis ​​por danos aos grãos. Na pesquisa atual, 5 g de frutos de R. fruticosus e pós de rizoma de V. jatamansi foram testados separadamente contra S. granarius, em 50 g de grãos integrais de trigo por sete dias, em comparação com o controle. A atividade enzimática da malato desidrogenase e α-amilase foi observada nos extratos celulares de S. granarius. Os insetos foram esmagados e homogeneizados em solução tampão fosfato e centrifugados a 10000 rpm por 5 minutos. Para a medição enzimática, o sobrenadante foi testado; o espectrofotômetro foi ajustado a 340 nm. Os reagentes foram misturados e incubados a 25 °C por cinco minutos. As cubetas foram colocadas nos locais experimentais e de referência do espectrofotômetro e registradas as alterações na absorbância por 3-4 minutos. Houve redução de 5,60% e 14,92% na atividade da malato desidrogenase em R. fruticosus e V. jatamansi, insetos tratados, respectivamente. A atividade da enzima alfa amilase foi reduzida em 6,82% e aumento de 63,63% em R. fruticosus e V. jatamansi, insetos tratados, respectivamente. O presente estudo aborda que ambos os pós de plantas são eficazes contra o gorgulho do celeiro, alterando as atividades enzimáticas, de modo que ambos os pós de plantas possam ser usados ​​como biopesticidas contra pragas de grãos armazenados.

Occurrence of Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ipomoea batatas in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam (Convolvulaceae), is an essential crop for food security in developing countries. Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the main pests of I. batatas in tropical and subtropical regions. It feeds on the tuberous roots of I. batatas and induces perforations tunnel-shaped with excrement. The objective of this study was to register, for the first time, the occurrence of E. postfasciatus in I. batatas in the municipality of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Individuals of E. postfasciatus were found in the larval, pupal and adult stages feeding on the roots, in the genotypes, Brasilândia Branca, Rubisol, UFVJM01, UFVJM02, UFVJM03, UFVJM04, UFVJM08, UFVJM18, UFVJM91, UFVJM291 and UFVJM526 in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM). Euscepes postfasciatus injuries formed superficial and deep galleries with the presence of excrement and unpleasant odor. The record of E. postfasciatus in I. batatas in the municipality of Diamantina is important to develop local strategies for integrated pest management of the crop in the region.(AU)

Toxicity of the essential oil of basil cultivars and hybrids and its repellent effect on stored grain pests / Toxicidade do óleo essencial de cultivares e híbridos de manjericão e seu efeito repelente sobre pragas de grãos armazenados

Essential oils have emerged as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in the control of stored grain pests. The toxicity and repellency of the essential oils of four basil cultivars and three basil hybrids and the monoterpenes linalool, citral, and (E)-methyl cinnamate were evaluated in the stored grain pests Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophillus zeamais. The essential oils of the cultivar Genovese and the hybrid 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to C. maculatus. Conversely, the essential oils of the cultivar Sweet Dani and the hybrid 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to S. zeamais. Among the monoterpenes, (E)-methyl cinnamate was the most toxic to both pests, taking 0.14 and 0.34 µ L.mL-1 to kill 50% of the C. maculatus and S. zeamais populations, respectively. All essential oils from cultivars, hybrids, and monoterpenes were repellent to S. zeamais, except for (E)-methyl cinnamate. For C. maculatus, this effect was lower, being citral the most repellent compound. Results demonstrate the insecticidal potential of the essential oil of O. basilicum and its monoterpenes in the control of stored grain pests.

Os óleos essenciais surgem como alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos no controle das pragas de grãos armazenados. A toxicidade e a repelência dos óleos essenciais de quatro cultivares e três híbridos de manjericão e dos monoterpenos linalol, citral e (E)-cinamato de metila foram avaliadas nas pragas de grãos armazenados Callosobruchus maculatus e Sitophillus zeamais. Os óleos essenciais da cultivar Genovese e do híbrido 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' foram mais tóxicos para C. maculatus. Já para S. zeamais, os óleos essenciais das cultivar Sweet Dani e do híbrido 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentaram maior toxicidade. Dentre os monoterpenos, o (E)-cinamato de metila foi o mais tóxico para ambas as pragas. Foram necessários 0,14 e 0,34 µ L.mL-1 para matar 50% da população de C. maculatus e S. zeamais. Todos os óleos essenciais das cultivares, dos híbridos e dos monoterpenos foram repelentes a S. zeamais, com exceção do (E)-cinamato de metila. Já para C. maculatus, este efeito foi reduzido, sendo o citral o composto mais repelente. Nos resultados demonstram o potencial inseticida dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e seus monoterpenos para o controle de pragas de grãos armazenados.

Protection effect of the anthraquinones, cassiatorin and aurantio-obtusin from seeds of Senna tora against cowpea weevil attack

Objective: To explore the potential insecticidal, ovipositor deterrent and antifeedant effects of ethyl acetate extract of the seeds of Senna tora (Syn. Cassia tora) against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Methods: The activities were evaluated using standard protocols. In these bioassays, the cowpea seeds were used directly as an insect feed. The activity of the extract and isolated compounds were tested at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 μg/mL and compared to neem oil and cinnamaldehyde (as standard positive controls). Phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract was done through a number of chromatographic techniques and the structures of the isolated compounds were established through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis including 2D-NMR and ESI-MS studies. Results: Fractionation of the active ethyl acetate extract resulted in the isolation of one known anthraquinone, aurantio-obtusin (1) and a novel compound that was named as cassiatorin (2). Compounds 1 and 2 showed comparable insect antifeedant properties with the positive controls while their insecticidal and ovipositor deterrent effects were far superior to the standard controls. Conclusions: It is thus concluded that Senna tora extracts and the isolated compounds (1 and 2) may be employed in the postharvest management of stored cowpea seeds and as other crop protectants.

Resistance of maize cultivars to Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) / Resistência de cultivares de milho a Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Five Zea mays cultivars (BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Gorutuba, BRS Sertanejo, BRS Asa Branca and BR 106) were evaluated considering their effect on the nutrition of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, by analysis of total protein in adult fed with these cultivars and for the presence of lectins and trypsin inhibitors in grains. In addition, free-choice and no-choice assays were performed to investigate the resistance of grains of the Z. mays cultivars to an attack by S. zeamais. The BR 106 cultivar showed the lowest susceptibility index, followed by BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Asa Branca, BRS Sertanejo and BRS Gorutuba. The number of emerged adults in the Z. mays cultivars ranged from 213.17 to 74.0, and the lowest number of insects was recorded for the BR 106 cultivar. The insects were able to feed on grains of all cultivars, but the BR 106 cultivar showed the least reduction in dried biomass. Lectins were detected in extracts from BR 106, BRS Asa Branca, BRS Sertanejo and BRS Gorutuba, and the highest activity was shown by BR 106. The lowest protein assimilation was detected in the insects from treatments with BRS Asa Branca. The extracts from all cultivars were able to inhibit the activity of bovine trypsin, but this effect was not related to the resistance degree of Z. mays cultivars. The results suggest the resistance of BR 160 to the attack of S. zeamais, as well as indicating that the presence of lectin in the grains is the cause of this resistance.(AU)

Foram avaliadas cinco cultivares de Zea mays (BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Gorutuba, BRS Sertanejo, BRS Asa Branca e BR 106) e seu efeito na nutrição do gorgulho-do-milho Sitophilus zeamais, por meio da análise de proteína total em adultos alimentados com esses cultivares e a presença de lectinas e inibidores da tripsina nos grãos. Além disso, foram realizados ensaios com e sem chance de escolha para investigar a resistência dos cultivares de Z. mays ao ataque de S. zeamais. O cultivar BR 106 apresentou o menor índice de susceptibilidade, seguido por BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Asa Branca, BRS Sertanejo e BRS Gorutuba. O número de adultos emergidos nos cultivares de Z. mays variou de 213,17 a 74,0, e o menor número de insetos foi registrado para o cultivar BR 106. Os insetos foram capazes de se alimentar de todos os cultivares, no entanto, o BR 106 mostrou a menor redução na biomassa seca. As lectinas foram detectadas em extratos de BR 106, BRS Asa Branca, BRS Sertanejo e BRS Gorutuba, e a maior atividade foi demonstrada pela BR 106. A menor assimilação de proteína foi detectada nos insetos que se alimentaram com BRS Asa Branca. Os extratos de todos os cultivares foram capazes de inibir a atividade da tripsina bovina, mas esse efeito não está correlacionado ao grau de resistência dos cultivares de Z. mays. Os resultados sugerem a resistência da BR 160 ao ataque de S. zeamais, além de indicar que a presença de lectina nos grãos é a causa dessa resistência.(AU)

Effect of plant protection products on Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae in laboratory / Efeito de defensivos agrícolas sobre larvas de Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em laboratório

With the aim of developing tools for simultaneously managing Rhynchophorus palmarum and the coconut stem bleeding disease, we evaluated the effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam and the fungicide cyproconazole on R. palmarum larvae under laboratory conditions. Early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were fed on an artificial diet containing 0.1% concentration of insecticide, fungicide or a mixture of both. Larval mortality was assessed daily during the 48 hours after the application of the treatments. Mean mortality values were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). Thiamethoxam caused mortality of 100% of early-instar and 90% of intermediate-instar larvae. In contrast, mortality was significantly lower in the cyproconazole treatment (60% for early-instar and 0% for intermediate-instar larvae) and the control (0% mortality for both treatments). The insecticide/fungicide mixture was equally effective (100% for early-instar and 86.67% for intermediate-instar larvae) to the insecticide only treatment. Differences in mortality between early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were significant only for the thiamethoxam and cyproconazole treatments. These results indicate that, for the doses used here, thiamethoxam is toxic to both early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae, while cyproconazole is toxic just to early-instar larvae. Moreover, cyproconazole does not increase the toxicity of thiamethoxam. Early-instar larvae are more sensitive to thiamethoxam and cyproconazole than intermediate-instar larvae. We conclude that thiamethoxam + cyproconazole mixture may be effective for managing R. palmarum and associated fungal diseases on coconut palms.(AU)

Com o objetivo de desenvolver ferramentas para o manejo simultâneo de Rhynchophorus palmarum e da resinose do coqueiro, avaliou-se o efeito do inseticida tiametoxam e do fungicida ciproconazol sobre larvas de R. palmarum em laboratório. Larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram alimentadas com dieta artificial contendo 0,1% do inseticida, do fungicida, ou da mistura de ambos. A mortalidade larval foi avaliada diariamente, durante 48 horas, e as médias foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). O tiametoxam causou mortalidade de 100% às larvas de ínstares iniciais e de 90% às de intermediários. Em contraste, a mortalidade foi significativamente menor no tratamento ciproconazol (60% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 0% para as de intermediários) e no controle (0% de mortalidade para ambos). A mistura inseticida/fungicida foi igualmente eficiente (100% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 86,67% para as de intermediários) ao inseticida sozinho. Diferenças na mortalidade entre as larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram significativas somente para os tratamentos tiametoxam e ciproconazol. Tais resultados indicam que, nas doses avaliadas, o tiametoxam é tóxico às larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários, enquanto o ciproconazol é tóxico somente às de ínstares iniciais. Além disso, o ciproconazol não aumenta a toxicidade do tiametoxam. Larvas de ínstares iniciais são mais sensíveis a tiametoxam e ciproconazol que as de ínstares intermediários. Conclui-se que a mistura tiametoxam + ciproconazol pode ser eficiente no manejo de R. palmarum e de doenças fúngicas associadas a essa praga em coqueiros.(AU)

Protection effect of the anthraquinones, cassiatorin and aurantio-obtusin from seeds of Senna tora against cowpea weevil attack

Objective:To explore the potential insecticidal,ovipositor deterrent and antifeedant effects of ethyl acetate extract of the seeds of Senna tora (Syn.Cassia tora) against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculaws).Methods:The activities were evaluated using standard protocols.In these bioassays,the cowpea seeds were used directly as an insect feed.The activity of the extract and isolated compounds were tested at concentrations of 100,200 and 300 μg/mL and compared to neem oil and cinnamaldehyde (as standard positive controls).Phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract was done through a number of chromatographic techniques and the structures of the isolated compounds were established through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis including 2D-NMR and ESI-MS studies.Results:Fractionation of the active ethyl acetate extract resulted in the isolation of one known anthraquinone,aurantio-obtusin (1) and a novel compound that was named as cassiatorin (2).Compounds 1 and 2 showed comparable insect antifeedant properties with the positive controls while their insecticidal and ovipositor deterrent effects were far superior to the standard controls.Contusions:It is thus concluded that Senna tora extracts and the isolated compounds (1 and 2) may be employed in the postharvest management of stored cowpea seeds and as other crop protectants.

Change in malate dehydrogenase and alpha amylase activities in Rubus fruticosus and Valeriana jatamansi treated granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius

Abstract Poor storage conditions provide favorable environment to stored grain pests for their growth. The bio-pesticides are the best alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Present study was conducted to compare toxicity of Rubus fruticosus and Valeriana jatamansi against granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius and subsequent changes in enzyme activity responsible for grain damage. In current research 5 g of R. fruticosus fruit and V. jatamansi rhizome powders were tested separately against S. granarius, in 50 g wheat whole grains for seven days in comparison with the control. The enzymatic activity of malate dehydrogenase and -amylase was observed in the cellular extracts of S. granarius. The insects were crushed and homogenized in phosphate-buffer solution and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes. For the enzymatic measurement supernatant was tested; the spectrophotometer was adjusted at 340 nm. The reagents were mixed and incubated at 25 °C for five minutes. The cuvettes were placed in the experimental and reference sites of spectrophotometer and recorded the change in absorbance for 3-4 minutes. There was 5.60% and 14.92% reduction in the activity of malate dehydrogenase in R. fruticosus and V. jatamansi, treated insects, respectively. The alpha amylase enzyme activity was 6.82% reduced and 63.63% increase in R. fruticosus and V. jatamansi, treated insects, respectively. Present study addresses that both plant powders are effective against granary weevil by altering enzyme activities so both the plant powders can be used as bio-pesticides against the stored grains pests.

Resumo As más condições de armazenamento proporcionam um ambiente favorável às pragas armazenadas para o crescimento. Os biopesticidas são as melhores alternativas aos pesticidas sintéticos. O presente estudo foi conduzido para comparar a toxicidade de Rubus fruticosus e Valeriana jatamansi contra gorgulhos, Sitophilus granarius e subsequentes alterações na atividade enzimática responsáveis por danos aos grãos. Na pesquisa atual, 5 g de frutos de R. fruticosus e pós de rizoma de V. jatamansi foram testados separadamente contra S. granarius, em 50 g de grãos integrais de trigo por sete dias, em comparação com o controle. A atividade enzimática da malato desidrogenase e -amilase foi observada nos extratos celulares de S. granarius. Os insetos foram esmagados e homogeneizados em solução tampão fosfato e centrifugados a 10000 rpm por 5 minutos. Para a medição enzimática, o sobrenadante foi testado; o espectrofotômetro foi ajustado a 340 nm. Os reagentes foram misturados e incubados a 25 °C por cinco minutos. As cubetas foram colocadas nos locais experimentais e de referência do espectrofotômetro e registradas as alterações na absorbância por 3-4 minutos. Houve redução de 5,60% e 14,92% na atividade da malato desidrogenase em R. fruticosus e V. jatamansi, insetos tratados, respectivamente. A atividade da enzima alfa amilase foi reduzida em 6,82% e aumento de 63,63% em R. fruticosus e V. jatamansi, insetos tratados, respectivamente. O presente estudo aborda que ambos os pós de plantas são eficazes contra o gorgulho do celeiro, alterando as atividades enzimáticas, de modo que ambos os pós de plantas possam ser usados como biopesticidas contra pragas de grãos armazenados.

BIOATIVIDADE DE Solanum melongena L. E Capsicum annuum L. SOBRE Callosobruchus maculatus (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) / Bioactivity of Solanum melongena L. and Capsicum annuum L. on Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) / Bioactividad de Solanum melongena L. y Capsicum annuum L. en Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

O uso contínuo e indiscriminado de produtos químicos na agricultura pode trazer sérios prejuízos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Uma opção é o emprego de plantas com ação inseticida. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade inseticida do pó de folhas de Solanum melongena L. e Capsicum annuum L. contra Callosobruchus maculatus. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus de Pombal, Paraíba, Brasil. Os grãos de feijão-caupi foram tratados com os pós nas concentrações 0,0; 2,5; 5,0 e 10,0 % [100*(massa do pó/massa de grãos)] e realizados testes de sobrevivência e repelência contra C. maculatus. Os dados da sobrevivência foram analisados utilizando o teste de Log-rank (p ≤ 0,05), pelo método de D-collet e para a repelência utilizou-se o teste do Qui-Quadrado (p ≤ 0,05). Todos os pós e concentrações avaliadas foram repelentes contra C. maculatus, com exceção do pó de C. annuum na concentração de 2,5 %. No que se refere à sobrevivência, ambas as espécies vegetais causaram elevada mortalidade em C. maculatus, com morte total dos insetos em até 120 h.

The continuous and indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture can bring serious problems to human health and the environment. One option is the use of plants with insecticidal action. Given the above, the aim of this work was to evaluate the insecticide activity powder of leaves of Solanum melongena L. and Capsicum annuum L. against Callosobruchus maculatus in three concentrations. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus de Pombal, Paraiba, Brazil. The grains of cowpea were treated with the powders in concentrations 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 % 6#91;100*(mass of powder/ mass of grains)] and performed tests of survival and repellency against C. maculatus. Survival data were analyzed using the Log-rank test (p ≤ 0.05) by D-collet method and the repellence we used the Chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05). All post and concentrations were repellent C. maculatus except the C. annuum powder at a concentration of 2.5 % that was not statistically significant difference. With respect to survival, both plant species caused high mortality on C. maculatus, with total kill insects up to 120 h.

El uso continuo y indiscriminado de productos químicos en la agricultura puede causar graves danos a la salud humana y al medio ambiente. Una opción es el uso de plantas con acción insecticida. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad insecticida del polvo de las hojas de Solanum melongena L. y Capsicum annuum L. contra Callosobruchus maculatus en tres concentraciones. El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Entomología de la Universidad Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus de Pombal, Paraiba, Brasil. Los granos de caupí fueron tratados con los polvos, en las concentraciones 0,0; 2,5; 5,0 a 10,0 % [100*(masa de polvo/masa de granos)] y se realizaron ensayos de supervivencia y repelencia contra C. maculatus. Los datos de supervivencia se analizaron mediante el análisis de Log-rank (p ≤ 0.05) por el método de D-Collet y para la repelencia se utilizó el análisis de Chi-cuadrado (p ≤ 0,05). Todos los polvos y las dosis evaluadas fueron repelentes contra C. maculatus, con la excepción del polvo de C. annuum a una dosis de 2,5 % que se observó ninguna diferencia estadística. Con respecto a la supervivencia, ambas especies de plantas causaron alta mortalidad en C. maculatus, con muerte total de los insectos hasta 120 h.

Resistance in cowpea cultivars to Bruchidius atrolineatus (PIC) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) / Resistência em cultivares de feijão-caupi a Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

This study aimed to assess the resistance in cowpea cultivars to Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) attack. The experiment was conducted at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias of Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal (SP). The following cultivars were used: BR17 Gurgueia, BR3 Tracuateua, BRS Novaera, Sempre Verde, BRS Milênio, and BRS Urubuquara. The non-preference test without choice evaluated the number of viable eggs, unviable and total posed by insects in grains, after 25 days of confinement. In addition, it was observed, in a daily basis, the total dry matter consumed and dry matter consumed per insect; male and female mass; male, female and total egg-adult cycle length; male and female longevity; sex ratio; number of emerged insects and percentage of emerged insects. The non-preference test with free choice evaluated the number of viable, unviable and total eggs and adult attractiveness after 24 hours and seven days of release. Sempre Verde cultivar was the least preferred for oviposition in the test without choice and showed lower number and percentage of emerged insects. BRS Milênio had the lowest total dry mass consumed and dry mass consumed per insect.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a resistência em cultivares de feijão-caupi ao ataque de Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic). O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), campus de Jaboticabal/SP. Seis cultivares foram utilizados: BR17 Gurgueia, BR3 Tracuateua, BRS Novaera, Sempre Verde, BRS Milênio e BRS Urubuquara. No teste de não preferência sem chance de escolha, foram feitas as avaliações do número de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e totais colocados pelos insetos nos grãos, após 25 dias de confinamento. Nas amostras foram observadas também, diariamente, a massa seca consumida e a massa seca consumida por inseto; a massa de machos e fêmeas; o período de ovo adulto de fêmeas, machos e total; a longevidade de machos e fêmeas; a razão sexual; e a porcentagem de insetos emergidos. No teste com chance de escolha foram realizadas as contagens de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e totais e avaliada a atratividade dos adultos após 24 horas e sete dias da liberação. O cultivar Sempre Verde foi o menos preferido para oviposição, em teste sem chance de escolha, e apresentou menor número e porcentagem de insetos emergidos. Já BRS Milênio teve a menor massa seca consumida total e por inseto.(AU)

Common bean seeds quality during storage under treatments with potential repellent of aromatic plants / Qualidade de sementes de feijão carioca armazenado sob tratamentos com plantas aromáticas de potencial repelente

ABSTRACT ndustrial chemicals that control pests in stored seed can cause damage to health by residual effects remaining in the grains. Studies of products with potential insecticide and repellent properties are required to decrease post-harvest losses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and efficiency of seed treatment in beans stored under the following treatments: dried leaves and crushed laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), cinnamon powder (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn) and ground cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) over eight months. An untreated control and a treatment with diatomaceous earth were used to compare the results. At the beginning and at 30 days, percentages of normal and abnormal seedlings as well as seeds that did not germinate, mass of onehundred seeds, water content and infested seeds were analyzed. At 210 and 240 days, free choice arena and repellency testswere conducted. Treatments did not affect germination, mass of 100 seeds or water content; however, all plants tested showed a repellent effect on the bean weevil.

RESUMO Produtos químicos industriais que controlam pragas de sementes e grãos armazenados podem causar danos à saúde pelo efeito residual que proporcionam. Assim, são necessários estudos de produtos que apresentem repelência e potencial inseticida e reduzam perdas pós-colheita sem causar danos à saúde. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade e eficiência do tratamento com plantas aromáticas: folhas desidratadas e moídas de louro (Laurus nobilis), alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), canela em pó (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn) e cravo moído (Syzygium aromaticum L.), em sementes de feijão carioca armazenadas durante oito meses. Uma testemunha sem tratamento e outra com terra de diatomáceas foram utilizadas para comparação dos resultados. No início e a cada 30 dias foram realizadas as determinações de plântulas normais, anormais, sementes não germinadas, massa de cem sementes, teor de água e sementes infestadas. Os testes de arena de livre escolha e repelência foram realizados aos 210 e 240 dias. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a germinação, massa de cem sementes, teor de água. Entretanto, todas as plantas testadas apresentaram efeito repelente sobre o caruncho do feijão.

A new species of Homalocerus Schoenherr from the Atlantic coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Coleoptera, Belidae, Belinae), with notes on color pattern and on the sclerites of the internal sac

A new species of Homalocerus Schoenherr from the Atlantic coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Coleoptera, Belidae, Belinae), with notes on color pattern and on the sclerites of the internal sac. Homalocerus bimaculatus sp. nov. (type locality: Brazil, São Paulo) is described and illustrated, and comments on the sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus and on color pattern are provided. The new species is compared to other similar species of the genus, being distinguished by having three clusters of carmine pubescence on pronotum and two lateral whitish oval spots located slightly before the middle of each elytron. Six species of Homalocerus, including the new one, are known from the State of São Paulo. The previously published identification key for species of Homalocerus is updated to include H. bimaculatus.

Repelência e atividade inseticida de pós vegetais sobre Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman em feijão-fava armazenado / Repellency and insecticidal activity of plant powders on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh. ) on stored lima beans

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial inseticida de Piper nigrum L. (pimenta do reino), Ruta graveolens L. (arruda), Laurus nobilis L. (louro), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (cravo da índia), Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (mastruz), Piper tuberculatum Jaqc. (pimenta de macaco), Tagetes erecta L. (cravo de defunto), Cymbopogon nardus L. (citronela) e Melissa officinalis L. (erva cidreira) sobre Z. subfasciatus Boh. através dos testes de confinamento, onde os insetos foram confinados durante cinco dias em um recipiente contendo dez grãos de feijão-fava com 0,3 g do pó da planta a ser testada, e, com chance de escolha por meio de uma arena circular, os insetos tiveram a possibilidade de escolha entre grãos com os pós e a testemunha, grãos sem pó das plantas. Observou-se que houve plantas que atuaram como inseticida, outras que repeliram o inseto e não causaram a morte, e outras, que além de repelir também mataram os insetos quando em contato (cravo da índia e matruz). Concluímos que: P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum, S. aromaticum e C. ambrosioides são tóxicas à Z. subfasciatus causando-lhes a morte, L. nobilis, T. erecta, e C. nardus não apresentaram efeito tóxico sobre Z. subfasciatus, C. ambrosioides, S. aromaticum, e C. nardus são repelentes à Z. subfasciatus; P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum, e T. erecta são neutras, e que M. officinalis não apresentou nenhum efeito sobre Z. subfasciatus em relação aos parâmetros avaliados.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the insecticidal potential of Piper nigrum L., Ruta graveolens L., Laurus nobilis L., Syzygium aromaticum Merr. & L.M.Perry., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Piper tuberculatum Jaqc., Tagetes erecta L., Cymbopogon nardus L. and Melissa officinalis L. against Zabrotes subfasciatus by free choice, in which, by means of a circular arena, insects had a choice, treatments with or without powder and no choice tests, where insects were confined for five days in a container containing ten grains of lima beans with 0.3 g of powder to be tested. It was observed that some plants have killed the insect while others just repelled the insect, causing no harm to it. Also, one of the studied plants repelled and killed the insects (S. aromaticum, C. ambrosioides and P. tuberculatum). We can conclude that: P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum, S. aromaticum e C. ambrosioides are toxic to the Z. subfasciatus, causing its death. L. nobilis, T. erecta e C. nardus do not present any toxic effect over Z. subfasciatus. C. ambrosioides, S. aromaticum e C. nardus are repellent to Z. subfasciatus. P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum e T. erecta are neutral and M. officinalis have presented no effects over Z. subfasciatus in relation to the parameters evaluated.

Genetic structure of populations of Pissodes castaneus (De Geer) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) using amplified fragment length polymorphism

Genetic structure of populations of Pissodes castaneus (De Geer) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) using amplified fragment length polymorphism. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of populations of Pissodes castaneus from different areas and on different species of Pinus using the PCR-AFLP technique. Twenty samples were analyzed, representing 19 populations from Brazil and one from Florence, Italy, which is the region of origin of P. castaneus. The four combinations of primers generated a total of 367 fragments of DNA, and 100% of polymorphic loci, indicating high degree of molecular polymorphism. The dendrogram did not reveal trends for grouping the populations in relation to origin. The low genetic similarity (0.11 between the most distant groups) and genetic distances of 0.13 and 0.44 for 10 out of the 20 samples may indicate several founding events or multiple introductions of heterogeneous strains into Brazil. The allelic fixation index (Fst) was 0.3851, considered high, and the number of migrants (Nm) was 0.3991, indicating low gene flow among populations. The highest genetic distances were between the population from Irani, SC and Cambará do Sul, RS and Bituruna, PR, indicating an independent founding event or a particular allelic fixation in the former location. The high genetic diversity among populations points out that the populations are genetically heterogeneous with a diverse gene pool in the surveyed areas, what makes them to respond differently to control measures.

Actividad insecticida del polvo de Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) contra Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) / Insecticidal activity of Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) powder against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The insecticidal properties of foliage´s powder of Peumus boldus Molina against adults and immature S. zeamais were evaluated. The highest toxicity in contact and fumigant activity was reached by concentrations upper to 1.25 percent showing mortality over to 90 percent. The treatments with high mortality showed a lower adult insect emergence (F1) and grain weight loss too. In immature S. zeamais control lower F1 was observed in highest concentrations of powder. The storage of powder under refrigerated conditions not prevents the insecticidal properties lost. All evaluated concentrations exhibited repellent activity against S. zeamais adults. The powder of P. boldus does not affect the grain germination. We concluded that powder of P. boldus has promissory perspectives to stored products pests control.

Se evaluaron las propiedades insecticidas del polvo de follaje de Peumus boldus Molina para el control de adultos y estados inmaduros de S. zeamais. La mayor toxicidad por contacto y fumigación se obtuvo con las concentraciones iguales o mayores a 1,25 por ciento registrando una mortalidad superior a 90 por ciento. Los tratamientos con mayor mortalidad mostraron también una baja emergencia de insectos adultos (F1) y menor pérdida de peso del grano. En el control de estados inmaduros la menor F1 se observó en las concentraciones más altas de polvo. El almacenamiento del polvo en refrigeración no impidió la pérdida en el tiempo de las propiedades insecticidas. Todas las concentraciones evaluadas mostraron efecto repelente contra adultos de S. zeamais. El polvo de P. boldus no afectó significativamente la germinación de los granos. Se concluye que el polvo de P. boldus tiene perspectivas auspiciosas para el control de plagas de los productos almacenados.

Estudo do inseticida carbofurano em solo e sedimento de área de produção de arroz irrigado e controle do gorgulho aquático Oryzophagus oryzae, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brasil / Study of the insecticide carbofuran in the soil and sediment of paddy rice fields with control of the weevil Oryzophagus oryzae, in Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Resíduos do inseticida e nematicida carbofurano e de seu principal metabólito 3-hidroxicarbofurano foram averiguados em tabuleiros de arroz irrigado e em áreas adjacentes para controle do gorgulho aquático da espécie Oryzophagus oryzae Lima, 1936. As amostras foram coletadas no período de 6/9/1999 a 4/5/2000 e analisadas por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (HPLC) utilizando-se detector de fluorescência. Não foram detectados resíduos de carbofurano e de seu metabólito 3-hidroxicarbofurano dentro dos limites de determinação do método.

The presence of residues of the insecticide and nematicide carbofuran, used for weevil (Oryzophagus oryzae Lima 1936) control, and its principal metabolite 3-hydroxycarbofuran were evaluated in soil and sediment plots from paddy rice fields and adjacent areas. The samples were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detector. Carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran residues were not detected in any sample in amounts above the method’s detection threshold.

Efeito de pós vegetais sobre sitophilus zeamais (mots., 1855) (coleoptera: curculionidae) / Effect of plant powders on Sitophilus zeamais (mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Objetivou-se testar a atividade inseticida de pós vegetais em Sitophilus zeamais. Foram testados os pós de Anadenanthera colubrina (folhas); Annona muricata (sementes); Azadirachta inidica (folhas e flores); Caesalpinia pyramidalis (folhas), Chenopodium ambrosioides (folhas e flores); Cymbopogon sp.(folhas); Cymbopogon citratus (folhas); Momordica charantia (folhas e frutos); Piper nigrum (sementes); e Ricinus communis (folhas). Além disso, avaliou-se o potencial inseticida de folhas e flores de C. ambrosioides em diferentes dosagens. Na avaliação de repelência foi estabelecido um índice de preferência, e utilizado o teste t para comparação das médias das espécies vegetais. Também foi realizada a comparação das médias das plantas que foram classificadas como repelentes. Para avaliação da mortalidade, procedeu-se a análise de variância e a comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey e também o teste t para comparação das médias dos tratamentos C. ambrosioides e P. nigrum. Os dados de emergência foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey. Para avaliar os dados de mortalidade, ocasionados por C. ambrosioides, determinou-se a CL50 utilizando a análise de Probit. Os dados de emergência foram verificados pela análise de regressão. As plantas que provocaram repelência foram Cymbopogon sp., C. citratus e C. ambrosioides. A planta que mais afetou a sobrevivência da praga foi C. ambrosioides, que provocou mortalidade total dos insetos infestantes e nenhuma emergência. Adultos de S. zeamais são mais suscetíveis a concentração de 0,125 g do pó de C. ambrosioides.

Effect of plant powders on Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The objective of the present study was to test the insecticidal activity of vegetable powders on Sitophilus zeamais. Powders of Anadenanthera colubrina (leaves); Annona muricata (seed); Azadirachta inidica(leaves and flowers);Caesalpinia pyramidalis(leaves);Chenopodium ambrosioides (leaves and flowers);Cymbopogon sp. (leaves);Cymbopogon citratus (leaves); Momordica charantia (leaves and fruits);Piper nigrum (seed); andRicinus communis (leaves) were evaluated. In addition, we evaluated the insecticidal potential of leaves and flowers of C. ambrosioidesat different dosages. In the evaluation of repellency a preference index was established, and the t test was used to compare the means of plant species. The means of plants that were classified as repellent were also compared. To assess mortality, we proceeded with the analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey test and also the t test for comparing the means of the C. ambrosioides and P. nigrum treatments. The emergence data were analyzed by Tukey test. To evaluate the data on mortality caused by C. ambrosioides, the CL50 was determined using Probit analysis. The emergence data were verified by regression analysis. Plants that caused repellency were Cymbopogon sp., C. citratusand C. ambrosioides. The plant that most affected the survival of the pest wasC. ambrosioides, which caused total mortality of insect infestations and no adult emergence. Adults of S. zeamaisare most susceptible to the concentration of 0.125 g ofC. ambrosioides powder.

Functionality of the plastron in adults of Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): aspects of the integument coating and submersion laboratory experiments / Funcionalidade do plastrão em adultos de Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): aspectos do revestimento tegumentar e experimentos laboratoriais de submersão

The plastron theory was tested in adults of Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, 1970, through the analysis of the structure that coats these insects' integument and also through submersion laboratorial experiments. The tegument processes were recognized in three types: agglutinated scales with large perforations, plumose scales of varied sizes and shapes, and hairs. The experiments were carried out on 264 adult individuals which were kept submerged at different time intervals (n = 11) and in two types of treatment, natural non-aerated water and previously boiled water, with four repetitions for each treatment. The tests showed a maximum mortality after 24 hours of immersion in the previously boiled water treatment. The survival of the adults was negative and significantly correlated with the types of treatment employed and within the different time intervals. The values of oxygen dissolved in water (mg/l) differed significantly within the types of treatment employed. They were positively correlated with the survival of the adults in the two types of treatment, although more markedly in the treatment with previously boiled water. The mortality of adults after 24 hours of submersion in the treatment with previously boiled water may be associated with the physical-chemical conditions of the non-tested water in this study, such as low surface tension and concentration of solutes. These results suggest plastron functionality in the adults of this species.

A teoria plastrão foi testada em adultos de Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, 1970, por meio da análise da estrutura que reveste o tegumento destes insetos e em experimentos laboratoriais de submersão. Os processos tegumentares foram reconhecidos em três tipos: escamas aglutinadas e com perfurações largas; escamas plumosas de tamanhos e formas variadas; e pêlos. Os experimentos realizados com 264 indivíduos adultos os quais permaneciam submersos por diferentes intervalos de tempo (n = 11) e em dois tratamentos, água natural não aerada e água previamente fervida, com quatro repetições para cada tratamento, revelaram uma mortalidade máxima após 24 horas de mergulho no tratamento água previamente fervida. A sobrevivência dos adultos foi negativa e significativamente correlacionada com os tratamentos empregados e entre os diferentes intervalos de tempo. Os valores de oxigênio dissolvido (mg/l) na água diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos aplicados, sendo positivamente correlacionado com a sobrevivência dos adultos nos dois tratamentos, embora mais acentuadamente no tratamento com água previamente fervida. A mortalidade dos adultos após 24 horas de mergulho no tratamento com água previamente fervida pode estar associada às condições físico-químicas da água não testadas neste estudo, como, por exemplo, baixa tensão superficial e concentração de solutos. Estes resultados sugerem uma funcionalidade do plastrão nos adultos desta espécie.