Cytogenetic characterization of the strongly electric Amazonian eel, Electrophorus electricus (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes), from the Brazilian rivers Amazon and Araguaia

A karyotype analysis of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes), a strongly electric fish from northern South America, is presented. Two female specimens were analyzed, one from the Amazon River and one from the Araguaia River. The specimens had a chromosomal number of 2n = 52 (42M-SM + 10A). C-bands were present in a centromeric and pericentromeric position on part of the chromosomes; some interstitial C-bands were also present. Heteromorphic nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were detected in two chromosome pairs of the specimen from the Amazon River. The chromosome number and karyotype characteristics are similar to those of other Gymnotidae species. The genera Electrophorus and Gymnotus are positioned as the basal lineages in the Gymnotiformes phylogeny.

Agonistic-like responses from the torus semicircularis dorsalis elicited by GABA A blockade in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo

Findings by our group have shown that the dorsolateral telencephalon of Gymnotus carapo sends efferents to the mesencephalic torus semicircularis dorsalis (TSd) and that presumably this connection is involved in the changes in electric organ discharge (EOD) and in skeletomotor responses observed following microinjections of GABA A antagonist bicuculline into this telencephalic region. Other studies have implicated the TSd or its mammalian homologue, the inferior colliculus, in defensive responses. In the present study, we explore the possible involvement of the TSd and of the GABA-ergic system in the modulation of the electric and skeletomotor displays. For this purpose, different doses of bicuculline (0.98, 0.49, 0.245, and 0.015 mM) and muscimol (15.35 mM) were microinjected (0.1 æL) in the TSd of the awake G. carapo. Microinjection of bicuculline induced dose-dependent interruptions of EOD and increased skeletomotor activity resembling defense displays. The effects of the two highest doses showed maximum values at 5 min (4.3 ± 2.7 and 3.8 ± 2.0 Hz, P < 0.05) and persisted until 10 min (11 ± 5.7 and 8.7 ± 5.2 Hz, P < 0.05). Microinjections of muscimol were ineffective. During the interruptions of EOD, the novelty response (increased frequency in response to sensory novelties) induced by an electric stimulus delivered by a pair of electrodes placed in the water of the experimental cuvette was reduced or abolished. These data suggest that the GABA-ergic mechanisms of the TSd inhibit the neural substrate of the defense reaction at this midbrain level.

The cytoskeleton of the electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus, L

The electric eel Electrophorus electricus is a fresh water teleost showing an electrogenic tissue that produces electric discharges. This electrogenic tissue is distributed in three well-defined electric organs which may be found symmetrically along both sides of the eel. These electric organs develop from muscle and exhibit several biochemical properties and morphological features of the muscle sarcolema. This review examines the contribution of the cytoskeletal meshwork to the maintenance of the polarized organization of the electrocyte, the cell that contains all electric properties of each electric organ. The cytoskeletal filaments display an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the highly specialized membrane model system of the electrocyte. As a muscular tissue, these electric organs expresses actin and desmin. The studies that characterized these cytoskeletal proteins and their implications on the electrophysiology of the electric tissues are revisited.

Ultrastructure of Psammobatis extenta (Rajidae) electrolytes and cytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine receptor and F-actin

1. The electrocytes from the electric organ of the Patagonian ray P. extenta are very unusual cells: semicircular in shape, multinucleated and highly polarized. They have an anterior, concave, innervated face, which exhibits positive histochemical reactions for acetylcholinesterase and for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Multiple nerve-endings are covered with Schwann cell projections, similar to those present in skeletal muscle. Their posterior face is convex, non-innervated and is in contact with collagen fibres. 2. The cytoplasm of these electrocytes possesses abundant filamentous actin (F-actin), orderly distributed in the cell and exhibiting intense fluorescence with NBD-phallacidin. The F-actin is in contact with Z-lines as in muscle, and in contrast with Torpedo (Kordeli et al., 1986, 1987) and Discopyge (Vidal et al., 1986, 1989a) electrocytes, where it is confined to the non-innervated face. 3. Electrocytes of this Rajidae are an ideal model for the study of F-actin because of the similar embryological origin with skeletal muscle tissue and also because of the peculiar characteristics of their cytoplasm, packed full with F-actin. In addition, electric organs could constitute an alternative biological source for the study of the cholinergic synapse.

Effect of external carbon dioxide concentration on electric organ dischargge frequency by the gymnotiform fish Apteronotus albifrons

A model is described for the instantaneous frequency (F) of electric organ discharge in Apteronotus albifrons: F=H/(aH + b), where a and b are linear parameters and H, hydrogen ion concentration, pH from 7.10 to 4.89 was modified by increasing external carbon dioxide concentrations. With the increase in pH from 5.17 to 7.40, corresponding to a decrease of carbon dioxide concentration, the equation was as follows: F=(logH)/(a ,log H=b). The model search consisted of the adjustment of a simple linear regression using fucntion transformation for the most adequate residue analysis by the Durbin-Watson test. The parallelism was checked by comparing regression lines with homogeneous variances and using other tests for non-homogeneous variances

Ultrastructure of Discopyge tschudii electric organ

Se efectuó un estudio detallado de la ultraestructura del órgano eléctrico de Discopyge tschudii, pez perteneciente al orden Torpediniformes de América del Sur Los resultados describen: a) la citoarquitectura y relaciones topográficas entre los varios tipos de células presentes en este tejido; b) la polarización de los electrocitos, con su región ventral, membrana inervada y membrana dorsal no inervada; c) el espacio intercelular conteniendo axones, células satélites, fibras de colágeno y una lámina basal prominente; d) la sinapsis electromotora: la membrana vental del electrocito muestra evaginaciones e invaginaciones donde se localizan las terminales nerviosas colinérgicas; e) las relaciones entre el electrocito y las células satélites: esta última hace contacto con la zona dorsal del electrocito. Algunas toman las características de macrófagos con pseudópodos lisosomas, y no poseen lámina basal; f) células de Schwann y la formación de la lámina basal. Se postula que una segunda célula de Schwann (SC2) rodea a los axones mielínicos. La evidencia morfológica sugiere que la SC2 secreta y forma la matriz amorfa del espacio extracelular

Polarization of different actin isoforms in Discopyge tschudii electrocytes

Se realizó uno estudio histoquímico en cortes criostáticos de electrocitos de Discopyge tschudii con el objeto de investigar la distribución de isoformas de actina y la posible relación entre estas y el AChR. La membrana ventral del electrocito fue diferenciada de la no inervada mediante beta-cobrotoxina, marcador específico del AChR, conjugada con isotiocinato de tetrametil rodamina y la histoquímica de la AChE. La falacidina, una toxina que tiene la propiedad de unirse con alta afindad a la forma filamentosa (F) de la actina, detectó a la misma exclusivamente en la cara dorsal del electrocito. Utilizando dos líneas de anticuerpos monoclonales (mAbs) anti-actina (QAB1 y QAB2 obtenidas empleando com inmunógeno actina de músculo pectoral de codorniz) evidenciamos distintas isofromas de actina en el electrocito. El mAb QAB1 mostró una fluorescencia puntual a nivel de las terminales nerviosas; el mAb QAB2, en cambio, se distribuyó en todo el citoplasma del electrocito. De los presentes resultados podemos concluir que cada una de las isoformas de actina coexistentes en el electrocito de D. tschudii posee una polaridad estructural distinta: 1) la actina filamentosa (F) localizada exclusivamente en la cara dorsal o no-inervada; 2) la isoforma de actina reconocible por el mAb QAB1, probablemente análoga a la descrita por Walter y cols. (1981) en el electrocito de Torpedo y 3) la reconocible poer el mAb QAB2, la cual puede corresponder a la actina monomérica (G) evidenciada por Kordely y cols. (1986, 1987). La actina detectada por métodos bioquímicos en las membranas ricas en AChR parece no corresponder a ninguna de las isoformas descritas aquí por métodos inmunocitoquímicos, o se halla en cantidades, no detectadas por estos métodos

Modification of electrocyte membrane lipid composition induced by denervation

1. We determined the effect of denervation on the lipid composition of the main electric organ and electrocyte postsynaptic membrane vesicles of Electrophorus electricus. 2. Lipid extracts of whole electric organ contain mainly cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidlethanolamine. After 30 days of denervation, the lipid composition of whole electric organ did not change appreciably. 3. Lipid extracts of the membrane vesicles were similar, except that they contained mainly free fatty acids rather than triglycerides. After 30 days of denervation, cholesterol concentration was increased and phsopholipids were decreased in the membrane fraction, with higher relative concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine and cerebrosides. 4. These results suggest that electrocyte membrane fluidity and permeability will change after 30 days of denervation