Inoculação de diferentes doses de Bradyrhizobium por cobertura e seu efeito na cultura da soja / Inoculation by different doses of Bradyrhizobium by side dressing and its effect on Soybean / Inoculación de diferentes dosis de Bradyrhizobium por cubierta y su efecto en la Cultura de la soja

A soja é a cultura que mais cresceu no Brasil, com grande destaque para o agronegócio. Sendo o nutriente mais requerido, o nitrogênio, torna se necessário muitas vezes a utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados e como uma alternativa sustentável, recomenda-se a inoculação com Bradyrhizobium realizando desse modo a fixação biológica de nitrogênio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os benefícios da inoculação de Bradyrhizobium na cultura da soja, pela pulverização em cobertura, na nodulação, no desenvolvimento das plantas e na produtividade. Foram conduzidos quatro tratamentos com design inteiramente casualizado e com quatro repetições, sendo tratamento 1 (controle) isento de pulverização, o segundo com pulverização de 500 mL ha­1, o terceiro de 1000 mL ha­1 e o quarto de 1500 mL ha­1 do inoculante com Bradyrhizobium. O número de sacas ha­1 com a inoculação de Bradyrhizobium por pulverização de 1500 mL ha­1 foi de 59 sacas. Reificouse ainda, aumentos significativos (p ≤ 0,05), sendo de 180,65 para número de nódulos, 4,44 g planta­1 para massa seca dos nódulos, 17,30 g planta­1 para massa seca das raízes e de 64,33 g planta­1 para massa seca da parte aérea em comparação com o tratamento controle, evidenciando o maior rendimento de soja para este tratamento. Conclui-se, portanto que a inoculação da soja com 1500 mL ha­1 de Bradyrhizobium em pulverização por cobertura, é a mais eficiente diante dos parâmetros testados no desenvolvimento e produção da soja.(AU)

The cultivation of soybean has presented the greatest increase in Brazil, with strong emphasis on agribusiness. Since nitrogen is the most required nutrient, nitrogen fertilizers are sometimes necessary. As a sustainable alternative, the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium is recommended, which can perform the biological fixation of nitrogen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of Bradyrhizobium inoculation in soybean crop, by spraying on its side dressing, nodulation, plant development and on productivity. Four treatments were carried out with a completely randomized design with four replications. The first treatment was left spray-free, the second was sprayed with 500 mL ha­1, the third with 1000 mL ha­1, and the fourth with 1500 mL ha­1 of the Bradyrhizobium inoculant. A total of 59 bags ha­1 were harvested with the application of the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium by spraying 1500 mL ha­1, and significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) were observed, namely 180.65 nodules, 4.44 g plant­1 for nodule dry matter, 17.30 g plant­1 for root dry matter, and 64.33 g plant­1 for shoot dry matter when compared to the control treatment, evidencing the higher soybean yield for this treatment. It can be concluded that the inoculation of soybean with 1500 mL ha­1 Bradyrhizobium in spray by side dressing is the most efficient in the tested parameters for the development and production of soybean.(AU)

La soja es la cultura que más creció en Brasil, con gran destaque para el agronegocio. Con el nutriente más requerido el nitrógeno, se hace necesario a menudo la utilización de fertilizantes nitrogenados y como una alternativa sostenible, se recomienda la inoculación con Bradyrhizobium realizando de ese modo la fijación biológica de nitrógeno. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los beneficios de la inoculación de Bradyrhizobium en el cultivo de la soja, la pulverización en cobertura, la nodulación, el desarrollo de las plantas y la productividad. Se realizaron cuatro tratamientos con diseño completamente casualizado y con cuatro repeticiones, siendo tratamiento 1 (control) exento de pulverización, el segundo con pulverización de 500 mL ha-1, el tercero de 1000 mL ha-1 y el cuarto de 1500 mL ha-1 del inoculante con Bradyrhizobium. El número de sacas ha-1 con la inoculación de Bradyrhizobium por pulverización de 1500 mL ha-1 fue de 59 sacas Se observaron también aumentos significativos (p ≤ 0,05), siendo de 180,65 para número de nódulos, 4,44 g planta-1 para masa seca de los nódulos, 17,30 g planta-1 para masa seca de las raíces y de 64,33 g planta-1 para masa seca de la parte aérea en comparación con el tratamiento control, evidenciando mayor rendimiento de soja para este tratamiento. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que la inoculación de la soja con 1500 mL ha-1 de Bradyrhizobium en pulverización por cubierta es la más eficiente, frente a los parámetros probados en el desarrollo y producción de la soja.(AU)

Interrogantes en la tecnología de la inoculación de semillas de soja con Bradyrhizobium spp / Queries related to the technology of soybean seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp

With the aim of exploiting symbiotic nitrogen fixation, soybean crops are inoculated with selected strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens or Bradyrhizobium elkanii (collectively referred to as Bradyrhizobium spp.). The most common method of inoculation used is seed inoculation, whether performed immediately before sowing or using preinoculated seeds or pretreated seeds by the professional seed treatment. The methodology of inoculation should not only cover the seeds with living rhizobia, but must also optimize the chances of these rhizobia to infect the roots and nodulate. To this end, inoculated rhizobia must be in such an amount and condition that would allow them to overcome the competition exerted by the rhizobia of the allochthonous population of the soil, which are usually less effective for nitrogen fixation and thus dilute the effect of inoculation on yield. This optimization requires solving some queries related to the current knowledge of seed inoculation, which are addressed in this article. I conclude that the aspects that require further research are the adhesion and survival of rhizobia on seeds, the release of rhizobia once the seeds are deposited in the soil, and the movement of rhizobia from the vicinity of the seeds to the infection sites in the roots

Con el fin de aprovechar la fijación simbiótica de nitrógeno, el cultivo de soja se inocula con cepas seleccionadas de Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens o Bradyrhizobium elkanii (conjuntamente referidas como Bradyrhizobium spp.). El método más común de hacerlo es la inoculación en semillas, ya sea que esta se realice en el momento previo a la siembra o que se utilicen semillas preinoculadas o pretratadas mediante el tratamiento profesional de semillas. La metodología de inoculación no debe limitarse a recubrir las semillas con rizobios vivos, sino que también debe optimizar las chances de esos rizobios para infectar las raíces y nodular. Para ello los rizobios inoculados deben estar en una cantidad y un estado tales que les permitan superar la competición ejercida por los rizobios de la población alóctona del suelo, los cuales usualmente son menos eficaces para la fijación de nitrógeno y así diluyen el efecto de la inoculación sobre el rendimiento. Esta optimización requiere resolver algunos interrogantes, que son abordados en el presente artículo. Concluyo que los aspectos que requieren más investigación son la adhesión y supervivencia de los rizobios en las semillas, la liberación de los rizobios una vez que las semillas se depositan en el suelo y el movimiento de los rizobios desde las inmediaciones de las semillas hasta los sitios de infección en las raíces

Genetic diversity of Rhizobia isolates from Amazon soils using cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as trap plant

The aim of this work was to characterize rhizobia isolated from the root nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants cultivated in Amazon soils samples by means of ARDRA (Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis) and sequencing analysis, to know their phylogenetic relationships. The 16S rRNA gene of rhizobia was amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using universal primers Y1 and Y3. The amplification products were analyzed by the restriction enzymes HinfI, MspI and DdeI and also sequenced with Y1, Y3 and six intermediate primers. The clustering analysis based on ARDRA profiles separated the Amazon isolates in three subgroups, which formed a group apart from the reference isolates of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The clustering analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the fast-growing isolates had similarity with Enterobacter, Rhizobium, Klebsiella and Bradyrhizobium and all the slow-growing clustered close to Bradyrhizobium.

Triple inoculation with Bradyrhizobium, Glomus and Paenibacillus on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) [L. ] walp. )development. (au)

The use of microorganisms to improve the availability of nutrients to plants is of great importance to agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of triple inoculation of cowpea with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and rhizobia to maximize biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and promote plant growth. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp cv. IPA 206). The treatments included inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. (BR 3267 and EI - 6) individually and as a mixture, an absolute control (AC) and mineral nitrogen control (NC), all combined with the presence or absence of native AMF (Glomus etunicatum) and PGPB (Paenibacillus brasilensis - 24) in a 5x2x2 factorial design. All treatments were replicated three times. Contrasts were performed to study the treatment of variables. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. (BR 3267 and EI - 6) and G. etunicatum favored nitrogen acquisition and phosphorus availability for the cowpea plants. Inoculation with P. brasilensis - 24 increased colonization by Bradyrhizobium sp. and G. etunicatum and promoted cowpea growth, while the nitrogen from symbiosis was sufficient to supply the plants nutritional needs.

Survival, nodulation and N2 fixation ability of root nodule bacteria under different nutritional regimes.

Eleven strains of Rhizobium and five strains of Bradyrhizobium were examined for their viability as well nodulation and nitrogen fixation ability after storage under different conditions for two years. The storage conditions comprised lateritic soil, lateritic soil plus 1% mannitol, lateritic soil plus 0.1% yeast extract, lateritic soil plus 1% mannitol and 0.1% yeast extract, organic soil, organic soil plus 1% mannitol, organic soil plus 0.1% yeast extract, organic soil plus 1% mannitol and 0.1% yeast extract, and sterile distilled water. All the slow growing strains showed better viability than the fast growing strains in any of these conditions. The survived strains maintained their nodulation ability about 50-60% after one year and 40-50% after two years of preservation as compared to control, but the nodulation ability in sterile distilled water was very poor. Acetylene reduction activity in the nodules was found to be 70-90% and 50-70% after 12 and 24 months of preservation, respectively. The strains retained their phenotypic characters like antibiotic resistance and salt tolerance up to their highest survivability in respective nutritional condition.

Efetividade do inoculante com Bradyrhizobium sp em diferentes substratos / Effectivenees of Bradyrhizobium sp inoculants on different substrates

Resumo: Objetivando determinar as condiçöes ideais para a sobrevivência e efetividade do Bradyrhizobium sp em substratos alternativos com diferentes potenciais matriciais, foi conduzido u experimento utilizando-se como veículo de inoculaçäo os substratos: diatomia, vinhaça, seca, vermiculita e composto urbano em relaçäo à turfa. A inoculaçäo foi procedida com a estirpe UMKL-58, selecionada em trabalhos anteriores. Os substratos foram submetidos aos m de -0,33, -1,0 e -3,00 bar e incubados por 240dias. Para a qualificaçäo dos veiculos foram feitos testes de sobrevivência da estirpe nos materiais utilizando-se os métodos de diluiçäo em placas e de infecçäo em plantas coma leguminosa cunhä (Clitoria ternatea L.) nos intervalos de 0, 12, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 e 240dias após a inoculaçäo, como também, avaliaçäo da eficiência da fixaçäo biológica do N2 em funçäo do veículo de inoculaçäo. Os resultados demonstram que o Bradyrhizobium sobreviveu melhor na diatomita submetida a m -3,0 bar e nos demais potenciais foi comparável a turfa. Para todos os veículos, observou-se que altos valores de m reduzirama taxa de sobrevivência da bactéria como também afetaram a qualidade do inóculo diminuindo a efetividade da estirpe (au)