Las agnosias auditivas: una revisión teórica / Auditory agnosias: a theoretical review

Las agnosias auditivas son consideradas un déficit en la percepción y/o en el reconocimiento de los sonidos, en ausencia de pérdida auditiva, manteniendo indemnes las habilidades cognitivas y lingüísticas. Si bien la mayoría de las agnosias auditivas se deben a lesiones orgánicas, principalmente accidentes cerebrovasculares, también existen casos en donde los déficits son congénitos. La presente revisión teórica esquematiza los principales tópicos concernientes a esta patología, presentando además un modelo neuropsicológico del procesamiento auditivo de los objetos y sus trastornos. Se realizó un estudio teórico de tipo clásico, en donde se seleccionan de manera direccionada los artículos pertinentes a la temática, utilizando como base de datos primaria a Medline. Por otra parte, se complementa la búsqueda con investigaciones afines y capítulos de libros que no fueron considerados en la búsqueda principal. Se concluyó que, si bien existe un amplio conocimiento en torno a este tema, principalmente en idioma inglés, éste aún es insuficiente. Por tanto, es necesario seguir realizando investigaciones, de modo que se pueda obtener mayor cantidad de artículos con la mayor evidencia disponible, es decir, del tipo meta-análisis, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura.

Auditory agnosias are considered as a deficit in the perception and/or recognition of sounds, in the absence of hearing loss, and with cognitive and linguistic skills indemnity. Although most auditory agnosias are due to organic lesions, mainly strokes, nontheless there are also cases where the deficits are congenital. A theoretical study of classic type was realized, in which the articles pertinent were selected using as main database Medline. On the other hand, the serach was complemented with related stuides, and book chapters that were not considered in the main search. It was concluded that, although there is extensive knowledge on this subject, mainly in English, it is still insufficient. Therefore, further research is necessary to obtain higher quality articles, like meta-analysis, randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews.

Presence or absence of cognitive complaints in Parkinson's disease: mood disorder or anosognosia? / Presença ou ausência de queixas cognitivas na doença de Parkinson: transtorno de humor ou anosognosia?

ABSTRACT We intended to evaluate whether non-demented Parkinsons’s disease (PD) patients, with or without subjective cognitive complaint, demonstrate differences between them and in comparison to controls concerning cognitive performance and mood. We evaluated 77 subjects between 30 and 70 years, divided as follows: PD without cognitive complaints (n = 31), PD with cognitive complaints (n = 21) and controls (n = 25). We applied the following tests: SCOPA-Cog, Trail Making Test-B, Phonemic Fluency, Clock Drawing Test, Boston Naming Test, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Beck Depression Inventory. PD without complaints presented lower total score on Scales for outcome of Parkinson’s disease-cognition as compared to controls (p = 0.048). PD with complaints group showed higher scores on HADS (p = 0.011). PD without complaints group showed poorer cognitive performance compared to controls, but was similar to the PD with complaints group. Moreover, this group was different from the PD without complaints and control groups concerning mood.

RESUMO Avaliar se pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP) sem demência, com ou sem queixa cognitiva subjetiva, demonstram diferenças entre eles e comparativamente aos controles relativos a desempenho cognitivo e humor. Avaliados 77 indivíduos entre 30 e 70 anos: PD sem queixas cognitivas (n = 31), PD com queixas cognitivas (n = 21) e controles (n = 25). Testes aplicados: SCOPA-cognição, Trail Making Test-B, Fluência Fonêmica, Teste do Relógio, Teste Nominativo de Boston, Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico, Escala Hospitalar de Depressão e Ansiedade (HADS)e Inventário de Depressão de Beck. PD sem queixas apresentaram menor pontuação total na SCOPA-cognição, comparativamente aos controles (p = 0,048). Por outro lado, PD com queixas apresentaram maior pontuação no HADS (p = 0,011) em comparação aos controles. O grupo PD sem queixas mostrou pior desempenho cognitivo em comparação aos controles, mas foi semelhante ao PD com queixas. Este grupo foi diferente dos grupos PD sem queixas e controle em relação ao humor.

Restoring awareness: a review of rehabilitation in anosognosia for hemiplegia

Disturbances in body awareness offer important insights into neurocognitive processes involved in the construction of the bodily self. This review will focus ona specific disorder of awareness, namely, anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP), or the denial of motor deficits contralateral to a brain lesion. Recently some progress has been made towards the management and rehabilitation of AHP, however to date no evidence-based treatment exists. Firstly, recent research on AHP will be reviewed, with the aim of providing an overview of the etiology, clinical presentation and assessment of the syndrome, as well as the majorneurological and neuropsychological explanations. This article will then focus on recent advances in the management and rehabilitation of AHP, using a casestudy example of intervention-based (i.e. video replay) motor awareness recovery (Fotopoulou, Rudd, Holmes & Kopelman, 2009). Finally, a dynamic theoreticalmodel of the multifaceted nature of anosognosia, using a predictive coding framework, will be proposed and future directions for research will also be discussed...

Posterior cortical atrophy - a prototypical case of dementia beginning with visual symptoms: case report / Atrofia cortical posterior - um caso prototípico de demência iniciando com sintomas visuais: relato de caso

Dementia presenting with prominent higher order visual symptoms may be observed in a range of neurodegenerative conditions and is often challenging to diagnose. We describe a case of progressive dementia presenting with prominent visual cortical symptoms. A 55-year-old, right-handed, woman with early onset of visual impairment not associated with anterior visual pathology, presenting with dyslexia, visual agnosia, Balint's syndrome, and spatial disorientation. Ophthalmologists should consider this condition especially in presenile patients with slowly progressive higher-order visual symptoms. Although described in association with different conditions, it may also occur in Alzheimer disease.

As demências que se apresentam predominantemente com sintomas visuais associativos podem ser observadas em diferentes condições neurodegenerativas, sendo seu diagnóstico muitas vezes desafiador. Descrevemos um caso com demência progressiva que se apresentam com sintomas visuais proeminentes. Mulher de 55 anos, destra, com início precoce de déficits visuais não associados a patologia visual anterior, apresentando dislexia, agnosia visual, síndrome de Balint e desorientação espacial. Os oftalmologistas devem ter em mente essa condição especialmente em pacientes pré-senis com queixas visuais complexas e lentamente progressivas. Apesar de descritas em diferentes condições, pode ocorrer na doença de Alzheimer.

A case of tactile agnosia with a lesion restricted to the post-central gyrus.

Tactile agnosia has been described after lesions of the primary sensory cortex but the exact location and extension of those lesions is not clear. We report the clinical features and imaging findings in a patient with an acute ischemic stroke restricted to the primary sensory area (S1). A 73-year-old man had a sudden onset of a left alien hand, without left hemiparesis. Neurological examination showed intact primary sensory functions, but impaired recognition of shape, size (macrogeometrical) and texture (microgeometrical) of objects; damage confined to the post-central gyrus, sparing the posterior parietal cortex was demonstrated on MRI. An embolic occlusion of the anterior parietal artery was suspected as mechanism of stroke. Tactile agnosia with impaired microgeometrical and macrogeometrical features' recognition can result from a single lesion in the primary sensory cortex (S1) in the right parietal hemisphere, sparing other regions of the cerebral cortex which presumably participate in tactile object recognition.

Afasia progresiva fluente: ¿una forma de presentación inicial de demencia semántica? / Fluent progressive aphasia: a form of inicial presentation of semantic dementia?

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 57 años que presenta un cuadro degenerativo con afasia fluente y moderadas alteraciones de conducta, sin defecto semántico significativo, agnosia visual ni agrafia lexical y su estudio imagenológico cerebral. Se discuten los conceptos de afasia progresiva fluente y demencia semántica, concluyendo que la primera puede evolucionar hacia esta última. Nuestro caso se encontraría en esta situación. Se señala que la patología de las afasias progresivas es variable, siendo lo más frecuente una degeneración frontotemporal (con o sin inclusiones de proteína tau); con menor frecuencia corresponde a una enfermedad de Alzheimer o una degeneración corticobasal.

We report a 57-year-old man presenting with progressive fluent aphasia and behaviour disorder, with no visual semantic loss, visual agnosia, lexical agraphia, nor alexia. We include in this report the brain images, and we discuss the borders between fluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia. We conclude that fluent progressive aphasia may be the first stage of semantic dementia, noting that the neuropathology of progressive fluent aphasia usually corresponds to frontotemporal lobar degeneration, with or without Tau protein inclusions, as in Alzheimer's Disease or corticobasal degeneration.

Síndrome de Capgras por lesión cerebral posterior derecha / Capgras Syndrome for cerebral lesion right hemisphere stroke

En 1923 el psiquiatra francés Joseph Capgras describió un cuadro clínico cuyo síntoma central era la firme creencia del paciente de que personas muy conocidas, generalmente familiares, habían sido reemplazadsa por dobles, impostores. Los pacientes reconocían su exacta similitud fisonómica, si bien negaban su identidad. Se describe una mujer de 59 años, diestra, sin historia psiquiátrica o neurológica previa, que luego de un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico cerebral posterior derecho (RM cerebro) refiere compartir algunos momentos de su actividad diaria con su marido, y más tarde con otra persona de igual fisonomía (que en realidad era su marido) a quien se refería como "el otro Manolo" o el "muchacho". En la evaluación cognitiva mostró una hemi-inatención izquierda, trastornos visuoperceptivos y visuoconstructivos, alteraciones mnésicas y severos fenómenos perseverativos. Desde su descripción original esta patología fué considerada como una manifestación exclusivamente psiquiátrica. A principios de la década del 70 comenzaron a publicarse trabajos que la asociaban a daño cerebral orgánico, referido casi siempre a lesiones hemisféricas derechas. Se relacionó a los desórdenes en la representación afectiva o de familiaridad o a fallas en el procesamiento perceptivo preconciente, ligados a una base paranoide como disparadores de este síndrome

Un caso de agnosia visual aperceptiva de tipo integrativa / A case of apperceptive visual agnosia showing an integrative disorder

Presentamos un paciente (C.A.) de 38 años afectado de alteraciones en el reconocimiento visual secundarias a una lesión isquémica cerebral posterior bilateral (RNM). En el examen neuropsicológico encontramos dificultades en reconocer visualmente rostros, objetos y figuras de objetos, a pesar de que los puede ver, dibujar y describir. El reconocimiento táctil y auditivo fue normal. Nuestro paciente tiene una prosopoagnosia, una agnosia visual de objetos, una simultagnosia, una agnosia topográfica y una amnesia episódica global. El defecto en el reconocimiento de objetos y de rostros no responde sólo a un trastorno perceptivo (representación formal). El conocimiento semántico de objetos y rostros es correcto pues puede evocar verbalmente la imagen eidética de aquellos que no puede reconocer (representación semántica). El paciente falla en el estadio de integración jerarquización de las partes necesarias para el correcto apareamaiento entre la imagen visual que ingresa con la imagen eidética del conocimiento semántico correspondiendo a una agnosia visual de tipo integrativa

Distúrbio perceptual na anosognosia na afasia de Wernicke e o processo terapêutico / Perceptual disorder in anosognosia in Wernicke's aphasia and the therapeutic process

A case study of an Wernicke's aphasic with anosognosia pointed out a selective percentual disorder underlying the unconsciousness for his anomalous speech: a failure in phonemic decodification, whereas auditive form perception conected with the semantic lexicon maintainded intact. Speech pathology procedures for evaluation and therapy are discussed showing his speech improvement due to an attentional work and to the development of visual and somestesic strategies