Ethnopharmacological activity of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch extracts and lupeol against alloxan-induced type I diabetes

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Hedera nepalensis crude extract, its fractions and lupeol in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Lupeol and n-hexane (HNN) fraction significantly reduced the blood glucose level by increasing insulin level in time dependent manner, and also significantly increased amylase and lipase activity in diabetic rats. Elevated levels of alanine transaminases (ALT), aspartate transaminases (AST), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total bilirubin and total protein in blood serum were efficiently restored to normal levels. Suppressed enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and peroxidase (POD) were also restored to their normal levels. Kidney functions were also restored to normal level after treatment with HNN and lupeol. HNN fraction and lupeol of H. nepalensis prevented oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This study signifies the importance of H. nepalensis and lupeol in ameliorating diabetes by inducing insulin secretion in diabetic model rats.

Antidiabetic activity evaluation of Onobrychis species on alloxan-induced diabetic mice

In the current study, four Onobrychis species, O. albiflora Hub.-Mor., O. argyrea Boiss. subsp. argyrea Boiss., O. galegifolia Boiss., and O. tournefortii (Willd.) Desv. were collected from Anatolia to be evaluated for their antidiabetic activities. Methanol water extracts of the aerial parts were used for experiments. An alloxan-induced diabetic mice test model was used. Phytochemical analysis of the tested extracts was investigated using the HPLC method. The highest activity was observed with treatment of O. albiflora aerial part extract. Significant decrements were detected in the blood glucose levels as follows: 180.83±47.48 and 252.83±50.47mg/dL at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of O. albiflora, respectively, when compared to the isotonic saline solution control group, eliciting a blood glucose level of 494.20±27.32. Among the tested standard compounds, rutin and isoquercetin were detected in the examined species. The highest amount of rutin (1.1981±0.0017%) and isoquercetin (0.7318±0.0197%) were found in O. albiflora and O. argyrea subsp. argyrea, respectively. Antidiabetic activities of the tested Onobrychis species seem to indicate a possible correlation with their rutin and isoquercetin contents. Therefore, rutin and isoquercetin may be the antidiabetic compounds that contribute to the antidiabetic activity of the tested Onobrychis species.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic and the Effect of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Jatropha curcas on Some Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats.

Aims: The study evaluates the antidiabetic, and the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas on some biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats (Wistar strain). Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out for ten months in 2012 in Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Science Laboratory Technology (Biochemistry Unit), School of Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos- Nigeria, and Department of Hematology and blood transfusion, APIN Clinic LUTH, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract were carried out to determine the presence of secondary metabolites present in the extract of Jatropha curcas. The animals were weighed using weighing balance, there blood sugar levels were assayed using Accu-chek Active Glucometer and blood glucose test strips. The hematological parameters were determined using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer, lipid profiles, total protein, total bilirubin and liver biomarker enzymes were assayed using Randox kits. Results: The phytochemical constituents of J. curcas extract indicate the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, saponins, flavonoids etc. The weight of diabetic untreated rats were significantly (P<0.05) reduced when compared to other groups. The animals treated with glibenclamide, 150 and 250mg/Kg body weight of J. curcas extract showed significant decrease (P<0.05) of blood sugar level compared to the untreated rats. The extract does possess hematopoietic activity and is not hematotoxic. J. curcas had hypolipidemic effect and can be used in the management of diabetes. The extract significantly reduced (P<0.05) total bilirubin and liver biomarker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP). Conclusion: The results show that the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas can be used in the management of diabetes.

Regulated Effects of Capsicum frutescens Supplemented Diet (C.F.S.D) on Fasting Blood Glucose Level, Biochemical Parameters and Body Weight in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats.

Aim of the Study: This study investigates the effects of Capsicum frutescens supplemented diet (C.F.S.D) on fasting blood glucose level, biochemical parameters and body weight in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats. Experimental Design: 130 – 150g healthy forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as following; Group 1 served as a normal control and received normal feed-. Group 2 (Diabetic control) received normal feed-. Group 3 (Diabetic test 1) received normal feed + 1g Capsicum frutescens.-. Group 4 (Diabetic test 2) received normal feed + 2g Capsicum frutescens. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka and the feeding lasted for three weeks. At the end of the experiments, the animals were sacrificed, blood samples were collected and then the serum was further subjected to biochemical analysis using biochemical analyzer (Reflotron Plus). Results: AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Creatinine, Uric acid, total cholesterol and fasting blood sugar level in serum were increased however the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) of serum was decreased in diabetic control (group 2), compared with non-diabetic control (group 1). The administered Capsicum frutescens in the diet at 1g and 2g doses significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose level as well as the serum level of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Creatinine, Uric acid, total cholesterol, compared with diabetic control. Serum HDL was also significantly increased when compared with diabetic control P<0.05. Decrease in body weight in diabetic control group and increased in body weight of 1gand 2g Capsicum frutescens supplemented diet groups were also observed. Conclusion: The observed improvement in the biochemical parameters, blood glucose levels and body weight of alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats by 1g and 2g Capsicum frutescens supplemented diet suggests Capsicum frutescens to possess, cardioprotective and anti-diabetic properties. Recommendation: The incorporation of Capsicum frutescens as spice in the diet of individuals who are diabetic, hypertensive and obese, is worthy of recommendation.

Anti-hiperglycemic effect of Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) in normal and diabetic rats / Efeito anti-hiperglicêmico de Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) em ratos normais e diabéticos

The anti-hyperglycemic effect of wood powder of Quassia amara (QA) was evaluated in normal and in alloxan diabetes-induced rats. After a 12 h fast and glycemic check, the animals were orally given 0.9% of saline (control group), metformin (500 mg/kg) or QA (200 mg/kg) and, 30 minutes later, they received an oral glucose dose (1g/kg). The blood glucose level was measured after 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. From the oral glucose dose, QA showed anti-hyperglycemic effects, similar to metformin, only in the diabetic animals (p<0.01) when compared to the control group. Although the anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of action of QA was not investigated, a mechanism similar to metformin can be suggested, since both presented similar results for the conditions tested, that is, normal and diabetic rats. It is believed that the use of QA in diabetics could help to control the blood glucose levels and be useful as an alternative therapy.

O efeito anti-hiperglicemiante do pó do lenho de Quassia amara (QA) foi avaliado em ratos normais e diabéticos aloxana induzidos. Após jejum de 12 horas e verificação da glicemia, os animais receberam administração oral de salina 0.9% (grupo controle), metformina (500 mg/kg) ou QA (200 mg/kg) e 30 minutos depois carga oral de glicose (1g/kg). A glicemia foi medida nos próximos 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos. A partir da carga oral de glicose, a QA mostrou efeito anti-hiperglicemiante, similar a metformina, somente nos animais diabéticos (p<0.01) quando comparados ao grupo controle. Embora o mecanismo de ação anti-hiperglicemiante da QA não tenha sido investigado, podemos sugerir um mecanismo semelhante à metformina, visto que ambos apresentaram resultados similares nas duas condições testadas, ou seja, animais normais e diabéticos. Acredita-se que o uso de QA, em diabéticos, possa auxiliar no controle da glicemia e servir como terapia alternativa.

Effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on implantation sites of pregnant rats with special emphasis on angiogenesis

Diabetes is relatively common worldwide. According to the reports of the WHO, more than 150 million people suffer from diabetes across the world. A primary negative effect of a diabetic environment on the developing embryo is impaired vascularization of the yolk sac. Angiogenesis at the sites of blastocyst implantation is associated with increased vascular permeability. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes on the implantation site and intersite in albino rats during the early period of pregnancy with special emphasis on angiogenesis, by studying vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Forty adult female albino rats aged 4-6 months were used in this study. Rats were divided into two groups [20 rats each]. Group I constituted the control group and group II constituted the alloxan-induced diabetic group. Diabetes was induced in rats by intravenous injection of alloxan monohydrate dissolved in normal saline into the dorsal tail vein at a dose of 40mg/kg body weight. Vaginal smears were collected from each animal; the presence of sperm in the smear was designated as day 1 of pregnancy. Pregnant rats from the control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at days 4, 5, 6 and 7 of pregnancy [n=5]. Examination of the uterine horn sections showed occurrence of implantation on day 6 in the control group, whereas implantation in the diabetic group occurred only on day 7. Granulated metrial glandular cells were clearly seen in the control group, whereas lymphocytic infiltration was obvious in the diabetic group. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was stronger in the diabetic group

Efeitos do treinamento de natação em aspectos metabólicos e morfológicos de ratos diabéticos / Effects of swimming training on metabolic and morphologic aspects in diabetic rats

Fundamento: O exercício físico aeróbio influencia vários aspectos da patologia diabética, incluindo o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatias. O modelo de diabetes induzido experimentalmente em ratos tem contribuído para avanços nesta linha de pesquisa. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos de um protocolode treinamento físico aeróbio moderado em meio aquático sobre alguns aspectos metabólicos, histológicos e ultra-estruturais do miocárdio de ratos diabéticos experimentais. Métodos: Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram distribuídos em 4 grupos; controle sedentário (CS), controle treinado (CT), diabético sedentário (DS) e diabético treinado (DT). Para indução do diabetes experimental, os animais receberam Aloxana monoidratada Sigma (35mg/Kg de peso corporal i.v.). O programa de treinamento aeróbio consistiu em natação por 60 minutos diários, 5 dias/semana, durante 4 semanas consecutivas, com cargas equivalentes à 2,5% do peso corporal. Após o sacrifício dos animais, o sangue foi utilizado para dosagem de glicose e ácidos graxos livres (AGL). Amostras do miocárdio foram coletadas para análises histológicas, histoquímicas e ultra-estruturais. Resultados: O diabetes experimental causou aumento da glicemia e AGL séricos e redução da insulinemia. Os ratos diabéticos apresentaram aumento da glicose e da concentração de AGL séricos e alterações histológicas e histoquimicas no miocárdio. Por outro lado, o treinamento físico aeróbio restaurou algumas destas alterações. Conclusão: A análise dos resultados mostrou que a indução do diabetes por meio da droga aloxana promove alterações metabólicas, histoquímicas e ultra-estruturais no miocárdio de ratos e que o treinamento físico aeróbio moderado em meio aquático restaurou algumas destas alterações.

Background: Aerobic physical exercise influences several aspects of diabetic pathology, including cardiomyopathy development. The experimentally-induced diabetic rat model has contributed to advances in this line of research. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of moderate aerobic physical training on the metabolic, histological and ultra structural aspects of myocardium in experimental diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD) and trained diabetic (TD). Diabetes was induced by Alloxan (35 mg/kg b.w. i.v.). The aerobic training program consisted by swimming 5 days/week, 1 h/day, supportinga load of 2.5 % body weight for 4 weeks. At the end of the training period, the rats were sacrificed and theblood was collected for determinations of serum glucose and free fat acids (FFA). The myocardium wascollected for determinations of histological, histochemistry and ultra structural aspects. Results: Diabetes increased glucose and FFA concentrations in blood and induced histological and histoquimical alterations in myocardium. In the other hand, aerobic physical training was able to restore this alterations. Conclusion: Inconclusion experimental alloxan-induced diabetes promoted some metabolic, histological and ultra structural alterations in myocardium of rats and moderate aerobic physical training recuperates some ofthese alterations.

Formulation and standardisation of Aegle marmelos suspension

Aegle marmelos suspension was prepared by using the leaf powder of Aegle marmelos. Before making the formulation, the leafy drug was authentified by suitable methods like physical, microscopical and chemical methods to confirm the standards. Thus subjected Aegle marmelos leaf powder was formulated as suspension with the help of suitable suspending agent and vehicle, and it was pharmacologically evaluated for anti-diabetic action. The prepared suspension significantly reduces blood glucose level in alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits

experimental study of zinc in diabetes mellitus

Present study was conducted to observe the changes in body weight, physical endurance and levels of zinc in serum and tissues in experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Oral zinc sulfate supplementation was done in three different doses [50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 300mg/kg] to see if zinc supplementation has any effect on the above parameters. After 7 days of alloxan treatment, rats having blood sugar levels of more than 350 mg/dl were selected for the present study. Serum zinc level in diabetic rats was significantly low as compared to control. Brain zinc level of diabetic rats was significantly low, whereas kidney and liver zinc levels in diabetic rats were significantly high. Swimming time and body weight were significantly decreased in diabetic rats as compared to control rats. On oral zinc supplementation serum zinc levels of diabetic groups II and III rats increased significantly from 4th week as compared to the control and diabetic group I rats. Brain zinc level of diabetic group III rats was found to be increased significantly as compared to diabetic groups I and II, whereas kidney zinc level of diabetic group III was significantly low as compared to diabetic groups I and II, but no significant change was noted in liver zinc level. Gain in body weight with improved physical endurance was observed along with elevated serum zinc levels in experimental diabetic rats

Treinamento aeróbio e prevençäo da diabetes induzida por aloxana em ratos / Aerobic training and prevention of diabetes induced for alloxan in rats

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se o treinamento aeróbio prévio pode prevenir a instalaçäo da diabetes induzida pela aloxana em ratos. Foram utilizados ratos machos wistar (30 dias) separados inicialmente em dois grupos: Treinadas (T = exercício de nataçäo 1h/dia, com sobrecarga de 5 porcento do peso corporal p.c.); Sedentários (S=sem treinamento físico). Após 60 dias foram compostos três novos grupos: T-ALO eS-ALO, ambos injetados i.v. com aloxana (30 mg/kg p.c), S-CIT, que receberam veículo (tampäo citrato). Incidência de diabetes (glicemia > 17,75nM); insulina, proteínas totais e ácidos graxos livres (AGL) séricos; proteinas musculares, insulina pancreática, tecido adiposo epididimal e as áreas sob as curvas de glicose (AG) e insulina (AI) durante Teste de Tolerância à Glicose oral (GTTo), näo diferiram entre os grupos T-ALO e S-ALO. Glicose sérica de T-ALO foi superior à S-CIT, enquanto que o glicogênio muscular de T-ALO foisuperior à S-CIT. A taxa de remoçäo de glicose (Kitt), durante Teste de Tolerância à Insulina (ITTsc) foi superior (80 porcento) à S-ALO. As adaptaçöes, ao nível muscular proporcionadas pelo treinamento físico prévio exerceram algum efeito protetor contra a açäo diabetogênica da alxona, mas näo suficientes para prevenir a instalaçäo do quadro diabético

Esquema de restriçäo alimentar altera a resposta celular à insulina em ratos diabéticos / Scheme of food restriction change the cellular response to insulin in rats

A resistência à insulina é um elemento chave na gênese de várias alterações fisiopatológicas. O esquema de restrição alimentar meal-feeding (MF) consiste na oferta de uma única refeição diária de 2h, sem, contudo, limitar a quantidade de alimento durante esse período. Este esquema determina várias adaptações morfo-metabólicas, algumas sugerindo maior sensibilidade à insulina. No presente estudo investigou-se, em adipócitos isolados, a sensibilidade à insulina de ratos submetidos a treinamento alimentar e tornados diabéticos (MFD) comparando-os com ratos em livre curso alimentar diabéticos (FFD). A curva dose resposta da captação de 2-deoxi-D-glicose estimulada por insulina sugeriu maior sensibilidade, enquanto a captação máxima foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) nos ratos MFD. Esta maior responsividade à insulina refletiu-se nometabolismo dos adipócitos que mostraram aumento (p<0,05) na capacidade máxima de oxidar glicose a CO 2 e incorporar glicose em triacilglicerol. O aumento da resposta celular à insulina em ratos MFD refletiu-se in vivo em menor (p<0,05) insulinemia e maior (p<0,05) índice glicose/insulina (G/I). Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que o treinamento alimentar melhora a resposta à insulina em ratos diabéticos, o que pode representar uma abordagem alternativa no tratamento do diabetes mellitus.

Caracterização de um modelo experimental de neuropatia em ratos diabéticos induzidos pela aloxana / Characterization of an experimental model of neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Cem ratos norvégicus, machos, com aproximadamente 3 meses de idade foram distribuídos por sorteio em 2 grupos experimentais: Grupo Controle (GC): com 50 ratos sadios, não diabéticos e Grupo Diabético (GD): com 50 ratos diabéticos, induzidos pela aloxana, sem qualquer tratamento. Cada grupo foi dividido em 5 subgrupos com 10 ratos cada e sacrificados com 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de seguimento, respectivamente. Parâmetros clínicos (peso, ingestão hídrica e alimentar, e diurese) e laboratoriais (glicemia, glicose urinária e insulina) foram documentados em todos os momentos de avaliação. Um segmento do nervo ciático foi obtido de cada animal, em ambos os grupos, para estudo à MO. e ME. Alterações clínicas e laboratoriais significativas (P<0,01), compatíveis com diabetes grave, foram observadas em todos os animais do GD a partir do 4§ dia após a indução. Ratos de ambos os grupos apresentaram alterações no número de fibras mielínicas e nos depósitos intraaxonais de glicogênio que não diferiram, estatisticamente, aos 1, 3 e 6 meses de seguimento. Entretanto, aos 9 e 12 meses, ratos do GD apresentaram diminuição significativa no número de fibras mielínicas, com aumento do número de fibras mielínicas de menor calibre, quando comparados com ratos do GC (P<0,05). Grânulos de glicogênio intraaxonais também foram mais acentuados em ratos do GD no 9§ e 12§ mês de seguimento. Não foram observadas diferenças na densidade de fibras amielínicas ou alterações ultraestruturais significativas entre os dois grupos, em relação aos espaços intraaxonais e endoneurais, bainhas de mielina e células de Schwann durante todo o estudo.

Avaliaçäo da resposta imune materna e fetal de ratas diabéticas / Maternal and fetal immune response in diabetics rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a resposta imunológica de ratas diabéticas, submetidas a prenhez. Utilizamos 80 ratas wistar, adultas, virgens, que foram sorteadas para compor os grupos: prenhe e nao prenhe com e sem aloxana. As ratas que receberam aloxana foram separadas de acordo com a glicemia do primeiro dia de prenhez em três subgrupos: sensibilizado (glicemia menor que 120 mg/dl), diábetes moderado (glicemia entre 120 e 199 mg/dl) e diabetes grave (glicemia maior que 200 mg/dl). Avaliou-se nestes grupos: a produçao de anticorpos maternos contra eritrócito de carneiro (SE); a transferência destes anticorpos para os filhotes; a imunidade celular materna e fetal através da técnica de produçao do fator inibidor da migraçao de leucócitos (LIF) e a atividade efetora das células NK materna. Na prenhez de ratas normais nao houve alteraçao de nenhum dos parâmetros imunológicos estudados. As ratas diabéticas apresentaram menor produçao de LIF, indicando supressao na resposta celular, que se refletiu na menor produçao de anticorpos. O diabetes associado à prenhez, além de alterar a resposta imune celular e humoral, aumentou a atividade das células NK nos grupos sensibilizado e diabetes moderado. A hiperglicemia materna suprimiu a resposta celular dos filhotes, com menor produçao do LIF. A deficiência nos níveis de anticorpos dos filhotes decorre da baixa produçao de IgG materna, única classe de anticorpos capaz de ser transferida passivamente através da placenta.

Diabete e gravidez experimental em ratas: I. Induçäo do diabete, obtençäo e evoluçäo da prenhez / Diabetes and experimental pregnancy in rats: I. Diabetes induction, pregnancy obtention and evolution

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento do modelo experimental em ratas para estudo do binômio diabete e gravidez. O experimento foi em 4 períodos: de adaptaçao (7 dias), diabetogênico (15 dias), de acasalamento (l5 dias) e de prenhez (21 dias). Utilizou-se 275 ratas da raça "Wistar", fêmeas virgens, pesando entre 180 e 25Og, em idade reprodutiva. O diabete induzido com aloxana, na dosagem de 42 mg/kg de peso, originou dois grupos: moderado (glicemia entre 120 e 2OOmg/dl) e grave (glicemia 200 mg/dl). A induçao com streptozotocin, 40 mg/kg de peso, IV, resultou apenas um grupo com diabete grave. O grupo controle foi constituído por ratas prenhes e nao diabéticas (glicemia 120 mg/dl). Nos períodos diabetogênico e de acasalamento os animais dos grupos diabéticos foram arranjados em dois subgrupos que receberam ou nao insulina diária por via SC, até a confirmaçao da prenhez. Níveis glicêmicos plasmáticos maternos e fetais foram avaliados no 21( dia da prenhez e, a glicemia fetal, obtida por um "pool" da ninhada, colhido logo após a cesárea, sob anestesia com éter, na manha desse dia. Os resultados demonstraram que o modelo experimental é adequado para o estudo proposto. As drogas utilizadas foram eficazes, tendo o streptozotocin a vantagem de ser dose-dependente e menos tóxico. A insulinoterapia diminuiu a mortalidade no período diabetogênico e melhorou o índice de prenhez diabética, que se caracterizou por elevada incidência de abortamento e morte materna. A glicemia fetal correlacionou-se com a materna refletindo os níveis glicêmicos aos quais o feto se submeteu durante a prenhez.

Modelo diabético en ratas / Diabetic model in rats

Durante los meses de junio a noviembro de 1983, se estudian en el Instituto de Endocrinología los efectos del monohidrato de aloxán, la estreptozotocina y la pancreatectomía parcial asociada a estreptozotocina para provocar diabetes en un grupo de ratas Wistar. Se describen los resultados y se revisa la literatura a nuestro alcance