Exploration of professor ZHANG Shan-chen's academic thoughts / 中国针灸

Professor ZHANG Shan-chen's clinical experience and academic thoughts in the field of acupuncture are summarized. Professor ZHANG stresses on theoretical exploration and has written Zhenjiu Jiayijing Shuxue Chongji, published a series of articles on textual research and expounded the nomenclature of acupoints. He believes that clinical practice should be guided by theory and the comprehensive syndrome differentiation be emphasized. Hence, a holistic idea should be cultivated, in which, the human body is considered as an organic whole and should be adaptive to the nature. Based on the theory above, the diagnosis can be determined and the effective treatment be received. He suggests selecting few acupoints, identifying the deficiency from the excess so as to determine the reinforcing or replenishing method and exerting appropriate needling manipulation. Additionally, the response should be enhanced on the identification of deqi after needle insertion. Moreover, a great consideration is laid on the clinical trial and application of moxibustion, which is complemented with acupuncture technique each other and mutually conductive to the clinical effect.

Medicina chinesa/acupuntura: apontamentos históricos sobre a colonização de um saber / Chinese medicine/acupuncture: historical notes on the colonization of a body of knowledge

Resumo O colonialismo ocidental influenciou, a partir do século XIX, o encontro entre saberes tradicional e moderno, resultando na sobreposição da medicina ocidental como modo privilegiado de conhecimento. Em 1958 oficializou-se, sob o nome de medicina tradicional chinesa, a hibridização entre as medicinas chinesa e ocidental e, por meio do desenvolvimento da pesquisa biomédica sobre a acupuntura, cresceu o distanciamento do saber tradicional. Este ensaio aborda mudanças históricas sofridas pela medicina chinesa/acupuntura e discute, sob a óptica pós-colonial, os efeitos de sua absorção pela racionalidade médica moderna. Concluiu-se que o cientificismo na medicina chinesa não ampliou seu potencial terapêutico e resultou na perda de sua autoridade epistemológica.

Abstract Western colonialism influenced the encounter between traditional and modern knowledge from the nineteenth century onwards, resulting in the overlapping of Western medicine as a privileged form of knowledge. In 1958 the hybridization between Chinese and Western medicines became official under the name of traditional Chinese medicine and, through the development of biomedical research on acupuncture, it distanced itself from traditional knowledge. This essay presents historical changes experienced by Chinese medicine/acupuncture and discusses the effects of its absorption by modern medical reasoning from a postcolonial standpoint. The conclusion was that the scientism of Chinese medicine did not broaden its therapeutic potential and resulted in the loss of its epistemological authority.

Medical Doctor Lee Hyeon Yang's Writings in Gokcheongsago / 의사학

Medical doctors in the Chosun Dynasty read Chinese literature of high level in order to take the medical civil service examination, but there are not many extant writings of theirs except some medical books. Middle class people's selections of poems such as Haedongyuju, Sodaepungyo, Pungyosokseon and Pungyosamseon were published, and among the list of the writers, those who were identified as medical doctors were Park Gun, Baek Heung jeon, Shin Myeong hee, Shin Hee myeong, Oh Chang ryeol, Yoo Dong yeok, etc. Even their works are not many, and this suggests that doctors' writing was not active except for medical books. Lee Hyeon yang (1783 1852), the author of Gokcheongsago, was born the only son of Lee Jaewoo (1750 1808), an acupuncturist at the Lee family from Ansan, which was an influential middleclass family. His pen name was changed from Gokcheong to Anrakwa, Yongheon and Gyeongsudang, and for each pen name, he wrote a foreword explaining the origin of the name and his resolution. The Lee family from Ansan produced 20 medical officials through eight generations from Lee Yoon yeong in the 7th generation to Lee Myeong ryun in the 15th generation. He learned medicine, his family occupation, diligently and passed the medical civil service examination in 1803 when he was 21. In addition, he studied Confucian scriptures enthusiastically and left many writing along with medical books. Based on the forewords in his anthology Gokcheongsago, there are eight writings of his as follows in chronological order: Suseongpyeongam(1798), Cheongimiyo(1799), Euihakjeongwon(1801), Gwangjebiyo(five volumes, 1810), Wonbyeonggiyo (1819), Bonchojeongeui(1826), Euiyakcheongji(1838), and Yeonghwaji (1843). He wrote not only medical books but also traditional Chinese texts in different styles. In the 180pages transcription, he as a medical doctor showed various writing styles based on Confucianism including 22 prologues and epilogues, 9 diaries, discussions and opinions, 2 biographies, 5 letters, 10 memorial addresses and condolence messages, and 8 miscellaneous writings. His writing attitude was different among the periods when preparing for the medical civil service examination, when acting as a medical doctor, and when working as a magistrate, and it shows medical doctors' life in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Nutrindo a vitalidade: questões contemporâneas sobre a racionalidade médica chinesa e seu desenvolvimento histórico cultural / Nourishing life: contemporary issues of Chinese medical rationality and its cultural development

Nas últimas quatro décadas a Medicina Chinesa estabeleceu raízes estáveis nos países ocidentais. Durante o processo de aculturação, a escola de pensamento denominada Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (ZHŌNG GUÓ YĪ) alcançou uma posição hegemônica nestes países e também na República Popular da China (1949- ). Esta escola foi inicialmente concebida como um projeto para reconstrução da Medicina Chinesa dentro do território da China continental após a revolução de 1949. Um dos propósitos deste projeto foi construir uma síntese entre a MedicinaClássica Chinesa (GǓ DÀI ZHŌNG YĪ) e a ciência ocidental, adequando-se aos valores e ideologia da China comunista. Neste processo foram excluídas ou modificadas, por razões políticas, ideológicas ou paradigmáticas, concepções fundamentais da Medicina Clássica que constituíam um modelo de prevenção e promoção de saúde. Em contrapartida, foram enfatizados seus aspectos diretamente relacionados ao paradigma biomédico, essencialmentevoltados para a cura de doenças.Neste trabalho apreendemos e analisamos as concepções, valores e pressupostos que estruturam a proposta terapêutica da Medicina Clássica Chinesa, enfatizando os aspectos econcepções que constituem um modelo de prevenção e promoção de saúde (YǍNG SHĒNG), reintegrando as concepções modificadas ou excluídas dentro de seu contexto original. Assumindo que durante seu período de formação na dinastia HÀN (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.) a Medicina Clássica Chinesa era um corpo de conhecimento interligado aos saberes e práticasDaoístas, efetuamos a apreensão e análise das concepções inseridas no contexto do modelo cosmológico Daoísta que constituiu os fundamentos para o desenvolvimento dos saberes médicos nesta época.

Acupuntura na enfermagem brasileira: uma história em construção / Acupuntura en la enfermería brasileña: una historia en construcción / Acupuncture with in brazilian nursing: building up its history

Estudo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre a trajetória e tendências da acupuntura no Brasil, resgatando a história de sua propagação pelo Ocidente e as crenças e desafios para a sua incorporação como técnica complementar à saúde e especialidade do enfermeiro brasileiro. O caminho metodológico foi percorrido através da revisão bibliográfica em fontes diversas, com os descritores História da Enfermagem, Terapias Complementares e Acupuntura. A conclusão mostra que o levantamento histórico da acupuntura no Brasil é de fundamental relevância para a construção de novas percepções sobre a acupuntura como especialidade paraenfermeiros. Portanto, é urgente alertá-los para acontecimentos históricos que irão ajudar a edificar um novo saber e um novo fazer na prática da enfermagem.

This paper aims at reflecting on the acupuncture trajectory and trends, in Brazil, rescuing the history related toits dissemination in the Western societies, as well as beliefs and challenges for its integration as acomplementary health therapy and also a specialty for the Brazilian nurse. The methodological path was takenthrough a bibliographical review within several sources, with history nursing, complementary therapies andacupuncture as descriptors. Its conclusion shows that the historical survey on acupuncture is of fundamentalrelevance for the construction of new perceptions related to acupuncture as a specialty for nurses. Therefore, itis urgent to alert them for historical events which will help to build up a new knowledge and doing in nursing.

Estudio con objetivo de reflexionar sobre la trayectoria y tendencias de la acupuntura en Brasil, rescatando lahistoria de su propagación por el Occidente, creencias y desafios para su incorporación como terapia complementar a la salud y una especialidad también para el enfermero brasileño. El camino metodológico fuehecho a través de la revision bibliográfica, con los descriptores Historia de la Enfermería, TerapiasComplementarias y Acupuntura. La conclusión muestra que el survey histórico de la acupuntura es defundamental relevancia para la construcción de nuevas percepciones sobre acupuntura como una especialidadpara enfermeros. Por tanto, es urgente alertarlos para los acontecimientos históricos que irán ayudar a edificarun nuevo saber y hacer en la práctica de enfermería.

Psicologia e acupuntura: aspectos históricos, políticos e teóricos / Psychology and acupunture: historical, political and theoretical aspects

Este artigo apresenta a evolução histórica, política e teórica da acupuntura em nossa sociedade. Explora o modelo teórico proposto pela Medicina tradicional chinesa, que tem como base o conhecimento adquirido através de observações sistemáticas que ocorreram em milhares de anos e que, quando aceitos como verdades por todos os observadores, são integrados ao conjunto de conhecimentos que os orientais chamam de As Tradições. Esses conhecimentos são transmitidos de geração a geração, até o presente. Com a aproximação entre as ciências ocidentais e as tradições orientais, resultado dos esforços das Nações Unidas que culminou com a declaração de Veneza, em 1986, buscou-se apresentar, neste trabalho, como essas tradições percebem o ser humano, em particular, a psique.

This article presents the historical, political and theoretical acupuncture evolution in our society. It explores the theoretical model proposed by the traditional Chinese Medicine whose support is the knowledge acquired by the systematic observations that occurred in millennia; if it is accepted as true for all the observers, it is integrated in the kind of knowledge that easterns entitle The Traditions. This knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation up to the present time. With the approximation of the western science and the eastern traditions, due to the United Nation's efforts that resulted in the 1986 Veneza's declaration, in this paper we explain how these traditions consider the human being, specially the psyche.

Acupuntura: uma modalidade terapêutica validada no arsenal terapêutico do médico atual / Acupuncture: a validated therapeutic modality in updated physician therapeutic arsenal

Uma das mais antigas modalidades de terapêutica, acupuntura faz parte da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa. Baseada principalmente em um antigo pensamento filosófico chinês e na observação da ocorrência de fenômenos da natureza. Medicina Tradicional Chinesa possui uma fisiopatologia peculiar, um sistema de diagnóstico complicado baseado em exame de uma fisiopatologia peculiar...

One of the most ancient therapeutic maneuvers, acupuncture is part of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Based in ancient philosophic thinking and observation of naturally complicated diagnosis system based on examination of pulse, tongue and observation of patients'behavior and attitudes...

King Injo's Disease and Burnt Needle Therapy / 의사학

This paper investigates an interrelationship between burnt needle therapy and King Injo's disease. From 1633 (Year 11 in King Injo's reign) to May 5, 16. (Year 27 King in Injo's reign), right before his death, King Injo was treated with burnt needles by Yi Hyeongik, an acupuncturist when the king had health problems. This study arises from two questions: why was King Injo often treated with burnt needles? and what effect did burnt needles have? Burnt needle therapy is a combined form of acupuncture and moxibustion. Yi Hyeongik was famous for eradicating pathogenic factors. He was appointed as a doctor in the Royal Hospital. The medical definition for pathogenic factors is that they are disease-causing factors. Understanding the pathogenic factor for King Injo's disease could make it possible to find the interrelationship between burnt needles and the king's disease. In the Joseon era, the prevalent belief about diseases was that diseases could be caused by homeopathic magic. Some people thought homeopathic magic caused King Injo's disease. The actual reasons for King Injo's disease were the participation in the excessive rites of Queen Mother Inmok's funeral and the constant oppression from the Ching Dynasty after disgraceful defeat in the war. When King Injo started to be sick, homeopathic magic cases were found in the royal palace. The king's incurable disease was believed to have happened as a result of homeopathic magic. King Injo's suspicion toward Princess Jeongmyeong derived from her mother, Queen Mother Inmok. Moral justification for King Injo's coup was Gwanghaegun or Prince Gwanghae's immoral conduct toward Queen Mother Inmok. After he was installed, King Injo obeyed the Queen Mother and showed her every attention. Meanwhile, he treated Princess Jeongmyeong with respect, maximized the moral justification for the coup, and solidified the royal authority. However, constant rebellions and treasons threatened King Injo. The king suspected that Queen Mother Inmok and Princess Jeongmyeong were involved in homeopathic magic cases because both figures could affect major rebellions and treasons. Homeopathic magic is a kind of ideological belief and psychological suspicion. Accordingly, burnt needle therapy could have an actual effect on treating the diseases of the body. It could have a psychological effect in treating pathogenic factors as well. As burnt needles were often used for the king's disease, remarkable development of acupuncture and moxibustion during the King Injos era was a characteristic in the history of medical science in the Joseon Dynasty.

De panacéia mística a especialidade médica: a acupuntura na visäo da imprensa escrita / From mystical panacea to medical specialization: acupuncture as portrayed by the written press

Recupera o discurso veiculado pela imprensa escrita, em jornais de grande circulaçäo do Rio de Janeiro e Säo Paulo, sobre a acupuntura e o processo de sua legitimaçäo, institucionalizaçäo e legalizaçäo no Brasil. Traz uma análise sociológica do tema, em três conjunturas: a primeira delas é a da década de 1970; a segunda, da década de 1980, e a terceira situa-se na primeira metade da década de 1990.

A acupuntura no Ocidente / Acupunture in the West

O reconhecimento da eficácia da acupuntura nao depende da demonstracao empírica de seus resultados. Problemas metodólicos e conceituais dificultam o estabelecimento de seu valor terapêutico, com base na ciencia ocidental moderna. Por outro lado, o crescimento da demanda e da oferta de terapias alternativas (entre elas a acupuntura) implica uma certa legitimacáo, que depende mais do reconhecimento da utilidade dessas práticas, do que da demonstracáo de sua cientificidade. A crise da "medicina cientifíca" e de seu paradigma mecanicista pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela maior aceitacao da acupuntura no Ocidente. Se isto é verdade, os estudos científicos sobre acupuntura, serao de pouca utilidade, enquanto persistirem em negar a possibilidade de uma medicina que tem a sua lógica própria, diferente daquela da ciência ocidental. Talvez a maior colaboracao que o Oriente possa trazer à medicina ocidental nao esteja na sua técnica, mas no seu saber. No entanto, é apenas através da compreensao da cultura e da civilizacao chinesas, da aceitacao de que Yin e Yang se organizam em um sistema coerente, que o saber tradicional pode ser realmente apreendido