Estudio de la vía aérea superior frente a apneas obstructivas del sueño persistentes en pediatría / An approach to the upper airway evaluation in pediatric persistent obstructive sleep apnea

El síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño (SAOS) en pediatría constituye un trastorno asociado a múltiples consecuencias en el espectro cognitivo y comportamental. El principal factor de riesgo asociado es la hipertrofia amigdalina y las vegetaciones adenoideas. La adenoamigdalectomía es el tratamiento de primera línea. La incidencia del SAOS persistente varía entre un 15 % y un 75 % según las comorbilidades. Este se presenta como un desafío a la hora de tratarlo; requiere un abordaje integral para su diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es proponer un abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico para el SAOS persistente.

In pediatrics, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disorder associated with multiple consequences at the cognitive and behavioral level. The main associated risk factor is the presence of tonsillar hypertrophy and adenoids. An adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment. The incidence of persistent OSAS varies from 15% to 75%, depending on comorbidities. This is a challenge in terms of management; it requires a comprehensive approach for an adequate diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this bibliographic review is to propose a diagnostic and therapeutic approach for persistent OSAS.

Effect of tonsillotomy on the inflammation and immune function in children with chronic tonsillitis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the changes of inflammation and immune function in children with chronic tonsillitis after tonsillotomy. Methods:Prospectively collected 60 children with obstructive sleep apnea （OSA） diagnosed as chronic tonsillitis with adenoids and tonsillar hypertrophy from January to June 2021. Two groups were divided, the experimental group （n=30） underwent bilateral partial tonsillectomy + adenoidectomy by hypothermia plasma ablation, and the control group （n=30） underwent adenoidectomy by using the same hypothermia plasma ablation method. The number of tonsillitis attacks before surgery and within one year after surgery was recorded, and the serum immunoglobulin IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3 and complement C4 levels before operation, one month and three months after operation were measured. Results:The number of tonsillitis attacks in the experimental group and the control group at one year after surgery was lower than that before surgery（P<0.05）; The number of inflammatory attacks in the experimental group was （0.50±0.63） times/year, which was lower than that of （1.33±0.80） times/year in the control group. There was no significant difference in the five immunization results of the two groups at one month and three months after operation compared with before operation, and there was also no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. Conclusion:Partial tonsillectomy can be applied to children with chronic tonsillitis, which can effectively reduce the number of tonsillitis attacks and has no effect on the immune function of children.

Application of virtual endoscopy in the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy and the morphologic classification of adenoid / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To discuss the application of virtual endoscopy in the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy and the morphologic classification of adenoid. Methods:The clinical data of 97 children with adenoid hypertrophy admitted to Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital from July 2022 to December 2022 were collected. The virtual endoscopic reconstruction of the nasopharynx was performed by cone beam computed tomography. The results of virtual endoscopic adenoid size measurement were compared with the results of nasopharyngeal CT median sagittal position and nasopharyngeal endoscopy. Virtual endoscopic classification of adenoid based on the size of the adenoids and their relationship with the torus tubarius. Results:The t-test results of the size of adenoids measured by virtual endoscopy and nasopharyngeal CT were t=1.699 and P=0.093, and the results of intra-group correlation coefficient（ICC） analysis were ICC=0.921 and P<0.01. The proportion of adenoids measured by virtual endoscopy and nasopharyngeal CT was highly consistent. The t-test results of the size of adenoids measured virtual endoscopy and nasopharyngeal endoscopy were t=1.543 and P=0.15, and the results of intra-group correlation coefficient（ICC） analysis were ICC=0.900 and P<0.01. The proportion of adenoids measured by virtual endoscopy and nasopharyngeal endoscopy was highly consistent. Among the 97 children, the morphological classification results of adenoids were 48 cases of overall hypertrophy type, 47 cases of central bulge type, and 2 cases of flat thickening type. Conclusion:The diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy by virtual endoscopy has high accuracy, which not only avoids the invasive operation of traditional nasopharyngeal endoscopy, but also can observe the adenoid condition and its relationship with the torus tubarius from multiple angles. And, the morphological classification of adenoids using virtual endoscopy has guiding significance for perioperative preparation.

Audit of Adenotonsillar surgeries in a Tertiary Facility in Uyo, South-south Nigeria

Background:Adenoid and tonsils are lymphoid tissues that occupy the nasopharynx and tonsillar fossae and serve as the initial site of immunological contact for inhaled and ingested antigens. Adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy is a lifesaving surgical procedure and remains a leading reason of surgical admission in general otorhinolaryngological practice both in developed and developing countries.The study aims to audit adenotonsillar surgeries in the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, and compare findings with similar studies.Method:This is a retrospective study of patients who had adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or adenotonsillectomy over 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019 at the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, south-south Nigeria.Results:Atotal of 526 patients were recruited, and this accounted for 38.7% of the total ENTsurgeries performed within the study period. Ages ranged from 6 months to 72 years, with a mean age of 11.89+1.03. The majority of the patients were aged between 1-5 years and the commonest presenting symptom was snoring and mouth breathing (79.5%). Sleep-disordered breathing (55.7%) was the main indication for the surgeries. Adenotonsillectomy (61.0%) was the commonest surgery performed. About 1.0% of the patients had recurrent adenoids. Conclusion: The surgeries were of immense necessity to the patients as all presenting complaints and pre-operative diagnoses became completely resolved.

Preliminary experience of surgical treatment for torus tubarius hypertrophy in children / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To assess the incidence of symptomatic torus tubarius hypertrophy (TTH) in recurred OSA in children, and to explore the preliminary experience of partial resection of TTH assisted with radiofrequency ablation. Methods: From January 2004 to February 2020, 4 922 children, who diagnosed as OSA and received adenotonsillectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology, The 4th Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, were retrospectively reviewed. There were 3 266 males and 1 656 females, the age ranged from 1 to 14 years old(median age of 5.0 years). Twenty-two cases were identified with recurrence of OSA syndrome, and the clinical data, including sex, age of primary operation, age of recurrence and presentation, and opertation methods were analyzed. Follow-up was carried out by outpatient visit or telephone. Graphpad prism 5.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Twenty-two cases were identified as recurred OSA and received revised surgery in 4 922 cases. Among these 22 cases, 11 cases were diagnosed as TTH resulting in an incidence of 2.23‰(11/4 922), 1 case was cicatricial adhesion on tubal torus (0.20‰, 1/4 922), 10 cases were residual adenoid combined with tubal tonsil hypertrophy (2.03‰, 10/4 922). Median age of primary operation was 3.0 years (range:2.4 to 6.0 years) in 11 TTH cases. Recurrent interval varied from 2 months to 5.5 years (2.4±1.9 years) after first operation. Age of revised partial resection of TTH was 7.0±2.7 years (range: 4.0 to 12.0 years). Average time interval between primary operation and revised operation was 3.5±2.1 years (range: 0.5 to 6.0 years). Individualized treatments were carried out based on partial resection of TTH assisted with radiofrequency ablation. All of 11 cases received satisfied therapeutic results without nasopharyngeal stenosis occured. Twenty-two cases were followed up for 1.6 to 13 years (median follow-up time was 6.2 years). Conclusions: TTH contributed to recurred OSA in child. TTH might be misdiagnosed as tubal tonsil hypertrophy. Partial resection of TTH assisted with radiofrequency ablation was a safty and effective treatment.

Repercussão da adenotonsilectomia sobre o estado nutricional em crianças respiradoras orais / Repercussion of adenotonsillectomy on the nutritional status of mouth breathing children

Introdução: a hiperplasia adenotonsilar (HAT) é uma das causas mais comuns da Síndrome do Respirador Oral (SRO) devido à obstrução de via aérea superior em crianças e adolescentes. Tal afecção pode causar alterações ortodônticas, miofuncionais orofaciais, posturais, cardiopulmonares, antropométricas e polissonográficas. O diagnóstico precoce e indicação de Adenotonsilectomia (A&T) é essencial para reversão dessas consequências deletérias da SRO e restauração do bem estar biopsicossocial da criança.Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional, patência nasal, distúrbios do sono e fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1) em crianças de dois a doze anos de idade com SRO devido HAT grave e comparar com a reavaliação após seis meses de pós-cirúrgico das crianças operadas e com as demais que permanecem com obstrução da via aérea e aguardam a cirurgia na fila de espera do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: trinta pacientes com SRO por HAT grave e indicação de A&T foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, polissonográfica, dosagem do IGF-1, rinomanométrica, teste alérgico cutâneo, questionário de padrão alimentar e prática de atividade física antes da A&T. Dez pacientes repetiram essa avaliação seis meses após o procedimento cirúrgico (grupo intervenção). Vinte pacientes aguardam a cirurgia na fila de espera do SUS e tiveram seus dados antropométricos e de IGF-1 reavaliados após seis meses com obstrução da via aérea (grupo controle). Resultados: trinta crianças realizaram a fase pré-operatória do estudo. A idade média foi de 5,6 anos (±2,17). Dezessete (56,7%) eram do sexo masculino e treze (43,3%) do sexo feminino. O teste cutâneo foi positivo em dezesseis indivíduos (53,3%) As médias dos escores Z de estatura por idade foi de -0,95 (±1,09); peso por idade de 0,17 (±1,42); índice de massa corporal (IMC) por idade de 0,31 (±1,36). A média do fluxo nasal inspiratório total (FNIT) foi de 444,63 ml/s (±161,02) e da patência nasal de 72,9% (±24,76). A média do índice de Apneia e Hipopneia (IAH) do sono foi de 4,95 ev/h (±4,07); da saturação mínima de oxihemoglobina no sono (Nadir de O2) de 78,93% (±6,00); da percentagem de sono com saturação menor que 90% (T90) de 4,16% (±5,48); da porcentagem do sono com ondas lentas (sono N3) de 37,62% (±9,61). A média do escore Z de IGF-1 foi de 0,72 (±1,30). O grupo intervenção e grupo controle não apresentaram alterações dos dados antropométricos com significância estatística. Houve diminuição do IGF-1 após a cirurgia sendo a média do escore Z de IGF-1 pré-operatório de 1,33 (±1,74) e pós-cirúrgico de -0,07 (±0,85); p=0,03. No grupo controle a variação do IGF-1 não foi significativa. O grupo intervenção não apresentou alteração com significância estatística do FNIT e da patência nasal. Nas dez crianças operadas foi constatada uma melhora da média do IAH de 5,25 ev/h (±4,29) para 1,99 ev/h (±1,16) e do T90 de 6,27% (±7,46) para 0,64% (±0,55) com p<0,05. Já o sono N3 e o Nadir de O2 não apresentaram alterações significativas. Não houve mudança qualitativa no padrão alimentar e na prática de atividade física nos dois períodos avaliados na vigência da pandemia de COVID19. Conclusão: Após A&T houve diminuição do IGF-1; p=0,03, melhora do IAH; p=0,03 e do T90; p=0,04. A cirurgia não modificou o estado nutricional com significância estatística nas dez crianças após 6 meses de pós-operatório. No pós-cirúrgico, não houve diferença estatística do FNIT e da patência nasal, assim como nessa amostra também não ocorreram alterações significativas do sono N3 e do Nadir de O2. O padrão alimentar e a prática de atividade física foram semelhantes qualitativamente no pré e no pós-operatório. Vinte crianças no grupo controle não tiveram alterações significativas dos dados antropométricos e do IGF-1 com seis meses de espera pela cirurgia e permanência da obstrução da via aérea. Não houve diferença estatística dos dados antropométricos e do IGF-1 entre o grupo controle e o grupo intervenção.

Introduction: adenotonsillar hyperplasia (ATH) is one of the most common causes of Mouth Breathing Syndrome (MBS) due to upper airway obstruction in children and adolescents. This condition can cause orthodontic, orofacial myofunctional, postural, cardiopulmonary, anthropometric and polysomnographic changes. Early diagnosis and indication of Adenotonsillectomy (T&A) is essential to revert these deleterious consequences of MBS and restore the child's biopsychosocial well-being. Objective: to evaluate the nutritional status, nasal patency, sleep disorders and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in children aged two to twelve years old with MBS due to severe ATH and compare with reassessment after six months post-surgical care of operated children and others who remain with airway obstruction and are waiting for surgery on the Unified Health System (UHS) waiting list. Methods: Thirty patients with MBS due to severe ATH and indication for T&A were submitted to anthropometric, polysomnographic, IGF-1 dosage, rhinomanometric, allergic skin test, dietary pattern questionnaire and physical activity practice before T&A. Ten patients repeated this evaluation six months after the surgical procedure (intervention group). Twenty patients were waiting for surgery on the UHS waiting list and had their anthropometric and IGF-1 data reassessed after six months with airway obstruction (control group). Results: Thirty children underwent the preoperative phase of the study. The mean age was 5.6 years (±2.17). Seventeen (56.7%) were male and thirteen (43.3%) were female. The skin test was positive in sixteen individuals (53.3%) The average Z-scores for height for age were -0.95 (±1.09); weight for age 0.17 (±1.42); body mass index (BMI) for age of 0.31 (±1.36). The mean total inspiratory nasal flow (TINF) was 444.63 ml/s (±161.02) and nasal patency was 72.9% (±24.76). The average sleep apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) was 4.95 ev/h (±4.07); minimum oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep (O2 Nadir) of 78.93% (±6.00); percentage of sleep with saturation lower than 90% (T90) of 4.16% (±5.48); percentage of sleep with slow waves (N3) of 37.62% (±9.61). The mean IGF-1 Z-score was 0.72 (±1.30). The intervention group and control group did not show statistically significant changes in anthropometric data. There was a decrease in IGF-1 after surgery, with a mean preoperative IGF-1 Z-score of 1.33 (±1.74) and postoperative value of -0.07 (±0.85); p=0.03. In the control group, the IGF-1 variation was not significant. The intervention group did not show statistically significant changes in TINF and nasal patency. In the ten operated children, an improvement in the mean AHI from 5.25 ev/h (±4.29) to 1.99 ev/h (±1.16) and T90 of 6.27% (±7. 46) to 0.64% (±0.55) with p<0.05. On the other hand, N3 sleep and O2 Nadir showed no significant changes. There was no qualitative change in dietary patterns and physical activity in the two periods evaluated during the COVID19 pandemic. Conclusion: After T&A there was a decrease in IGF-1; p=0.03, AHI improvement; p=0.03 and T90 too; p=0.04. The surgery did not change the nutritional status with statistical significance in the ten children after 6 months postoperatively. Post-surgery, there was no statistical difference in TINF and nasal patency, as well as in this sample there were no significant changes in N3 sleep and O2 Nadir either. The dietary pattern and the practice of physical activity were qualitatively similar before and after the operation. Twenty children in the control group did not have significant alterations in anthropometric data and IGF-1 after six months of waiting for the surgery and the remaining airway obstruction. There was no statistical difference in anthropometric and IGF-1 data between the control and intervention groups.

Recomendaciones para el manejo clínico del niño en el posoperatorio de adenoamigdalectomía / Recommendations for the clinical management of the child in the postoperative adenoamygdalectomy

El síndrome de apneas e hipoapneas obstructivas del sueño se asocia con una disminución de la calidad de vida, bajo rendimiento escolar y, hasta en el 40% de los niños, trastornos de conducta como hiperactividad, enuresis, ansiedad y depresión. Varios estudios demostraron que la adenoamigdalectomía es efectiva para mejorar o resolver los trastornos respiratorios del sueño. Si bien esta cirugía tiene resultados beneficiosos, no está exenta de riesgos. El dolor y el sangrado posoperatorio son las dos causas principales de morbilidad. Otras complicaciones de la cirugía son las náuseas y los vómitos posoperatorios, el retraso en la alimentación, la deshidratación, la otalgia referida, los cambios en la voz y, raras veces, la muerte.En este artículo se realizan recomendaciones sobre el cuidado posoperatorio de los niños con adenoamigdalectomía

Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome is associated with decreased quality of life, poor school performance and, in up to 40% of children, behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, enuresis, anxiety and depression. Several studies have shown that adenoamygdalectomy is effective in improving or resolving sleep-disordered breathing. While this surgery has beneficial results, it is not without risks. Postoperative pain and bleeding are the two main causes of morbidity. Other complications of surgery include postoperative nausea and vomiting, delayed feeding, dehydration, referred earache, voice changes, and, rarely, death. Recommendations on postoperative care for children undergoing adenoamygdalectomy are mentioned in this article.

Study on changes of voice characteristics after adenotonsillectomy or adenoidectomy in children / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To study voice changes in children after adenotonsillectomy or adenoidectomy and the relationship with the vocal tract structure. Methods: Fifty patients were recruited in this study prospectively, aged from 4 to 12 years old with the median age of 6. They were underwent adenotonsillectomy or adenoidectomy in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from July 2019 to August 2020. In the cases, there are 31 males and 19 females. Thirty-six patients underwent adenotonsillectomy and 14 patients underwent adenoidectomy alone. Twenty-two children (13 males, 9 females) with Ⅰ degree of bilateral tonsils without adenoid hypertrophy and no snoring were selected as normal controls. Adenoid and tonsil sizes were evaluated. Subjective changes of voice were recorded after surgery. Moreover, voice data including fundamental frequency(F0), jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio(NHR), maximum phonation time(MPT), formant frequencies(F1-F5) and bandwidths(B1-B5) of vowel/a/and/i/were analyzed before, 3 days and 1 month after surgery respectively.SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Thirty-six patients(72.0%,36/50) complained of postoperative voice changes. The incidence was inversely correlated with age. In children aged 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12, the incidence was 83.3%(25/30), 63.6%(7/11) and 44.4%(4/9) respectively. Voice changes appeared more common in children underwent adenotonsillectomy(77.8%,28/36) than in those underwent adenoidectomy alone(57.1%,8/14), but there was no statistical difference. After operation, for vowel/a/, MPT(Z=2.18,P=0.041) and F2(t=2.13,P=0.040) increased, B2(Z=2.04,P=0.041) and B4(Z=2.00,P=0.046) decreased. For vowel/i/, F2(t=2.035,P=0.050) and F4(t=4.44,P=0.0001) increased, B2(Z=2.36,P=0.019) decreased. Other acoustic parameters were not significantly different from those before surgery. The F2(r=-0.392, P =0.032) of vowel/a/and F2(r=-0.279, P=0.048) and F4 (r=-0.401, P =0.028) of vowel/i/after adenotonsillectomy were significantly higher than those of adenoidectomy alone. Half of patients with postopertive voice changes can recover spontaneously 1 month after surgery. Conclusions: Voice changes in children underwent adenotonsillectomy or adenoidectomy might be related to their changes in formants and bandwidths. The effect of adenotonsillectomy on voice was more significant compared with that of adenoidectomy alone. The acoustic parameters did not change significantly after surgery except MPT.

Síndrome de hipertermia maligna: una patología infrecuente / Malignant hyperthermia syndrome: A rare entity

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de hipertermia maligna es un trastorno farmacogenético del músculo esquelético de carácter hereditario, que se caracteriza por un estado hipermetabólico relacionado con la exposición a anestésicos inhalatorios o relajantes musculares despolarizantes. Se trata de una afección infrecuente en individuos genéticamente predispuestos, con una incidencia muy baja en pediatría (1 de cada 10,000-15,000 procedimientos anestésicos). Caso clínico: Se presenta un caso de hipertermia maligna relacionado con la exposición a sevoflurano durante una cirugía de adenoidectomía en un paciente de sexo femenino de 6 años de edad. La paciente presentó taquicardia, hipercapnia e hipertermia, que precisaron la administración de dos dosis sucesivas de dantroleno sódico. La evolución posterior fue buena. Conclusiones: El síndrome de hipertermia maligna es un cuadro poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Se debe sospechar de forma precoz, ya que es fundamental su detección temprana para iniciar el tratamiento.

Abstract Background: Malignant hyperthermia syndrome is a hereditary pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle characterized by hypermetabolic state related to the exposure of volatile anesthetic gases or depolarizing muscle relaxants. It is an infrequent entity that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, with a very low incidence in pediatrics (1 in 10,000-15,000 anesthetic procedures). Case report: We report a case of malignant hyperthermia related to exposure to sevoflurane during adenoidectomy surgery in a 6-year-old female. The patient presented with tachycardia, hypercapnia, and hyperthermia, requiring two successive doses of dantrolene sodium administration, with an adequate response to the treatment. Conclusions: Malignant hyperthermia syndrome is a rare condition in pediatric patients that should be detected in early stages since it is essential to initiate the treatment as soon as possible.

Comparison between curettage adenoidectomy and endoscopic-assisted microdebrider adenoidectomy in terms of Eustachian tube dysfunction / Comparação entre adenoidectomia por curetagem e adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscopia, em relação à disfunção tubária

Abstract Introduction Adenoidectomy can be performed with many ways, including curettage and microdebrider endoscopic-assisted adenoidectomy. Those two techniques have advantages and disadvantages. Objective The objective of this study is to research the effects of curettage adenoidectomy and endoscopic-assisted microdebrider adenoidectomy on the tympanum pressures in pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy without otitis media with effusion. Methods This prospective descriptive study was performed with 65 patients who had a normal tympanic membrane and normal tympanogram and then underwent adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy for adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: curettage adenoidectomy group and endoscopic microdebrider-assisted adenoidectomy group. They underwent tympanometry, and the preoperative as well as 1st and 7th day postoperative values of the tympanum pressures were compared within and among the groups. Results There were 32 patients in the curettage adenoidectomy group and 33 patients in the microdebrider adenoidectomy group. Statistically significant differences were observed in the median tympanum pressure on the preoperative and 1st and 7th postoperative days for both the left and right ears with curettage adenoidectomy (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). This difference occurred on the 1st postoperative day, and the value returned to normal on the 7th day. There was no significant difference in the median tympanum pressure on the preoperative and 1st and 7th postoperative days for both the left and right ears in the microdebrider adenoidectomy group (p = 0.376, p = 0.128). Conclusion Postoperative Eustachian tube dysfunction is seen less often with the endoscopic-assisted microdebrider adenoidectomy technique than with the conventional adenoidectomy technique.

Resumo Introdução A adenoidectomia pode ser realizada de várias maneiras, inclusive por curetagem e por microdebridador, assistida por endoscopia. Essas duas técnicas têm algumas vantagens e desvantagens. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da técnica de adenoidectomia por curetagem e da adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscopia sobre a pressão timpânica em pacientes pediátricos com hipertrofia adenoideana sem otite média com efusão. Método Estudo descritivo prospectivo feito com 65 pacientes que apresentavam membrana timpânica e timpanograma normais, que foram então submetidos à adenoidectomia ou adenotonsilectomia por hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo adenoidectomia por curetagem e grupo adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscópio. Todos os pacientes fizeram timpanometria e os valores das pressões do tímpano pré-operatórios e pós-operatórios no 1º e 7º dias foram comparados intragrupos e entre os grupos. Resultados Foram incluídos 32 pacientes no grupo adenoidectomia por curetagem e 33 pacientes no grupo adenoidectomia com microdebridador. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram observadas na mediana da diferença entre a pressão timpânica no pré-operatório e no 1º e 7º dias de pós-operatório para ambas as orelhas, direita e esquerda, na adenoidectomia por curetagem (p < 0,001, p < 0,001). Essa diferença ocorreu no 1º dia do pós-operatório e o valor retornou ao normal no 7º dia. Não houve diferença significante na mediana entre pressão timpânica no pré-operatório e no 1º e 7º dias de pós-operatório para as orelhas direita e esquerda no grupo de adenoidectomia com microdebridador (p = 0,376, p = 0,128). Conclusão A disfunção tubária no pós-operatório é observada menos frequentemente com a técnica de adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscopia quando comparada com a técnica convencional.

Systematic review of the literature on surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in children: what is the best approach? / Revisão sistemática da literatura no tratamento cirúrgico da rinossinusite crônica na infância: qual a melhor abordagem?

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out a systematic literature review on the surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in the pediatric population. Data sources: A bibliographic review methodology was used, based on data from National Library of Medicine (Medline), PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), of the indexed works from 2006 to 2016, including the pediatric population from zero to 13 years of age. The search keywords according to Medical Subject Heading (MESH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) were: child, surgery, sinusitis and chronic disease. A total of 318 articles were collected, five of which met the inclusion criteria and were used as a basis for this review. All articles were prospective cohort studies, level of evidence 2B, according to the criterion used by evidence-based medicine. Data synthesis: The literature agreed that the next step for the cases refractory to drug treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis in childhood would be surgery. Adenoidectomy would be the initial method, for the safety of the procedure and improvement in about 50% of the cases, although more significant results were found in patients who associated this procedure with facial sinus surgery. Conclusions: Surgical treatment should be indicated for chronic rhinosinusitis in childhood after treatment failure. The results pointed out that adenoidectomy, when associated with some type of approach to the facial sinus, present better results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da rinossinusite crônica na população pediátrica. Fonte de dados: Utilizou-se metodologia de revisão bibliográfica, por meio de levantamentos nas bases de dados científicas National Library of Medicine (Medline), PubMed, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), dos trabalhos indexados no período entre 2006 e 2016, incluindo a população pediátrica de zero a 13 anos. Os descritores de busca, segundo o Medical Subject Heading (MESH) e os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), foram: Child, Surgery, Sinusitis e Chronic Disease. Foram levantados 318 artigos, dos quais cinco preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram usados como base para esta revisão. Todos os artigos foram estudos de coorte prospectivos, nível de evidência 2B, segundo critério usado pela medicina baseada em evidências. Síntese dos dados: Foi consenso na literatura que, para os casos refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso na rinossinusite crônica na infância, o próximo passo seria a cirurgia. A adenoidectomia seria o método inicial, pela segurança do procedimento e pela melhora em cerca de 50% dos casos, embora resultados mais significativos terem sido encontrados em pacientes que associaram esse procedimento à cirurgia dos seios da face. Conclusões: O tratamento cirúrgico pode ser indicado na rinossinusite crônica na infância após falha terapêutica. Os resultados apontaram que a adenoidectomia, quando associada a algum tipo de abordagem aos seios, apresenta melhores resultados.

Pre and post-operative otorhinolaryngology surgery care in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1 / Cuidados pré e pós-operatórios em cirurgia otorrinolaringológica em pacientes com glicogenose tipo 1b

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss aspects of pre and post-operative otorhinolaryngology surgery in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1b. Case description: Description of three clinical cases with probable glycogen storage disease type 1b who underwent otorhinolaryngology surgery, showing the importance of multidisciplinary interaction to avoid episodes of hypoglycemia. Comments: Patients with glycogen storage disease type 1b present recurrent infections, including the otorhinolaryngology affections. When there is an indication for surgical treatment, the caloric intake should be carefully followed in order to prevent hypoglycemia. The way to ensure this is to perform the pre and postoperative period in the hospital ward. In the postoperative period, it is important to make a slow transition between the intravenous and oral routes and not suspend the infusion of glucose during the surgical procedure. The cases illustrate the need for the interaction of the otorhinolaryngologic surgeon with the anesthesiologist, the pediatrician and the gastro-pediatrician in the management of these patients, avoiding hypoglycemic episodes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Discutir aspectos de pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia otorrinolaringológica em pacientes com glicogenose tipo 1b. Descrição do caso: Descrição de três casos clínicos com provável glicogenose tipo 1b, que se submeteram à cirurgia otorrinolaringológica, mostrando a importância da interação multidisciplinar para evitar os episódios de hipoglicemia. Comentários: Pacientes com glicogenose tipo 1b apresentam infecções de repetição, incluindo as otorrinolaringológicas. Quando há indicação de tratamento cirúrgico, deve-se observar a garantia de aporte calórico para evitar hipoglicemia. A maneira de fazer isso é efetuar o pré e pós-operatório em enfermaria, tomando-se o cuidado, no pós-operatório, de realizar uma transição lenta entre a via endovenosa e a via oral e de não suspender a infusão de glicose durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Os casos ilustram a necessidade da interação do otorrinolaringologista com o anestesista, o pediatra e o gastropediatra na condução desses pacientes para que não desenvolvam hipoglicemia.

Estenosis faríngea secundaria a adenoamigdalectomía: ¿cómo la resolvemos? / Pharyngeal stenosis secondary to adenotonsillectomy: how do we solve it?

RESUMEN La estenosis faríngea es una complicación muy poco frecuente de la adenoamigdalectomía. Consiste en un estrechamiento de la vía aerodigestiva superior secundaria a la adhesión parcial o total de las estructuras que componen la orofaringe producto de una disección extensa al realizar amigdalectomía. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar tres casos clínicos tratamiento y correspondiente técnica quirúrgica. Se describen tres pacientes operados durante la edad preescolar de adenoamigdalectomía, que cursaron en el posoperatorio con estenosis faríngea. Todos presentaron roncopatía severa, respiración oral y resonancia hiponasal. La nasofibroscopía evidenció estrechez faríngea en distintos grados. A todos se les realizó resección del tejido cicatricial y faringoplastía con colgajo miomucoso y posterior rehabilitación con bulbo faríngeo. El uso de colgajos faríngeos posterior a la liberación de adherencias posadenoamigdalectomía permite aportar tejido sano a zonas cruentas, evitando la formación de nuevas adherencias y restituyendo la permeabilidad oronasal. El bulbo faríngeo es fundamental para mantener un apropiado lumen y manejo de la cicatrización en el posoperatorio. La técnica de colgajo faríngeo lateral, que interpone mucosa faríngea sana para la cobertura del lecho cruento, constituye una alternativa quirúrgica eficaz para resolver la estenosis faríngea posquirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Pharyngeal stenosis is a very rare complication of adenotonsillectomy. It is caused by a narrowing of the upper aerodigestive pathway secondary to the total or partial adhesion of the retropharyngeal structures as a result of extensive dissection during tonsillectomy. Our aim is to present three consecutive clinical cases of pharyngeal stenosis after adenotonsillectomy, discuss its treatment and corresponding surgical technique. We present three infants with adenotonsillectomy with postoperative pharyngeal stenosis. All had severe snoring, oral breathing and hyponasal resonance. The nasofibroscopy showed pharyngeal obliteration in several degrees. All patients underwent scar tissue resection and pharyngoplasty with myomucosal flap and subsequent use of pharyngeal bulb. The use of pharyngeal flaps after release of pharyngeal adhesions allows to provide healthy tissue to row areas, avoiding new postoperative adhesions and providing adequate oronasal permeability. The pharyngeal bulb is essential to maintain permeability and management of scarring in the postoperative period. The technique of lateral pharyngeal flap, which aims to interpose healthy pharyngeal mucosa to cover the bloody bed, is an effective therapeutic alternative to solve post-surgical pharyngeal stenosis.

Outcomes of Tongue Base Reduction and Lingual Tonsillectomy for Residual Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea after Adenotonsillectomy

Introduction: Upper airway obstruction at multiple sites, including the velum, the oropharynx, the tongue base, the lingual tonsils, or the supraglottis, has been resulting in residual obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA). The role of combined lingual tonsillectomy and tongue base volume reduction for treatment of OSA has not been studied in nonsyndromic children with residual OSA after TA. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of tongue base volume reduction and lingual tonsillectomy in children with residual OSA after TA. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to obtain information on history and physical examination, past medical history, findings of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), of polysomnography (PSG), and surgical management. Pre- and postoperative PSGs were evaluated to assess the resolution of OSA and to determine the improvement in the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (oAHI) before and after the surgery. Results: A total of 10 children (5 male, 5 female, age range: 10­17 years old, mean age: 14.5 ± 2.6 years old) underwent tongue base reduction and lingual tonsillectomy. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) revealed airway obstruction due to posterior displacement of the tongue and to the hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils. All of the patients reported subjective improvement in the OSA symptoms. All of the patients had improvement in the oAHI. The postoperative oAHI was lower than the preoperative oAHI ( p < 0.002). The postoperative apnea-hypopnea index during rapid eye movement sleep (REM-AHI) was lower than the preoperative REM-AHI ( p = 0.004). Obstructive sleep apnea was resolved in children with normal weight. Overweight and obese children had residual OSA. Nonsyndromic children had resolution of OSA or mild OSA after the surgery. Conclusions: Tongue base reduction and lingual tonsillectomy resulted in subjective and objective improvement of OSA in children with airway obstruction due to posterior displacement of the tongue and to hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils (AU)

Características do sono de crianças respiradoras orais encaminhadas para realização de adenoidectomia e/ou amigdalectomia / Sleep characteristics in oral breathers pre adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy / Características del sueño de los niños respiradores orales encaminados para la realización de adenoidectomía y/o amigdalectomía

Introdução: A respiração oral acarreta diversas modificações na vida das crianças sendo uma delas as alterações na qualidade do sono, podendo ter impacto no desenvolvimento infantil. Objetivo: Compreender as características do sono de crianças com diagnóstico de respiração oral encaminhadas para a realização de cirurgias de adenoidectomia e/ou amigdalectomia prescritas pelo médico otorrinolaringologista, a partir das informações da família e das próprias crianças. Método: Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 100 crianças de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre cinco e 12 anos, divididas em dois grupos, sendo 50 crianças com respiração oral (GP) e 50 crianças sem diagnóstico de alteração respiratória (GC). A avaliação foi baseada no protocolo MBGR, classificação de Mallampati. Após a coleta, os dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente a partir das variáveis queixa, qualidade e características do sono e classificação de Mallampati. Resultados: Os pais e/ou responsáveis não referiram espontaneamente informações relacionadas ao sono. Quando indagados sobre a qualidade do sono houve predomínio de sintomas para o GP. As principais queixas relacionadas ao sono foram ronco, sialorreia, agitação, boca seca, boca aberta, sono fragmentado, com maior ocorrência para o GP. Quanto à classificação de Mallampati houve predomínio dos graus II e III para o GP e grau I para o GC. Conclusão: Crianças respiradoras orais apresentam maior número de queixas referidas por pais/responsáveis em relação à qualidade do sono quando comparadas às crianças respiradoras nasais.

Introduction: Oral breathing entails several changes in the life of children, one of them being changes in sleep quality, which may have an impact on child development. Objective: To understand the sleep characteristics of children diagnosed with oral breathing referred for adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy surgeries prescribed by the otorhinolaryngologist, based on information from the family and the children themselves. Method: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional and quantitative study was carried out on 100 children of both sexes, with age range 5 and 12 years, divided into two groups: 50 children with oral breathing (EG) and 50 children without respiratory disorder (CG). The evaluation was based on the MBGR protocol, Mallampati score. After collection, the data were tabulated and analyzed statistically from the variables complaint, sleep quality and characteristics and Mallampati classification. Results: Parents and/or caregivers did not spontaneously report sleep-related information. When asked about sleep quality there was a predominance of symptoms for the EG. The main complaints related to sleep were snoring, sialorrhea, agitation, dry mouth, open mouth, fragmented sleep, with higher occurrence for the EG. Regarding the classification of Mallampati, there was a predominance of classes II and III for the EG and class I for the CG. Conclusion: Oral breathing children have a higher number of complaints reported by parents / guardians regarding sleep quality compared to nasal breathing children.

Introducción: La respiración oral acarrea diversas modificaciones en la vida de los niños siendo una de ellas las alteraciones en la calidad del sueño pudiendo tener impacto en el desarrollo infantil. Objetivo: Comprender las características del sueño de niños con diagnóstico d respiración oral encaminadas para la realización de cirugías de adenoidectomía y/o amigdalectomía prescritas por el médico otorrinolaringólogo, a partir de las informaciones de la familia y de los propios niños. Método: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal y cuantitativo, realizado con 100 niños de ambos sexos, con rango de edad entre cinco y 12 años, divididos en dos grupos, siendo 50 niños con respiración oral (GE) y 50 niños sin diagnóstico de cambio respiratorio (GC). La evaluación se basó em el protocolo MBGR, la clasificación de Mallampati. Después de la recolección, los datos fueron tabulados y analizados estadísticamente de las variables queja, calidad y características del sueño y clasificación de Mallampati. Resultados: Los padres y/o tutores no mencionaron espontáneamente información relacionada con el sueño. Cuando se indagó sobre la calidad del sueño hubo predominio de síntomas para el GE. Las principales quejas relacionadas con el sueño fueron ronquidos, sialorrea, agitación, boca seca, boca abierta, sueño fragmentado, con mayor ocurrencia para el GE. En cuanto a la clasificación de Mallampati hubo predominio de las clases II y III para el GE y clase I para el GC. Conclusión: Los niños con respiración oral tienen un mayor número de quejas reportadas por los padres / tutores con respecto a la calidad del sueño en comparación con los niños con respiración nasal.

Long-term follow-up of tonsillectomy efficacy in children with PFAPA syndrome / Acompanhamento em longo prazo da eficácia da tonsilectomia em crianças com síndrome de PFAPA

Abstract Introduction: The role of tonsillectomy in the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome, is controversial. Although some studies reported high success rates with tonsillectomy, further investigations are needed with larger numbers of patients. Objective: To seek the long-term outcomes of tonsillectomy in periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome. Methods: Case series; multi-center study. The study comprised 23 patients with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome who underwent surgery (tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy) between January 2009 and November 2014. Results: 21 (91%) of 23 patients had complete resolution immediately after surgery. One patient had an attack 24 h after surgery, but has had no further attacks. One patient had three attacks with various intervals, and complete remission was observed after 3 months. Conclusions: Tonsillectomy is a good option for the treatment of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome.

Resumo Introdução: O papel da tonsilectomia na síndrome da febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite é controverso. Embora alguns estudos tenham relatado altas taxas de sucesso com a tonsilectomia, são necessárias mais pesquisas com um número maior de pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados em longo prazo da tonsilectomia na síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite. Método: Série de casos; estudo multicêntrico. O estudo avaliou 23 pacientes com síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite submetidos a cirurgia (tonsilectomia com ou sem adenoidectomia) entre janeiro de 2009 e novembro de 2014. Resultados: Dos 23 pacientes, 21 (91%) apresentaram resolução completa imediatamente após a cirurgia. Um paciente apresentou um episódio 24 horas após a cirurgia, mas sem recorrência posterior. Um paciente teve três episódios com vários intervalos e a remissão completa foi observada após 3 meses. Conclusões: A tonsilectomia é uma boa opção para o tratamento da síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite.

Bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a adenotonsilectomía: estudio prospectivo y de corte transversal / Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block in pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy: prospective and cross-sectional clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block in postoperative management of pain in pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: Prospective and cross-sectional clinical trial. The sample was 105 patients between 3 and 8 years old scheduled for adenotonsillectomy, who performed lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block by anterior intraoral approach with bupivacaine 0.5% + adrenaline 1:200,000. Postoperative pain using CHEOPS scale, complications, need for postoperative analgesics, recovery time using modified Aldrete scale and time for oral tolerance was assessed. RESULTS: We studied 101 patients classified into three groups according to the level of postoperative pain divided into mild (88.1%), moderate (7.9%) and severe (4%), with means and DS for discharged time of 50.13 ± 13.912 min, 63.75 ± 10.607 min and 86.25 ± 7.5 min; first oral intake 3.08 ± 0.829 h, 4 ± 0 h and 4 ± 0 h; and, first post-discharge pain reference of 18.3 ± 7.414 h, 5.75 ± 0.866 h and 4.5 ± 1 h respectively. Analgesic reinforcement was needed in 11.9% of the cases. There were not complications. CONCLUSIONS: Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block is a useful and effective tool in the management of pain and anesthetic recovery of pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la eficacia del bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo en el manejo postoperatorio del dolor en pacientes pediátricos para adenotonsilectomía. MÉTODOS: Estudio con diseño prospectivo y de corte transversal. La muestra consistió en 105 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 8 años de edad programados para adenotonsilectomía, a los que se realizó bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo abordaje intraoral anterior con bupivacaína 0,5% + adrenalina 1:200.000. Se estudió el dolor postoperatorio mediante escala CHEOPS, complicaciones, necesidad de analgésicos postoperatorio, tiempo de recuperación mediante escala de Aldrete modificado y tiempo para tolerancia oral. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 101 pacientes en tres grupos según el grado de dolor postoperatorio divididos en leve (88,1%), moderado (7,9%) y severo (4%), con medias y DS para tiempo de alta de 50,13 ± 13,912 min, 63,75 ± 10,607 min y 86,25 ± 7,5 min; primera ingesta oral 3,08 ± 0,829 h, 4 ± 0 h y 4 ± 0 h; y, primera referencia de dolor posterior al alta de 18,3 ± 7,414 h, 5,75 ± 0,886 h y 4,5 ± 1 h respectivamente. Se ameritó refuerzo analgésico en el 11,9% de los casos. No se evidenciaron complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo es una herramienta útil y eficaz en el manejo del dolor y recuperación anestésica de pacientes pediátricos sometidos a adenotonsilectomía.

Nasopharyngeal Width and Its Association With Sleep-Disordered Breathing Symptoms in Children

OBJECTIVES: Although adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the main cause of sleep-disordered breathing in children, surrounding anatomic factors, such as the width of the nasopharynx, can affect upper airway patency. However, there have been no reports of the association of nasopharyngeal width with sleep-disordered breathing in children. This study was undertaken to measure nasopharyngeal width in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing and to investigate the clinical implications of this factor. METHODS: This was a retrospective study with a follow-up period of 1 year, performed at a tertiary referral center. We reviewed the operative records of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy at our center for symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, such as snoring, apnea, and mouth breathing. The nasopharyngeal width was measured immediately before adenotonsillectomy, which was performed under general anesthesia with a microscopy-assisted mirror view. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was graded on a four-point scale, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were evaluated by using the Korean version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 questionnaire before and after surgery. The relationships between the average nasopharyngeal width and patient age and sex, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and the Korean version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 score were analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 549 children (343 boys) with a mean age of 6.0 years (range, 2 to 11 years). The average nasopharyngeal width was 11.9 mm (range, 7.0 to 18.0 mm) and increased with age (range, 11.2 to 13.3; β=0.264; P<0.001). At 1 year after surgery, children with a greater nasopharyngeal width at the time of surgery exhibited additional improvements in symptoms of obstruction relative to those at 1 month after surgery. CONCLUSION: The average nasopharyngeal width in children is approximately 11.9 mm and exhibits a slight increase with age. The width of the nasopharynx may be a factor associated with the degree of improvement in symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing after adenotonsillectomy.

Upper airway myofunctional exercise: a systematic review

Upper airway myofunctional exercise is a training technique for patients with obstructive sleep apnea involving isotonic and isometric exercises of the upper airway muscles involved in obstructive sleep apnea designed to strengthen upper airway myofunction and improve patients' symptoms. The objective of this review was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of upper airway myofunctional exercise. A literature search was conducted using 8 Korean databases, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Of the 197 articles that were initially identified, 8 studies were included in this review. The results show that upper airway myofunctional exercise improved the apnea-hypopnea index in adult patients, and that it led to improvements in symptoms and upper airway myofunction when administered alone or after adenoidectomy in pediatric patients. On the basis of the current data, upper airway myofunctional exercise can be considered a safe and effective technique for patients with obstructive sleep apnea.