Estimativa de contaminação de águas subterrâneas e superficiais por agrotóxicos em área sucroalcooleira, Santa Rita/PB, Brasil / Estimate of the contamination of groundwater and surface water due to agrochemicals in the sugar-alcohol area, Santa Rita, State of Paraíba, Brazil

Resumo O aumento da produtividade agrícola, em especial da produção canavieira, geralmente está associado ao uso de agrotóxicos. O risco de contaminação desses compostos nos recursos hídricos é uma preocupação para a saúde pública e ambiental. Nesse contexto, o estudo objetivou estimar o potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas e superficiais por agrotóxicos aplicados em uma área sucroalcooleira na região metropolitana de João Pessoa, município de Santa Rita/Paraíba. A análise foi realizada seguindo critérios propostos pela Environmental Protection Agency - EPA e índice de GUS (águas subterrâneas) e pelo método de GOSS (águas superficiais). Como resultados da estimativa de contaminação das águas subterrâneas, observou-se que dos 25 princípios ativos avaliados pelos métodos (EPA e GUS), 52% apresentaram tendência de contaminação potencial. Quanto ao risco de contaminação das águas superficiais, a maioria dos princípios ativos possuía uma maior tendência de transporte de suas moléculas dissolvidas em água e transportadas por meio do carreamento das águas da chuva. Assim, pode-se concluir que há a necessidade de implantação de programas de monitoramento ambiental e de medidas voltadas à proteção da saúde pública.

Abstract The increase in agricultural productivity, especially sugarcane production, is generally associated with the use of agrochemicals. The risk of contamination of these compounds in water resources is a concern for public and environmental health. In this context, the scope of this study was to estimate the contamination potential of the groundwater and surface water by agrochemicals applied in a sugar and alcohol area in the metropolitan region of João Pessoa, Santa Rita/Paraíba. Analysis was performed according to the criteria proposed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), namely the GUS index (Groundwater Ubiquity Score) and the GOSS method (surface water). As a result of the estimate of groundwater contamination, it was observed that 52% out of 25 active compounds evaluated by the methods (EPA and GUS), showed a tendency of potential contamination. With respect to the contamination of surface waters, most of the active principles had a greater tendency to transport their molecules dissolved in water and transported them through rainwater. Thus, the conclusion drawn is that there is a need for the implementation of environmental monitoring programs and measures aimed at the protection of public health.

Prevalência de fluorose dental em regiões abastecidas com água sem suplementação de flúor no território brasileiro: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Prevalence of dental fluorosis in regions supplied with non-fluoridated water in the Brazilian territory: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para estimar e comparar as prevalências de fluorose dental em localidades brasileiras abastecidas com água tratada sem suplementação de flúor e em localidades que utilizam de água de origem subterrânea. Em dezembro de 2016 foram buscados estudos transversais em 8 bases de dados incluindo a "literatura cinzenta". As prevalências foram estimadas utilizando modelo misto de efeitos aleatórios considerando as localidades como subgrupo. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada através da estatística I2 e do teste Q de Cochran. Foram encontrados 1.038 registros, dos quais apenas 18 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão, sendo submetidos para análise. O modelo metanalítico estimou em 8,92% (IC95%:5,41% até 14,36%) a prevalência de fluorose dental em municípios com água tratada sem suplementação de flúor e em 51,96% (IC95%: 31,03% até 72,22%) em municípios abastecidos por poços artesianos. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi alta, I2 = 95% (p < 0,01) no primeiro subgrupo de municípios e I2 = 98% (p < 0,01) no segundo subgrupo. A prevalência foi significativamente maior (p < 0,001) em populações expostas à água de poços artesianos, indicando que a presença de flúor natural em concentrações elevadas representa um fator de risco para a ocorrência de fluorose dental.

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate and compare the prevalences of dental fluorosis in Brazilian cities supplied with non-fluoridated water and in locations that uses groundwater. In December of 2016, cross-sectional studies were searched in eight databases, including the "grey literature". The prevalences were estimated through a mixed random effects model considering the locations as subgroups. The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed with I2 statistics and the Cochran's Q test. A total of 1038 records were found, from which only 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to analysis. The meta-analytic model estimated a prevalence of dental fluorosis of 8.92 % (95 % CI: 5.41 % to 14.36 %) in cities supplied with non-fluoridated water, and of 51.96 % (95 % CI: 31.03 % to 72.22 %) in cities supplied by artesian wells. The heterogeneity among the studies was high: I2 = 95 % (p < 0.01) in the first subgroup of cities and I2 = 98 % (p < 0.01) in the second subgroup. The prevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in populations exposed to artesian well water, indicating that the presence of natural fluoride at high concentrations represents a risk factor for the occurrence of dental fluorosis.

Concentración de fluoruro en agua subterránea y su relación con los niveles de calcio sérico en niños residentes en el distrito de Loreto, Concepción, Paraguay / Fluoride concentration in groundwater and its relationship with serum calcium levels in children living in Loreto, Concepción, Paraguay

Como parte del ciclo biogeoquímico, el fluoruro del suelo puede disolverse e ingresar al agua. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Norma Paraguaya NP 24 001 80 establecen una concentración máxima de 1,5 mg.L-1 de fluoruro en agua de consumo, pudiendo producir fluorosis cuando es elevada, tal como se encontró en niños residentes de Loreto. Estudios indican que la exposición al fluoruro concomitante al déficit de calcio puede agravar la pérdida de masa ósea, causando fragilidad y fluorosis esquelética. Además, se demostró mediante bioensayos en ratones que el exceso de fluoruro reduce la concentración de calcio sérico, por lo que el objetivo del estudio descriptivo con componente analítico fue elaborar un mapa de distribución espacial de fluoruro del agua subterránea de Loreto y relacionar con la calcemia en niños. Se determinó la concentración de fluoruro en muestras de veintitrés pozos de agua subterránea y el calcio sérico de dieciocho niños en edad escolar, ambos por método normalizado. Se identificaron dos pozos con concentraciones superiores al máximo permitido y en 61% de los niños el calcio sérico fue inferior al valor de referencia. Se encontró una correlación débil entre las variables (r = 0,212). El estudio proporciona información relevante sobre sitios con elevadas concentraciones de fluoruro lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pues aun con ingesta adecuada de calcio, los niños presentaron hipocalcemia. Sería importante incluir en estudios posteriores factores no abordados en esta investigación para una evaluación más completa del riesgo de la población expuesta(AU)

As part of the biogeochemical cycle, soil fluoride can dissolve and accumulate in groundwater. World Health Organization and the Paraguayan Standard NP 24 001 80 establishes of 1.5 mg.L-1 of fluoride in drinking water, which can produce fluorosis when it is higher, as it has been found in children of Loreto. Studies indicate that exposure to fluoride concomitant with calcium deficit may aggravate bone loss, causing frailty and skeletal fluorosis. In addition, it was demonstrated through bioassays in mice that excess fluoride reduces serum calcium concentration, the objective of the descriptive study with the analytical component has become a spatial distribution map of Loreto groundwater and related to calcemia in children. The fluoride concentration was determined in samples from twenty-three groundwater wells and serum calcium from eighteen school-age children, both by standard method. Two points were identified with levels above the maximum allowed and in 61% of the children the serum calcium was lower than the reference value. We found a weak correlation between the variables (r = 0.212). It would be important to include in later studies factors not addressed in this research for a more complete risk assessment of the exposed population(AU)

Relación deltre hipotiroidismo subclínico y bocio con el origen del agua consumida por una población del conurbano bonaerense / Relationship of subclinical hypothyroidism and goiter with the origin of water consumed by a population of the Buenos Aires suburbs

El hipotiroidismo subclínico (HS), elevación de tirotrofina con hormonas tiroideas normales, junto al bocio, aumentó la frecuencia en las últimas décadas. Con el objetivo de relacionar la prevalencia de bocio y HS con el consumo de agua subterránea como factor de riesgo etiológico poblacional, se analizaron 879 historias clínicas de un centro médico de Glew, en el conurbano bonaerense Sur. Se estudió la población según edad (20-60 y 12-19 años) y tipo de agua consumida (potabilizada o napa subterránea). El agua subterránea fue consumida por el 70.5% del grupo de 20 a 60 años (n = 559, 79.9% mujeres) y por el 66.3% del grupo de 12 a 19 años (n = 57, 81.4% mujeres). En el grupo de 20 a 60 años la prevalencia de HS en consumidores de agua potabilizada y subterránea fue del 1% y 57.8% (p < 0.0001) y la de bocio de 3.8% y 38.9% (p < 0.0001), respectivamente; con un riesgo atribuible al agua subterránea de 57% para HS y 35% para bocio. En el grupo de 12 a 19 años, la prevalencia de HS fue 6.9% y 52.6% (p < 0.0001) y de bocio 13.8% y 77.2% para los grupos de agua potabilizada y subterránea, (p < 0.0001) respectivamente; con un riesgo atribuible al agua subterránea de 46% para HS y 61% para bocio. El análisis fisicoquímico mostró presencia de nitratos (entre 24 y 83 mg/l) en aguas de pozos y ausencia en agua potable. La prevalencia aumentada de HS y bocio podrían deberse a la acción disruptora tiroidea de los nitratos.

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), elevation of the level of thyrotrophin with normal thyroid hormones, along with goiter (glandular size > 25g), increased in recent decades. In order to relate the prevalence of goiter and SH with the consumption of groundwater, as a population etiological risk factor, we analyzed 879 clinical histories from a medical center in the city of Glew in the South Buenos Aires suburbs. The population was studied according to age (20 to 60 and 12 to 19 years) and type of water consumed (potable water or groundwater). Groundwater was consumed by 70.5% of the group from 20 to 60 years old (n = 559, 79.9% women) and by 66.3% of the group from 12 to 19 years old (n = 57, 81.4% women In the group of 20 to 60 years, the prevalence of SH in potable water and groundwater users was 1% and 57.8% (p < 0.0001) and the goiter rate of 3.8% and 38.9% (p < 0.0001) respectively; with an attributable risk to groundwater of 57% for HS, and 35% for goiter In the group of 12 to 19 years, the prevalence of SH was 6.9% and 52.6% (p < 0.0001) and goiter 13.8% and 77.2% for the water and groundwater groups (p>0.0001) respectively, with an attributable risk of 46% for HS y 61% for goiter. The physicochemical analysis showed the presence of nitrates in the range of 24 to 83 mg/l in groundwater and absence in potable water. The increased prevalence of HS and goiter could be due to the thyroid disrupting action of nitrates.

Avaliação dos níveis de cromo total em águas para consumo humano / Evaluation of total chromium levels in drinking water

Níveis elevados de cromo associados às águas naturais não são comuns, mas concentrações elevadas desse elemento, de ocorrência natural, têm sido relatadas nas águas subterrâneas de vários sistemas aquíferos, incluindo o Aquífero Bauru, SP, Brasil. Este fato está associado à ocorrência de rochas máficas/ultramáficas e às condições alcalinas e oxidantes. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido e aplicado um método para monitorar a concentração de cromo total em amostras de água da cidade de São José do Rio Preto. Esta cidade está localizada no estado de São Paulo, na região onde concentrações superiores ao limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (0,05 mg/L) foram detectadas em águas subterrâneas de poços de abastecimento. O cromo total foi determinado usando-se Espectrometria de Massas com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICPMS) em 104 amostras de água coletadas, entre 2013 e 2017, em diferentes pontos de distribuição (zona rural, residencial, distrito industrial, comercial, reservatório de distribuição e estação de tratamento de água), considerando-se 52 locais. Em 99 % das amostras as concentrações de Cr estavam acima do limite de quantificação calculado para o método (0,001 mg/L). E 15% apresentaram concentrações acima do limite de regulação na água potável (Portaria 2914/2011), sendo, portanto, consideradas impróprias para o consumo humano.

Elevated chromium levels in the natural waters are not common, but the high concentrations of naturally occurring Cr have been reported in the groundwater of several aquifer systems. This finding is linked with the occurrence of mafic/ultramafic rocks and associated with the alkaline and oxidizing conditions. This study aimed at monitoring the total chromium concentration in drinking water samples from São José do Rio Preto city. Cr concentrations higher than the limit established by the Brazilian Legislation (0.05 mg/L) were detected in the groundwater from the deep supply wells. Total chromium was determined by using an Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) in 104 samples collected from the public drinking water distribution networks in 52 sites, from 2013 to 2017. Cr concentrations above the method limit of quantification (0.001 mg/L) were found in 99% of the analyzed samples. Approximately 15% of the collected samples presented Cr in concentrations above the established legislation limit for drinking water (Ordinance 2914/2011), that should be considered as improper for consumption.

Prevalence of dental fluorosis & dental caries in association with high levels of drinking water fluoride content in a district of Gujarat, India.

Background & objectives: Endemic fluorosis resulting from high fluoride concentration in groundwater is a major public health problem in India. This study was carried out to measure and compare the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in the population residing in high and normal level of fluoride in their drinking water in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Vadodara district, six of the 261 villages with high fluoride level and five of 1490 with normal fluoride level in drinking water were selected. The data collection was made by house-to-house visits twice during the study period. Results: The dental fluorosis prevalence in high fluoride area was 59.31 per cent while in normal fluoride area it was 39.21 per cent. The prevalence of dental caries in high fluoride area was 39.53 per cent and in normal fluoride area was 48.21 per cent with CI 6.16 to 11.18. Dental fluorosis prevalence was more among males as compared to females. Highest prevalence of dental fluorosis was seen in 12-24 yr age group. Interpretation & conclusions: The risk of dental fluorosis was higher in the areas showing more fluoride content in drinking water and to a lesser degree of dental caries in the same area. High fluoride content is a risk factor for dental fluorosis and problem of dental fluorosis increased with passage of time suggesting that the fluoride content in the water has perhaps increased over time. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to confirm the findings.

Contaminação de águas superficiais e de chuva por agrotóxicos em uma região do estado do Mato Grosso / Groundwater and rainwater contamination by pesticides in an agricultural region of Mato Grosso state in central Brazil

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a contaminação de águas superficiais e de chuvas por agrotóxicos em dois municípios do estado do Mato Grosso, Lucas do Rio Verde e Campo Verde, situados entre os maiores produtores de soja, milho e algodão do estado e do país. A metodologia analítica combinou o uso de técnicas cromatográficas em amostras de água superficial e de chuva com análises ecotoxicológicas do impacto da contaminação por agrotóxicos sobre espécies bioindicadoras. Resultados das análises mostraram a presença de resíduos de diferentes agrotóxicos nas amostras de águas superficiais e de chuva coletadas nos dois municípios. Associados a estes dados, resultados das análises ecotoxicológicas mostraram a presença de anomalias em uma espécie de anfíbio anuro coletado em uma das duas localidades, compatíveis com exposição a agrotóxicos. Os resultados aqui apresentados e discutidos apontam para a degradação da qualidade de recursos hídricos da região, causada pelo uso intensivo de agrotóxicos na agricultura, incluindo fontes de água de consumo humano e de chuvas, amplificando o risco de contaminação para além das áreas de plantio.

This study sought to analyze groundwater and rainwater contamination by pesticides in two municipalities (Lucas do Rio Verde and Campo Verde) of Mato Grosso state. The area is Brazil's mid-west situated among the major soybean, corn and cotton producers in the state and the country. The analytical methodology combined chromatographic techniques on groundwater and rainwater samples with eco-toxicological analyses of the impacts of contamination by pesticide on bio-indicator species. The results revealed the presence of different pesticide residues in the groundwater and rainwater samples collected in the two municipalities. In conjunction with this data, results of the eco-toxicological tests revealed the presence of anomalies in a bio-indicator species collected in one of the two study sites compatible with exposure to pesticides. The results presented and discussed here highlight the degradation of water resources in the region, caused by the intensive use of pesticides in agriculture, including the contamination of drinking water sources and rain, broadening the risk of contamination beyond the cultivated areas.

Nitrate and chloride concentrations in groundwater beneath a portion of the trinity group outcrop zone, Texas

Using a geographic information system and statistics, we evaluated spatial distributions of nitrate and chloride concentrations in groundwater in an area of north-central Texas with agricultural activity, in addition to oil and natural gas exploration and production. Data were compiled from 40 water wells sampled in 2007. Nitrate concentrations in three wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level [44 mg/L] for drinking water. The highest nitrate concentration was 149 mg/L, and concentrations were generally higher in shallower wells. Chloride concentrations exceeded the 250 mg/L secondary drinking water standard in two wells, with no significant association between chloride concentration and well depth. Results of this study suggest localized human impacts, especially for nitrate, and identify areas warranting future monitoring

Influence of acacia nilotica on Arsenic induced genotoxicity in male and female mice

For centuries, plants have been used in traditional medicine and there has been recent interest in the chemopreventive properties of compounds derived from plants. In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves on the genotoxicity of arsinic. Arsenic contamination in groundwater a global human health hazard .There is no effective remedial action of chronic arsenicsis. However, a well-nourished diet can modulate the onset of adverse health effects and delayed the effect of arsenic in drinking water. In the present work, genotoxic effects were induced by sodium arsenate through oral administration,and the protective effect of Acacia nilotica was studied. Chromosomal aberrations were more pronounced in sodium arsenate treated mice, while supplementation of Acacia nilotica with sodium arsenate reduced the incidence of the aberrations. The mean of DNA fragmentation induced by sodium arsenate was highly significant increase. However, the administration of Acacia nilotica significantly decreased DNA fragmentation induced by sodium arsenate. The mean number of sperms, were decreased significantly after treatment with sodium arsenate, while administration of Acacia nilotica increased the number of sperm in mice treated with sodium arsenate, and also decreased the percentage of sperm abnormalities induced by sodium arsenate. The outcome of study showed that Acacia nilotica has the efficiency to encounter the genotoxic effects induced by arsenic