Manejo de vía aérea difícil en paciente con bocio maligno gigante: Reporte de caso / Case report: Difficult airway management in a patient with giant malignant goiter

We present the case of an adult patient with a malignant goiter, treated in our center, where airway management is perfor- med by an awake intubation technique with sedation. The patient, with great compromise and deviation from the midline of the airway, was managed with a High-Flow Nasal Cannula (CNAF) during its manipulation, helping to avoid desaturation events during the intubation procedure, associated with the administration of monitored sedation.

Presentamos el caso de una paciente adulto con bocio maligno, tratada en nuestro centro, donde se realiza manejo de la vía aérea con la intubación traqueal vigil con sedación. La paciente, con gran compromiso y desviación de línea media de la vía aérea, es apoyada con Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo (CNAF) durante la manipulación de ésta, ayudando a no presentar eventos de desaturación durante el procedimiento de intubación, asociada a la administración de sedación monitorizada.

Substernal goiter and laryngopharyngeal reflux

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to compare the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux signs between two groups of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for voluminous goiter: substernal goiters and voluminous cervical goiter without thoracic extension. Subjects and methods A retrospective case-control study was performed with data retrieved of the charts of the patients submitted to thyroidectomies occurred at a tertiary care center (Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School) between 2010 and 2014. The selected thyroidectomies were allocated in two groups for study: patients with substernal goiters and patients with voluminous cervical goiter without thoracic extension. Cervical goiters were selected by ultrasonography mensuration. Clinical criterion was used to define substernal goiter. Results The average thyroid volume in patients with substernal goiter was significantly greater than the average volume in patients with only cervical goiter (p < 0.001). The prevalence of signs of reflux laryngitis at laryngoscopy was significantly greater in substernal goiter patients (p = 0.036). Moreover, substernal goiter was considered as the unique independent variable for high reflux laryngitis signs at laryngoscopy (OR = 2.75; CI95%: 1.05-7.20; p = 0.039) when compared to only cervical goiter patients. Conclusion This study shows a significant association between substernal goiters and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux at preoperative laryngoscopy. Therefore, when compared with voluminous cervical goiters, the substernal goiters increase the chance of reflux laryngitis signs in patients.

Goitres volumineux : traitement chirurgical au CHU du Point G

But : Décrire le traitement chirurgical des goitres volumineux au CHU du Point G.Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude réalisée entre 2009 et 2014 au CHU du Point G. Elle a porté sur les goitres ayant une hauteur et ou une largeur supérieure ou égale à 10 centimètres.Résultats : Nous avons colligé les dossiers de 115 cas de goitres volumineux. Les patients étaient de sexe féminin dans 87,8% des cas. Nous avons trouvé une dyspnée dans 40% descas (n=46), une dysphonie dans 13,0% des cas (n=15) et une dysphagie dans 8,6% des cas(n=10). La hauteur moyenne de la tuméfaction a été de 12,1 cm ± 3,5 et la largeur moyenne de 14,4 cm ± 5,4. Les goitres étaient hyperthyroïdiens chez 21,7% des patients (n=25) et multinodulaires dans 96,5% des cas. Il y avait 3 cas de cancer de la thyroïde. Tous les cas d'hyperthyroïdie ont été équilibrés par un anti thyroïdien de synthèse associé au Beta bloquant et au lugol fort avant la chirurgie. Le traitement chirurgical a constitué en une thyroïdectomie subtotale dans 97,4% des cas (n=112) et une thyroïdectomie totale dans 2,6% des cas (n=3). Les suites opératoires ont été simples dans 81,7% des cas (n=94). 18,3% de complications ont été notées(hématome compressif, Dysphonie, Dyspnée, Hyperparathyroïdie, Hypothyroïdie). La mortalité post opératoire était nulle.Conclusion : Le traitement chirurgical passe par la connaissance de l'anatomie de la région cervicale et une technique de thyroïdectomie bien codifiée

Suivi hormonal post thyroidectomie : Etude prospective à propos de 112 cas opérés à l'Hôpital National de Niamey de Mars 2014 à Avril 2015

Le goitre est la maladie endocrinienne la plus répandue au monde. L'objectif de notre étude est d'évaluer l'influence de la thyroïdectomie sur la fonction hormonale dans le service de chirurgie générale de l'hôpital national de Niamey. A cet effet nous avons recueilli les données relatives à 112 cas, ayant bénéficié d'une thyroïdectomie, entre mars 2014 et avril 2015. Le sexe féminin est prédominant avec 96,4% soit un sex ratio de 0,04, la tranche d'âge comprise entre 30-39 ans est la plus touchées avec 37,5% et une moyenne de 41,2 ans. La durée d'évolution du goitre est plus de 4 ans dans 33% des cas avec une moyenne de 7,5 ans et des extrêmes allant de 5 mois à 20 ans. Le premier motif de consultation est la tuméfaction cervicale antérieure. L'échographie a montré un aspect hyperéchogène dans 58% des cas. La radiographie cervicale est pathologique dans 76% des cas. Le goitre euthyroidien est majoritaire avec 89,2%. Sur le plan thérapeutique, la loboisthmectomie est le geste le plus pratiqué avec 43,7%, suivi de la thyroïdectomie subtotale avec 34%, thyroïdectomie totale 16% et la nodulectomie avec 9%. Le bilan hormonal post opératoire a objectivé 16 cas (14,3%) d'hypothyroïdie à 1 mois, 30 cas (26,7%) à 3 mois et à 6 mois et 2 cas (1,8%) à 1 an. La corrélation entre les gestes chirurgicaux et le bilan hormonal à 6 mois nous a permis de faire les constats suivants : dans les 30 cas d'hypothyroïdie, 16 étaient liées à la thyroïdectomie totale, 8 patients des loboisthmectomies et 6 des thyroïdectomies subtotales. A 1 an, nous avons constatés au total 2 cas d'hypothyroïdie liée à la thyroïdectomie totale, malgré la subtutition hormonale. Partant de ce résultat, nous pensons qu'il faut conserver un peu du tissu thyroïdien que ça soit le lobe ou la lame postérieure afin d'éviter la prescription des hormones thyroïdiennes

Hipertireoidismo: abordagem das principais causas e conduta diagnóstica / Hyperthyroidism: approach the main causes and conduct diagnostic

A tireotoxicose é um estado hipermetabólico decorrente dos efeitos de níveis teciduais elevados de hormônios tireoideanos (HTs). O hipertireoidismo é a causa mais comum, e decorre do excesso de hormônios produzidos pela tireoide. Outras causas de tireotoxicose ocorrem por produção extratireoideana ou administração exógena de hormônios tireoideanos. A principal causa de tireotoxicose, o bócio difuso tóxico (BDT) de causa autoimune, responsável por até 80% dos casos, é aqui abordado, assim como as demais causas. O tratamento é realizado com drogas antitireoideanas, iodo radioativo ou cirurgia e exige acompanhamento de longo prazo, tanto pela possibilidade de recidivas como do desenvolvimento de hipotireoidismo.

Thyrotoxicosis is a hypermetabolic state due to the effects of high tissue levels of thyroid hormones (TH). Hyperthyroidism is the most common cause and results from excess hormones produced by the thyroid. Other causes of thyrotoxicosis occur extra thyroid production or exogenous administration of thyroid hormones. The main cause of thyrotoxicosis, the diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) of autoimmune cause, accounting for up to 80% of cases, is discussed here, as well as other causes. The treatment is performed with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine or surgery and requires long-term follow-up, due to both the possibility of recurrence and the development of hypothyroidism.

An audit of thyroid surgery: the Hyderabad experience

To make an audit of thyroid surgery performed in two private hospitals at Hyderabad. Descriptive study. This study was carried out at two private hospitals, mainly at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad over a period of three years from April 2005 to March 2008. 140 patients with goiter were operated after complete investigative work up during the above mentioned period. Various complications of thyroid surgery and histopathology reports were noted and compared with national and international literature. The benign lesions were 89% while 11% lesions were malignant. Papillary carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion while colloid goiter was the most common benign lesion. The overall complication rate was 10.7%, hypocalcaemia being the most frequent complication followed by recurrent laryngeal nerve [RLN] injury. Colloid goiter is the most common benign lesion of the thyroid gland while papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant lesion of thyroid gland. The major complications of thyroid surgery were hypocalcaemia and RLN injury

thyroidectomy safe after identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve - fact or fiction

Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve remains a common complication of thyroid surgery. It is argued whether routine dissection leads to increase risk of palsy or otherwise. To assess recurrent laryngeal nerve injury risk during thyroidectomy with and without routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery. Department of Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro/Hyderabad over 3 years. The frequency of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury following surgery for benign, nontoxic thyroid disease was studied in consecutive patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy or near total thyroidectomy. Patients with benign and non toxic goitre were included in the study while those with toxic goitre and malignancy were excluded. A total of 88 patients were included in the study. They were divided into two groups, group A included patients in whom dissection of recurrent laryngeal nerve was done as standard procedure while in group B, the nerve was not exposed. There were 34 unilateral and 54 bilateral explorations. The mean age of patients in the two groups was almost same, with preponderance of females [M:F ratio 1:17]. The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was not significant in both groups [p=0.502], but the incidence of nerve injury in patients who underwent near total thyroidectomy was 17.6% compared to 0.17% in patients who had hemithyroidectomy, indicating that it is not the exploration but the extent of thyroid resection that is a risk factor for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Dissection of nerve does not significantly reduce the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury therefore, routine exploration of the nerve during thyroid surgery is not recommended in an expert hand

Uso selectivo de drenajes en tiroidectomías / Selective use of drainages in thyroidectomy

Background: There is controversy about the universal use of drainages in thyroid surgery. Aim: To evaluate the selective use of drainages in thyroid surgery, using them only in patients with high risk of developing a cervical hematoma. Material and Methods: Eight four patients subjected to thyroid surgery, were prospectively evaluated. Drainages were only used in those patients in whom a big cavity was left after thyroidectomy, patients with intrathoracic goiter and patients subjected to lymph node dissection. Results: Drainages were omitted in 68 patients (81 percent) aged 18 to 68 years, 59 females. Forty four (65 percent) of these patients were subjected to a total thyroidectomy, 14 (21 percent) to a subtotal thyroidectomy and 10 (7 percent) to a lobectomy. In 19 cases (28 percent) the biopsy informed a papillary cancer, the rest were benign lesions. One patient had a cervical hematoma that required a new operation. Hospital stay ranged from 1 to 4 days. Conclusions: The selective use of drainages in thyroid surgery is feasible, safe and allows a shorter hospital stay.

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso selectivo de drenajes, omitiendo el dispositivo en la cirugía tiroidea corriente y empleándolo en pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar hematoma cervical. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de casos consecutivos entre enero 2008 y junio 2009 que incluyó 84 pacientes con diversas patologías tiroideas sometidos a tiroidectomía total o parcial. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: edad, género, procedencia, extensión de la cirugía, biopsia de piezas operatorias, estadía hospitalaria y complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: De los 84 casos, en 68 (81 por ciento) no se usó drenaje y en 16 (19 por ciento) se empleó el dispositivo. De los 68 casos en que no se utilizó drenaje 59 (86,8 por ciento) fueron mujeres y 9 (13,2 por ciento) hombres, edad promedio 44,4 años (rango: 18 y 68 años). Se practicó 44 (64,7 por ciento) tiroidectomias totales, 14 (20,5 por ciento) tiroidectomias subtotales y 10 (6,8 por ciento) lobectomias e istmectomía. La biopsia informó cáncer papilar en 19 (27,9 por ciento) casos y 47 (69,1 por ciento) lesiones benignas. Las complicaciones fueron 1 (1,4 por ciento) hematoma cervical que requirió reoperación y 7 (10,2 por ciento) seromas. La estadía hospitalaria fluctuó entre 1 y 4 días, promedio 1,9; con hospitalización de 1 día 21 (30,8 por ciento) pacientes, 2 días 36 (52,9 por ciento), 3 días 8 (11,7 por ciento) y 4 días 2 (2,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: Concluimos que es posible el uso selectivo de drenaje en tiroidectomías. Acorde a la patología tiroidea quirúrgica que manejamos y aplicando nuestros criterios de selección la mayoría de los pacientes no precisa estos dispositivos. La ausencia de drenajes no conlleva mayores complicaciones y posibilita una estadía hospitalaria breve.

Thyroid scintigraphy: an overused investigation

Thyroid disorders are commonly encountered in general surgical practice. The purpose of this study was to determine how closely thyroid scintigraphy was ordered according to its indications in patients with thyroid diseases and the magnitude of its impact on the management. This cross-sectional study was carried out mainly at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad over a period of 3 years from May 2005 to April 2008. All patients presenting with thyroid swelling and undergoing any type of thyroid operation were included in the study. Special emphasis was made on the indication of thyroid scintigraphy in these patients and its impact on the treatment. Out of 140 patients, 98 had thyroid scintigraphy done. Among these only 26 patients [26.5%] had it according the indication. In remaining 72 patients, thyroid scintigraphy did not reveal any added information to help in treatment plan. Thyroid scintigraphy is an overused investigation in thyroid patients. Routine use of thyroid scintigraphy in all goiter patients should be discouraged

Carotid triangle approach to control superior thyrovascular pedicle a novel technique to avoid strap muscles cutting during thyroidectomy

Strap muscles division during thyroidectomy is a controversial issue. The role of strap muscles in voice and swallowing functions and the postoperative morbid sequelae after strap muscles cutting are all debatable. So we have been enthused to develop a surgical approach that enables us to avoid such an unnecessary invasiveness, an idea that seems to be in harmony with both surgical orthodoxy and modern surgical trends. To give a precise detailed stepwise description of such proposed procedural surgical approach and its anatomical basis with the assessment of its feasibility and safety. 30 cases 35:60 years, F:M [2:1] presenting to authors hospitals for thyroidectomy from April through October 2009; were selected for lateral approach where we approach the superior thyrovascular pedicle and the middle thyroid vein through the carotid triangle. Eligibility criteria were: Huge goitres, strong taut strap muscles in males, retr opharyngyal, retro-oesophageal or large Zuckerkandl tuberculum and vascular goitres with marked adhesions. Patients with small goitres, recurrent goitres, previous neck irradiation, and malignant goitres were excluded. Intraoperative and postoperative data were gathered for procedural assessment There were no intraoperative morbidity, and the procedure succeeded in all of the study cases with no conversion to strap muscles cutting. RLN was identified in 28 pts and EBSLN in 10. Parahtyroid glands were identified in 27pts. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 70 cc, the mean operative time was 90 minutes, postoperative pain was well tolerated, mean amount of postoperative drainage was 78 cc with a mean duration of 2 days and a mean hospital stay of 3 days. there were no RLN or sympathetic nerve injury but only one developed transient EBSLN injury and 2 developed transient hypoparathyroidism. carotid triangle approach to control the superior thyrovascular pedicle enables us to avoid aggressive surgical handling of strap muscles by cutting or even excessive exhausting muscle retraction and gland manipulation with their possible morbid sequlae. It is an expeditious approach that facilitates surgery without compromising safety, we believe it to be a reasonably straightforward technique to learn and to be an appropriate addition to the armamentarium of endocrine surgeon whenever indicated

Bocio amiloídeo: reporte de tres casos / Amyloid goitier: report of three cases

La amiloidosis es una patología de causa no precisada, la cual tiene distintas formas de presentación clínica según la proteína que se deposita. Este material amorfo puede depositarse en cualquier órgano, en forma aislada o como parte de una enfermedad generalizada. El compromiso del tiroides ocurre en el 50 a 80 por ciento de los casos de amiloidosis sistémica y corresponde, en general, a una infiltración difusa leve que no determina aumento de tamaño glandular ni alteraciones funcionales. El bocio amiloideo se define como el crecimiento del tiroides determinado por el depósito abundante de amiloide, el que puede dar síntomas compresivos de las estructuras del cuello. Se presentan tres casos de bocio amiloideo tratados en nuestro servicio, cuyo síntoma cardinal es la compresión tiroidea, uno de ellos con compromiso sistémico severo. Fueron tratados con hemitiroidectomía en un caso y tiroidectomía total en los otros dos, sin complicaciones. Se concluye que el bocio amiloideo es una patología poco frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico principalmente es un hallazgo durante el estudio anatomopatológico; sin embargo, se puede sospechar en un paciente con bocio que presenta enfermedades sistémicas.

Thyroid involvement occurs in 50 to 80 percent of cases with systemic amyloidosis. Usually the infiltration is mild, not altering morphology or function. Amyloid goiter occurs when large amounts of amyloid are accumulated, enlarging the gland and compressing neighboring structures. We report three patients aged 42, 49 and 59 years (two women) with amyloid goiter. All had dysphagia and two had dysphonia. One was subjected to a hemithyroidectomy and two to a total thyroidectomy. Pathology reported the presence of amyloid deposits in the surgical pieces.

[Substernal goiter: diagnosis and therapeutic problems]

Sudsternal goiter has particular nosological, diagnostic and therapeutic problems. This study is to study the epidemiologic and clinical particularities of this disease and to emphasize on therapeutic problems essentially surgical management. We report a retrospective study about 25 cases of substernal goiter operated in the Rabta hospital between January 1996 and December 2005. The mean age at operation was 61 years and sex-ratio was 0, 5. Patients were almost symptomatic. Surgery was carried by cervicotomy in all but one ease in which sternotomy was necessary. Histological exam didn't find any mailgnity signs in 95.6%of cases. Substernal goiter surgery is more delicat than the cervical one. Accurate diagnosis leads to good surgical results

role of drainage after thyroid surgery. Is it mandatory?

To assess the comparative analysis of usefulness of drains after thyroid surgery. A prospective randomized experimental study conducted over a period of one year, from April 2006 to April 2007. Surgical Unit-I, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. A total of 60 patients presented with Goiter randomly allocated equally to drain and non drain groups. The surgeon was informed of the group just before the closure of wound. Ultrasonography of the neck was done post operatively on Day-1 and Day-4 by same sonologist, each time to assess the fluid collection in thyroid bed. Any change in voice, wound infection or respiratory distress was also recorded. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Both groups were evenly balanced according to age, gender, size of thyroid gland, volume of resected thyroid gland, type of procedure and time of operation. Overall fluid collection is more in drain group assessed by USG on Day-1 [P=.00] and day Day-4 [P=.04] as compare to nondrain group. Regarding post-operative complications three patients [10%] in drain group and two [6.7%] in non-drain group had change in voice. Three patients [10%] in drain group had prolonged hospital stay as compare to non-drain group in which no patient recorded. Two patients [6.7%]in none drain group developed seroma. putting of drains after thyroid surgery do not show any advantage to non drain group regarding peri-operative complications, rather hospital stay is more in patients of drain group

Bocio retrotraqueal: presentación de un caso / Retrotracheal goiter: a case presentation

Los pacientes con bocio localizado en el mediastino posterior deben ser sometidos a resección quirúrgica por la posibilidad de compromiso de los órganos vecinos o de malignidad. Se presenta el caso de un paciente previamente operado por un bocio con probable prolongación endotorácica que fue intervenido pero continuó con manifestaciones de compresión traqueal. Tras una segunda operación fallida, ahora por vía transesternal, fue remitido a nuestro servicio por una estenosis traqueal isquémica. En el estudio preoperatorio se demostró que se mantenía una masa tumoral aproximadamente de 10 cm, retrotraqueal, que comprimía y deformaba la tráquea. Además presentaba osteomielitis del esternón. Fue intervenido mediante toracotomía derecha y se logró extirpar alrededor de 95 de la masa tumoral. El estudio radiofarmacológico posoperatorio no demostró captación del isótopo en el mediastino. Se hacen consideraciones sobre la indicación de la cirugía y las vías de abordaje utilizadas. Al momento de preparar este manuscrito (6 meses después de la operación) el paciente se encuentra bien, en espera del tratamiento definitivo de la estenosis traqueal isquémica(AU)

Patients with posterior mediastinal goiter should be subjected to surgical resection because of the possibility of affecting neibouring organs or developing malignacy. This paper presented the case of a patient that had been previously operated from a goiter with possible endothoracic prolongation but continued suffering tracheal compression. After a second failed transternal surgery, he was refered to our service with ischemic tracheal stenosis. The preoperative study showed a 10cm retrotracheal tumoral mass that pressed and distorted the trachea. He also had sternal osteomyelitis. Then, he underwent right thoracotomy and roughly 95 of the mass was removed. The post-surgical radiopharmacological study did not reveal isotope uptake in the mediastinum. Surgery indications and the ways of approach used in this case were considered. At the time of preparing this manuscript (6 months after surgery), the patient was in good condition and just waiting for definitive treatment of his ischemic tracheal stenosis(AU)

Prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer in 810 cases of surgically treated goiter in Yemen

In 1990, the World Health Organization [WHO] suggested that severe iodine deficiency exists in Yemen. Therefore, we looked at the prevalence of differentiated thyroid goiter in 810 cases consecutively treated by surgery for goiter. This was a retrospective study of 810 surgically operated cases of goiter over a 5-year period [1999- 2003]. All cases were evaluated on H and E stained sections from embedded, 10% buffered formalin fixed tissue blocks. Special stains and immunohistochemical analysis were done in Yemen and abroad. Most patients were older than 20 years of age and were from the high altitude areas [2000 to 2600 meters above sea level], where iodine deficiency disorders [IDD] are well documented. In the 810 cases, 729 [90%] were females and the remaining 81 [10%] were males, with female-to-male ratio of 9:1. Differentiated thyroid cancer [DTC] was found in 170 [21%] cases, including 148 [86.4%] females and 22 [13.6%] males. Nearly 60% of the cases were in the age group of 21-40 years. Papillary carcinoma was the most common type of DTC [164 cases, 96.5%]. In a Yemeni population, which has a high prevalence of iodine deficiency, 21% of patients operated on for nodular goiter without pre-operative fine needle aspiration biopsy had thyroid cancer, mostly of the papillary type. In this study, males and elderly patients with goiter had a higher chance of having malignancy

Estimation of Ionized calcium levels after thyroidectomy at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital [Jeddah]

To determine the incidence of hypocalcaemia and the need for calcium supplementation after thyroid surgery in a population of 120 cases. A retrospective study was carried out on 120 patients who underwent thyroidectomy at King Abdul Aziz University hospital from January 1999 to September 2003 to determine the incidence of hypocalcaemia by measuring ionized calcium level. The data included preoperative and postoperative ionized calcium, albumin, free thyroxin, thyrotopin and alkaline phosphatase levels. The medical notes were reviewed for age, gender, type of thyroidectomy and pathological characteristics of resected thyroid tissue and autotransplantion of the parathyroid gland. Treatment of postoperative hypocalcaemia and duration of treatment was recorded. Hypocalcaemia occurred in 15% [18] patients out of a total of 120 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. They had a significantly lower calcium level [1.78 +/- 0.054 compared to 85% [102] patients with normal calcium level]. Sixteen patients required calcium supplementation with or without oral vitamin D[3]. Three patients developed permanent hypoparathyroidism with PTH level of 23 pg/L. Two patients developed laryngeal stridor and were treated initially by intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate. It is more accurate and appropriate to measure or calculate ionized calcium level in post-thyroidectomy patients to avoid unnecessary calcium supplementation as a result of misdiagnosed hypocalcaemia due to measurement of total calcium alone