Travestismo y transexualidad en las revistas argentinas de medicina, 1971-1982 / Transvestism and transsexuality in Argentine medical journals, 1971-1982

Resumen El presente artículo aborda los discursos producidos por el campo médico argentino en torno a las iniciativas de corporización de travestis y transexuales en Argentina entre 1971 y 1982. A través del relevamiento y análisis de una selección de artículos publicados en revistas académicas de medicina, se analizan los sentidos que profesionales de la salud asignaron a las mismas antes de la producción de fallos judiciales y normativas nacionales que reconocen la identidad de género como un derecho humano. El análisis realizado permite identificar las particularidades que asumían dichas iniciativas de corporización en el período de estudio, así como las formas en las que el campo médico argentino les imprimió sentidos morales, técnicos y profesionales.

Abstract This article deals with the discourses produced by the Argentine medical field relating to body transformation initiatives on the part of transvestites and transsexuals in Argentina from 1971-1982. Based on the compilation and analysis of a set of articles published in academic medical journals, it examines the meanings that health professionals assigned to these initiatives prior to the legal rulings and national legislation that recognized gender identity as a human right. This analysis helps identify the particular features of those body transformation initiatives during the period studied, as well as the ways in which the medical field in Argentina attached moral, technical and professional meanings to them.

La ética y la medicina social: la perspectiva de Michel Foucault / Ethics and social medicine: Michel Foucault's perspective

Resumen La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.

Abstract Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.

Ética do cuidado e política: contribuições do legado de Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo / Ethics of care and politics: contributions from the legacy of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo

RESUMO A proposta deste texto tem a função de trazer contribuições da ética do cuidado para práticas da Atenção Básica em Saúde a partir do legado de Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (1930- 2004), Primeira Ministra de Portugal, de julho de 1979 a janeiro de 1980. Por meio do registro narrativo, trazem-se aspectos da trajetória de vida dessa política por meio do testemunho de uma importante parceira de luta, acrescido de aportes teórico-documentais, os quais fazem parte do acervo da Fundação Cuidar o Futuro, a qual buscava a melhoria sustentada da qualidade de vida e defesa de direitos básicos. A parlamentar teve expressiva participação política em Fóruns Europeus e das Organizações das Nações Unidas propondo ações que combatessem a desigualdade social e a opressão das mulheres. Inspirada na ética feminista, compreendia o cuidado como a pedra de toque de suas ações. Valorizava as experiências singulares das pessoas e comunidades como principal parâmetro de fortalecimento da participação social e efetividade dos direitos humanos. Por fim, expressava uma forma de fazer política em que o compromisso ético e o respeito consigo mesma, com o outro e com o meio ambiente balizavam seu modo de estar no mundo.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this text is to bring contributions from the ethics of care to the practices of Primary Health Care based on the legacy of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (1930-2004), Prime Minister of Portugal, from July 1979 to January 1980. Through the use of narrative record, aspects of the life trajectory of the politician are brought through the testimony of an important partner in fights, as well as theoretical and documentary contributions, which are part of the Caring for the Future Foundation's collection, which sought sustained improvement of quality of life and the defense of basic rights. The parliamentarian had significant political participation in European and the United Nations Organizations Forums proposing actions that would combat social inequality and the oppression of women. Inspired by feminist ethics, she understood care as the cornerstone of her actions. She valued the unique experiences of people and communities as the main parameter for strengthening social participation and the effectiveness of human rights. Finally, she expressed a way of doing politics in which ethical commitment and respect for oneself, others, and the environment marked her way of being in the world.

Aspectos bioéticos en el tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética / Bioethical aspects of the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

La medicina es una práctica tan antigua como la humanidad, que se ha ido modificando y enriqueciendo con la revolución científico-técnica, pero siempre sigue los mismo principios y normas éticas que establecen una relación médico- paciente basada en el respeto, la confianza y el precepto hipocrático de no hacer daño. En el quehacer del ejercicio de la medicina, la mayoría de los procedimientos diagnósticos, terapéuticos y profilácticos involucran riesgos, esto se aplica especialmente a la investigación biomédica y a todos aquellos novedosos medios diagnósticos y tratamientos que pueden ocasionar cierto perjuicio al aplicarlo. La retinopatía diabética constituye una de las principales causas de ceguera en pacientes en edad laboral. La búsqueda de alternativas de tratamiento para esta enfermedad debe evaluar siempre los riesgos y beneficios.

Medicine is such an old practice as the mankind. It has been modified and enriched with the scientific and technical revolution advances, but it always follows the same principles and ethical standards that set the physician-patient relationship based on respect, confidence and the Hippocratic precept of doing no harm. In the medical practice, most of the diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic procedures involve risks. This is especially true for the biomedical research and mainly for all those novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods which can cause some damage when applied. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the main causes of blindness in working-age patients. Searching alternative treatments for this illness should always evaluate the risks and the advantages.

Biomedical Ethics Policy in Korea: Characteristics and Historical Development

Ethical consideration is an inseparable part of policy-making in modern society. Biomedical ethics is an interdisciplinary study of ethical issues that result from advances in medical practices and research. Because these issues often arise at the bedside, society must provide solutions or judgments that are effective and applicable. Thus, the development and progress of biomedical ethics has been made possible via the cooperation of experts from diverse backgrounds. The biomedical ethics discourse should not be seen as a conflict between values but as a collective activity for problem-solving. To support this perspective on ethics discourse, a historical perspective on biomedical ethics in Korea was given emphasis on the participants and their perspectives. Major cases and the changes resulting therefrom were discussed with the agenda proposed. The Korean situation with respect to ethics development shows the interactions between groups participating in policy development and its collaborative nature.

Tres médicos mexicanos y su referencia al ejercicio ético moral de la medicina: segunda mitad del siglo XIX / Three Mexican physicians and their moral and ethical reference to the practice of medicine: second half of the 19 century

En la actualidad se habla cada vez más de la suficiencia tecnológica, del aislamiento humano y de la evasión por parte del personal de salud hacia las necesidades afectivas de los pacientes; este enfoque no es reciente. A través de múltiples fuentes, los médicos del siglo XIX mexicano externaron sus inquietudes respecto a la manera como se llevaba a cabo la atención del enfermo; aseguraban que el progreso científico estaba originando la deshumanización de la medicina, haciendo olvidar que el médico trabaja con seres sensibles e inteligentes y que, por tanto, debía ajustar su proceder de acuerdo con la personalidad de sus pacientes. Ante tal situación, los médicos decimonónicos invitaban a la reflexión, a cumplir una serie de deberes frente al enfermo, ante sus colegas y ante las autoridades gubernamentales, lo que nos lleva a concluir que los principios éticos siempre han estado vigentes. Este artículo analiza en particular la postura de tres profesionales de la salud: Francisco Flores (1855-1931), Porfirio Parra (1854-1912) y Adrián de Garay (1860-192?), respecto a cómo debía ser el ejercicio de su profesión; externan que los principios éticos debían estar presentes en todo momento.

Worldwide, the technological revolution is taking place, but the human aspect of health care demonstrates that medical personnel often avoid the responsibility for the emotional care of their patients. This is not a recent point of view. In many ways, during the 19th century, Mexican physicians were outspoken about the problems in regard to the manner in which care of sick persons was carried out. They were certain that scientific progress was the origin of medical dehumanization, frequently forgetting that physicians were treating sensitive and intelligent persons and, therefore, must adjust their behavior in accordance with their patients. Because of this situation, 19th century physicians were invited to share a list of responsibilities and duties to patients, among their professional colleagues as well as among government authorities. In particular, the philosophies of three health professionals were analyzed, Francisco Flores (1855-1931), Porfirio Parra (1854-1912) and Adrián de Garay (1860-192?), in regard to how the practice of medicine should be exercised and that the underlying ethical and moral principles must always be present.

Acto médico a la luz de principios y valores morales: propuesta pedagógica en bioética / Medical act to the light of principles and moral values: pedagogic proposal in bioethics

Este trabajo distinguido con el Premio Profesor Dr. Marcos Meeroff al mejor trabajo de Bioética Médica 2006, fue otorgado a su autora en octubre de 2006 por la Fundación Internacional Cataldi Amatriain, en Sesión Pública de la Academia Argentina de Etica en Medicina. El jurado estuvo constituído por los doctores José A. Mainetti, Florentino Sanguinetti y Alicia S. Miranda. Se trata de una propuesta de enseñanza aprendizaje para capacitación en bioética aplicable a equipos multidisciplinarios de salud, que centra el fundamento de la acción pedagógica en la identificación de ciertas cuestiones éticas de la práctica profesional. Se caracteriza por un método de análisis que instituye dieciséis consignas a ser desarrolladas y parte de la lectura de casos clínicos. Hallándose la bioética en un terreno privilegiado para aportar una perspectiva axiológica en relación a lo complejo del padecimiento humano, el instrumento pedagógico apunta a optimizar el beneficio que los pacientes pueden recibir en salud y enfermedad, así como a ejercer un interesante efecto multiplicador en cuanto intencionalidad educativa.