mtDNA mutations, hearing loss and aminoglycoside treatment in Mexicans / Mutações em DNA mitocondrial, hipoacusia e tratamento de mexicanos com aminoglicosídeos

Streptomycin and aminoglycoside derivatives are commonly used to treat tuberculosis and other stubborn infections; these drugs may alter auditory and/or vestibular function. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides; no studies have been conducted in Mexicans, which are very prone to such alterations because aminoglycosides have been prescribed carelessly for many years, irrespective of the ailment to be treated. AIM: We investigated "hot spot" mutations described previously as causing inner ear alterations. METHODS: Hot spot mutations at the 12S rRNA gene and the tRNA Serine (UCN) gene were screened by PCR-RFLP and sequencing in 65 subjects undergoing audiological and vestibular testing. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. RESULTS: 32 individuals had healthy auditory and vestibular function, whereas 33 subjects had auditory affections. We found none of the previously reported mutations related to aminoglycoside hypersensitivity, or non-syndromic hearing loss. Two hearing-impaired patients that had been treated with streptomycin had the T1189C variant of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA region. CONCLUSION: Mutations related to hearing loss in other ethnic backgrounds were not found in Mexicans. However, the T1189C variant is possibly a putative mutation related to aminoglycoside hypersensitivity and was present in 2 patients.

Derivados de aminoglicosídeos e estreptomicina são comumente utilizados para tratar tuberculose e outras infecções mais resistentes; esses medicamentos podem alterar a função vestibular e/ou auditiva. Mutações no DNA mitocondrial têm sido associadas à hipersensibilidade a aminoglicosídeos; não há estudos conduzidos com mexicanos, que são muito predispostos a tais alterações, uma vez que aminoglicosídeos têm sido exageradamente prescritos há anos, sem associações à doença sendo tratada. OBJETIVO: investigamos mutações "hot spot" previamente descritas como causas de alterações no ouvido interno. MÉTODOS: Mutações hot spot no gene 12S rRNA e gene SerinatRNA (UCN) foram triados pela PCR-RFLP e sequenciados em 65 indivíduos sujeitos a exames audiométricos e vestibulares. Desenho do estudo: Experimental. RESULTADOS: 32 indivíduos com funções auditiva e vestibular normais, e 33 indivíduos com doenças auditivas. Não encontramos nenhuma das mutações previamente relatadas como associadas à hipersensibilidade aos aminoglicosídeos, ou perda auditiva não-sindrômica. Dois pacientes com hipoacusia que haviam sido tratados com estreptomicina tinham a variante T1189C na região 12S rRNA. CONCLUSÃO: Mutações associadas à hipoacusia em outras etnias não foram encontradas em mexicanos. Entretanto, a variante T1189C é possivelmente uma mutação associada à hipersensibilidade a aminoglicosídeos, e esteve presente em dois pacientes.

protective effect of gallic acid and caffeine against CCL[4]-induced oxidative hepatotocixity and mitochondrial DNA depletion in male albino rats

This work was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effects of gallic acid and caffeine against carbon tetrachloride CC1[4] induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced by i.p injection of C14 [1.5 ml/kg .body weight] once only. Gallic acid, caffeine were administered in a dose of 1 g/kg diet for each. Carbon tetrachioride treatment resulted in a significant rise in alanine transaminase [ALT]; aspartate transaminase [AST]; alkaline phosphatase [ALP]; lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]. Hepatic lipid peroxidation products measured as malondialdehyde [MDA], with a significant reduction in hepatic Catalase activity [CAT] and serum total antioxidant capacity, together with a highly observed depletion in hepatic mtDNA content .Gallic acid and caffeine were evaluated for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities as judged from altering serum liver functions enzymes. total antioxidant capacity. hepatic antioxidant activities and mtDNA content near normal levels against CC1[4] treated rats. The current results suggest that, gallic acid and caffeine had a strong hepatoprotective effect against CC1[4] induced hepatotoxicity, both had the ability to protect mtDNA against depletion

Mitochondrial DNA damage associated with lipid peroxidation of the mitochondrial membrane induced by Fe2+-citrate

Desequilíbrio/acúmulo de ferro tem sido implicado em injúria oxidativa associada a diversas doenças degenerativas tais como, hemocromatose hereditária, b-talassemia e ataxia de Friedreich. As mitocôndrias são particularmente sensíveis a estresse oxidativo induzido por ferro - um carregamento alto de ferro em mitocôndrias isoladas pode causar uma extensiva peroxidação lipídica e a permeabilização de membrana. Nesse estudo, nós detectamos e caracterizamos danos do DNA mitocondrial em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato, expostas ao complexo Fe2+-citrato, um dos complexos de baixo peso molecular. A intensa fragmentação do DNA foi induzida após a incubação das mitocôndrias com o complexo de ferro. A detecção de finais 3' de fosfoglicolato nas quebras de fitas de DNA mitocondrial pelo ensaio 32P-postlabeling sugere um envolvimento de radicais hidroxila na fragmentação do DNA induzido por complexo Fe2+-citrato. Os níveis elevados de 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2'-desoxiguanosina também sugerem que o estresse oxidativo induzido por Fe2+-citrato causa danos no DNA mitocondrial. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que a peroxidação lipídica mediada por ferro esteve associada com severos danos do DNA mitocondrial derivados de ataque direto das espécies reativas de oxigênio.

Increase in mitochondrial DNA quantity and impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in bovine fibroblast cells treated with ethidium bromide for 15 passages in culture

Bovine fetal fibroblast cells were treated with ethidium bromide at a low concentration for 15 passages in culture to determine its effect on mitochondrial DNA copy number and on cell metabolism. Mitochondrial membrane potential and lactate production were estimated in order to characterize cell metabolism. In addition, mitochondrial DNA ND5 in proportion to a nuclear gene (luteinizing hormone receptor) was determined at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 10th, and 15th passages using semi-quantitative PCR amplification. Treated cells showed a lower mitochondrial membrane potential and higher levels of lactate production compared with control cells. However, the mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA ratio was higher in treated cells compared with control cells at the 10th and 15th passages. This ratio changed between the 3rd and 10th passages. Despite a clear impairment in mitochondrial function, ethidium bromide treatment did not lead to mitochondrial DNA depletion. It is possible that in response to a lower synthesis of ATP, due to an impairment in oxidative phosphorylation, treated cells develop a mechanism to resist the ethidium bromide effect on mtDNA replication, resulting in an increase in mitochondrial DNA copy number.

Mitochondrial oxidative damage promoted by a synergism betweem Ca2+ and prooxidants: inner membrane permeabilization and mtDNA breakage

Oxidative damage of mitochondria induced by a synergism between Ca2+ and prooxidants is mediated by the attack of mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species to membrane proteins, lipids and DNA. This results in mitochondrial DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation and oxidation of vicinal protein thiols producing high molecular weight membrane protein aggregates. The membrane protein alterations lead to a condition called mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, characterized by formation of nonspecific membrane protein pores sensitive to cyclosporin A, EGTA, dithiothreitol, Mg2+ and ADP. We propose that these alterations are related to the mechanisms by which cells are killed by a series of toxins, xenobiotics or pathological conditions such as prolonged hypoxia or ischemia/reperfusion.

Ultrastructural and metabolic alteration in dyskinetoplastic Trypanosoma cruzi

El cultivo del Trypanosoma cruzi (agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas; Kinetoplstidae; cepa Tulahuen) en presencia de etidio, una droga de efecto selectivos sobre el DNA mitocondrial, produjo la inhibición del crecimiento del parásito (50% con 1 µg/ml de droga) y alteraciones típicas en el DNA cinetoplástico, verificadas por microscopía electrónica. Los kinetoplastos se vuelven irregulares y erráticos en la ubicación, pierden la forma de arco y las diferencias de las membranas (densidad y crestas), la matriz se vuelve floculenta y filamentosa y el k DNA se compacta y pierde la configuración fibrilar. La espectrofotometría diferencial de los epimastigotes discinetoplásticos demostró la disminución de los citocromos aa3, b y o, mientras que el citocromo c no fue afectado. El efecto del etidio fue maximo sobre aa3; mínimo sobre o y en todos los casos proporcional a la concentración de la droga. Con 1 µg/ml de bromuro de etidio la disminución del citocromo aa3 fue de 93% (promedio de 4 determinaciones ñ E.S.). La respuesta de los epimastigotes discinetoplásticos a los inhibidores de la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial, a saber, cianuro (concentraciones hasta 200 µM), azida y antimicina fue negativa, en contraste con los epismatigotes normales, cuya respiración fue inhibida 75-85% por los mismos inhibidores. El cianuro 1-3 mM inhibió, sin embargo, la respiración endógena de los epimastigotes discineto-plasticos y también la respiración antimicina o azida-insensible de los epimastigotes normales. Resultados similares se obtuvieron con la fracción mitocondrial de T. cruzi, que contiene el citocromo o. Teniendo en cuenta esta circunstancia se postula la operación de una xidasa terminal accesoria, inhibida por el cianuro en concentraciones relativamente altas. El ácido salicihidromáxico, un inhibidor de la respiración dependiente de la oxidasa Cu-dependiente de otros tripanosomatideos, no afectó la respiración del T. cruzi normal o discinetoplástico