El ultrasonido en el estudio del síndrome de codo doloroso: [revisión] / Ultrasound in the study of elbow pain syndrome: [review]

La ultrasonografía es una herramienta útil para la evaluación de las anormalidades del codo, especialmente aquellas relacionadas con artropatías inflamatorias, mecánicas y degenerativas, al deporte, con actividades repetitivas o con entesitis. Es una herramienta dinámica que permite evaluar tanto estructuras extraarticulares como los ligamentos, tendones, músculos, bursas, entesis, nervios y vasos, así como las estructuras intraarticulares como los recesos articulares, cartílagos y superficies óseas articuladas. El objetivo de esta revision es brindar una actualizacion del uso de este método de imagen en las patologías más frecuentes que afectan el codo.

Ultrasonography is a useful tool for evaluation of abnormalities of the elbow, especially those related to inflammatory arthritis, mechanical and degenerative diseases, sports with repetitive activities or enthesitis. It is a dynamic tool that provides an evaluation of extra-articular structures such as ligaments, tendons, muscles, bursas, enthesis, nerves and vessels, as well as intra-articular structures such as joint recess, cartilage and bone surfaces articulated. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the use of this method of image in the most common diseases that affect the elbow.

La ultrasonografía en el estudio de síndrome de hombro doloroso / Musculoskeletal ultrasound in the evaluation of the painful shoulder

El síndrome de hombro doloroso es una causa frecuente de consulta en la práctica clínica diaria. Su origen puede ser traumático, inflamatorio, degenerativo, infeccioso o tumoral. El abordaje diagnóstico implica un amplio conocimiento de la anatomía regional y la aplicación de maniobras clínicas y técnicas de imagen que conduzcan a un diagnóstico certero para la aplicación de un tratamiento óptimo en cada paciente. En los años recientes, el ultrasonido musculoesquelético ha demostrado ser una herramienta complementaria de altísima utilidad en el examen complementario de los pacientes con hombro doloroso, especialmente en el contexto de la práctica reumatológica. Revisaremos los principales hallazgos patológicos evaluados por esta técnica.

Painful shoulder syndrome is a frequent cause of daily clinical consultation. Its origin can be traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, infectious or tumor like. The boarding diagnosis implies an ample knowledge of the regional anatomy and the application of clinical and technical maneuvers of image that leads to an accurate diagnosis for the application of an optimal treatment in each patient. In the recent years, the musculoskeletal ultrasound has demonstrated to be a complementary tool of highest utility in the complementary examination of the patients with painful shoulder, especially in the context of the rheumatological practice. We will review the main pathological findings evaluated by this technique.

Qualidade de vida de paciente com capsulite adesiva / Quality of life of patient with adhesive capsulitis

Capsulite adesiva é uma condição clínica da articulação glenoumeral, caracterizada por dor, rigidez articular fibrosa de origem capsular, muitas vezes relacionada a períodos de desuso do ombro, de evolução arrastada, associada ou não a outras doenças. É freqüente causa de dor e incapacidade funcional, sendo que a dor é a queixa mais freqüente nas afecções músculo-esqueléticas e esta por sua vez leva a incapacidade física. A imobilidade física produz redução da capacidade funcional, desta forma a precocidade para iniciar os procedimentos fisioterapêuticos é imprescindível, uma vez que o exercício é o estímulo fisiológico específico que aumentam a capacidade funcional e revertem a hipotrofia por desuso e a fraqueza muscular, se a intensidade, freqüência e duração apropriada são aplicadas. Este relato de caso teve como objetivo mensurar o impacto da doença na qualidade de vida do paciente utilizando o questionário Medical Outcome Survey 36 e demonstrar que mesmo com o início da fisioterapia após a instalação da capsulite adesiva, ainda é possível reverter o quadro em longo prazo, bem como incentivar a precocidade da fisioterapia.

Adhesive capsulitis is a clinical condition of the glenohumeral articulation, characterized by pain, fibrous articular rigidity from capsular origin, mainly related to periods in which the shoulder was not being used, with slow evolution and associated or not to other diseases. Pain and functional incapability are frequent, being pain the most common complain in muscle-skeletal illness, leading to physical incapability. Physical immobility results in functional incapability, therefore the precociousness to initiate physical therapy is essential, once the exercise is a specific physiological stimulus that increases functional capability and reverts the hypotrophy caused by the disuse and the muscular weakness, if the intensity, the frequency and the apropriate duration are applied. This case report aims to measure the impact of the refered illness in the patient’s quality of life through the Medical Outcome Survey 36 and demonstrates that even with the beginning of the physical therapy after the arise of the adhesive capsulitis, it is still possible to revert the presented state in the long term, as well as to encourage precocious physical therapy.

Formações císticas epidurais relacionadas a bursite interespinhosa, cisto sinovial e cisto discal / Epidural cystic masses associated with interspinous bursitis, synovial and discal cysts

Os autores apresentam casos de cistos epidurais, dentre eles os cistos sinoviais, discais, do ligamento amarelo e relacionados a bursite interespinhosa, todas essas condições determinando compressão radicular, do saco dural ou estenose do canal vertebral. Descrevem as características de imagem e localização na ressonância magnética nessas diferentes afecções.

The authors describe some cases of epidural cysts, namely synovial, discal, ligamentum flavum cysts, and cysts secondary to interspinous bursitis, all of these conditions determining radicular, dural sac compression or spinal canal stenosis. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and localization of these entities are described.

Diabetic Cervical Radiculopathy with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder

The common form of diabetic neuropathy is symmetrical peripheral polyneuropathy, which involves the distal part of the lower extremities whereas diabetic amyotrophy is seen in the proximal part of the lower extremities. Although other regions may also be affected, the presence of upper extremity involvement has rarely been emphasized. Diabetic radiculopathy may involve the cervical region before, after, or concurrently with lumbosacral radiculopathy. We report 2 rare cases of diabetic radiculopathy which involves the cervical region without involving the lumbosacral region. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of diabetic radiculopathy involving the cervical region only. In our cases, severe adhesive capsulitis in a shoulder was noticed together with cervical radiculopathy. Both diabetic radiculopathy and adhesive capsulitis have a poorly understood pathogenesis and their combined presence is presumed to be rare. Clinical features and management of cervical radiculopathy with adhesive shoulder capsulitis in 2 diabetic patients is described.

Diabetic Cervical Radiculopathy with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder

The common form of diabetic neuropathy is symmetrical peripheral polyneuropathy, which involves the distal part of the lower extremities whereas diabetic amyotrophy is seen in the proximal part of the lower extremities. Although other regions may also be affected, the presence of upper extremity involvement has rarely been emphasized. Diabetic radiculopathy may involve the cervical region before, after, or concurrently with lumbosacral radiculopathy. We report 2 rare cases of diabetic radiculopathy which involves the cervical region without involving the lumbosacral region. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of diabetic radiculopathy involving the cervical region only. In our cases, severe adhesive capsulitis in a shoulder was noticed together with cervical radiculopathy. Both diabetic radiculopathy and adhesive capsulitis have a poorly understood pathogenesis and their combined presence is presumed to be rare. Clinical features and management of cervical radiculopathy with adhesive shoulder capsulitis in 2 diabetic patients is described.

Infecçäo osteoarticular em pacientes hemodialisados / Osteoarticular infection in hemodialysed patients

Sete casos de infecçäo osteoartricular em pacientes em tratamento de reposiçäo da funçäo por hemodiálise crônica säo apresentados. Seis deles apresentaram artrite séptica e o outro uma osteomielite da coluna lombar. Os enfermos haviam completado, por ocasiäo da intercorrência infecciosa, de 1 a 12 anos em diálise. Foram acometidas articulaçöes sinoviais e fibrocartilaginosas. Staphylococcus aureus e bactérias Gram-negativas foram os agentes etiológicos isolados. Revisäo da literatura é apresentada