Effect of phyllanthus niruri on metabolic parameters of patients with kidney stone: a perspective for disease prevention

ABSTRACT Phyllanthus niruri (P.niruri) or stone breaker is a plant commonly used to reduce stone risk, however, clinical studies on this issue are lacking. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the effect of P. niruri on the urinary metabolic parameters of patients with urinary lithiasis. Materials and Methods: We studied 56 patients with kidney stones <10mm. Clinical, metabolic, and ultrasonography assessment was conducted before (baseline) the use of P. niruri infusion for 12-weeks (P. niruri) and after a 12-week (wash out) Statistical analysis included ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's/McNemar's test for categorical variables. Significance was set at 5%. Results: Mean age was 44±9.2 and BMI was 27.2±4.4kg/m2. Thirty-six patients (64%) were women. There were no significant changes in all periods for anthropometric and several serum measurements, including total blood count, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, urine volume and pH; a significant increase in urinary potassium from 50.5±20.4 to 56.2±21.8 mg/24-hour (p=0.017); magnesium/creatinine ratio 58±22.5 to 69.1±28.6mg/gCr24-hour (p=0.013) and potassium/creatinine ratio 39.3±15.1 to 51.3±34.7mg/gCr24-hour (p=0.008) from baseline to wash out. The kidney stones decreased from 3.2±2 to 2.0±2per patient (p<0.001). In hyperoxaluria patients, urinary oxalate reduced from 59.0±11.7 to 28.8±16.0mg/24-hour (p=0.0002), and in hyperuricosuria there was a decrease in urinary uric acid from 0.77±0.22 to 0.54±0.07mg/24-hour (p=0.0057). Conclusions: P.niruri intake is safe and does not cause significant adverse effects on serum metabolic parameters. It increases urinary excretion of magnesium and potassium caused a significant decrease in urinary oxalate and uric acid in patients with hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria. The consumption of P.niruri contributed to the elimination of urinary calculi.

Influence of nutritional status, laboratory parameters and dietary patterns upon urinary acid excretion in calcium stone formers / Influência do estado nutricional e dos parâmetros laboratoriais e dietéticos sobre a excreção urinária ácida em pacientes portadores de litíase cálcica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are associated with low urinary pH and represent risk factors for nephrolithiasis, especially composed by uric acid. Acidogenic diets may also contribute to a reduction of urinary pH. Propensity for calcium oxalate precipitation has been shown to be higher with increasing features of the MS. Objective: A retrospective evaluation of anthropometric and body composition parameters, MS criteria and the dietary patterns of overweight and obese calcium stone formers and their impact upon urinary pH and other lithogenic parameters was performed. Methods: Data regarding anthropometry, body composition, serum and urinary parameters and 3-days dietary records were obtained from medical records of 102(34M/68F) calcium stone formers. Results: A negative correlation was found between urinary pH, waist circumference and serum uric acid levels (males). The endogenous production of organic acids (OA) was positively correlated with triglycerides levels and number of features of MS (males), and with glucose, uric acid and triglycerides serum levels, and number of features of MS (females). No significant correlations were detected between Net Acid Excretion (NAE) or Potential Renal Acid Load of the diet with any of the assessed parameters. A multivariate analysis showed a negative association between OA and urinary pH. Conclusion: The endogenous production of OA and not an acidogenic diet were found to be independently predictive factors for lower urinary pH levels in calcium stone formers. Hypercalciuric and/or hyperuricosuric patients presented higher OA levels and lower levels of urinary pH.

RESUMO Introdução: A obesidade e a Síndrome Metabólica (SM) se associam a pH urinário ácido e representam fatores de risco para litíase renal, especialmente a úrica. Dietas acidogênicas também podem contribuir para a redução do pH urinário. Já foi demonstrado maior risco de precipitação de oxalato de cálcio em proporção aos critérios de SM. Objetivo: Avaliar retrospectivamente o impacto de parâmetros antropométricos, composição corporal, critérios de SM e padrão alimentar sobre o pH urinário e outros parâmetros litogênicos em pacientes com sobrepeso e obesos com litíase cálcica. Métodos: Foram coletados dados de antropometria, composição corporal, exames séricos e urinários, e registros alimentares (3 dias) de 102 (34M/68F) pacientes com litíase cálcica. Resultados: O pH urinário se correlacionou negativamente com a circunferência da cintura e ácido úrico sérico (homens). A produção endógena de ácidos orgânicos (AO) se correlacionou positivamente com os triglicérides séricos e o número de critérios de SM (homens), e com glicemia, ácido úrico, triglicérides e número de critérios para SM (mulheres). Não se observaram correlações significantes entre a excreção renal líquida de ácidos (NAE) e o potencial de carga ácida renal (PRAL) da dieta com nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Na análise de regressão multivariada, os AO apresentaram associação negativa significante com o pH urinário. Conclusão: A produção endógena de AO, e não um padrão de dieta acidogênica, foi o fator determinante independente para menores níveis de pH urinário em pacientes com litíase cálcica. Pacientes com hipercalciúria e/ou hiperuricosúria apresentaram maiores valores de AO e menores de pH urinário.

Kidney stones: composition, frequency and relation to metabolic diagnosis

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most frequent urologic diseases. The aim of this paper is to study the composition and frequency of 8854 patient kidney stones and in a subset of them their metabolic risk factors to be related to their type of calculi. Physicochemical and crystallographic methods were used to assess kidney stone composition. In a subset of 715 patients, we performed an ambulatory metabolic protocol with diagnostic purposes. From the total sample 79% of stones were made of calcium salts (oxalate and phosphate), followed by uric acid stones in 16.5%, calcium salts and uric acid in 2%, other salts in 1.9% and cystine in 0.6%. Male to female ratio was almost three times higher in calcium salts and other types of stones, reaching a marked male predominance in uric acid stones, M/F 18.8 /1.0. The major risk factors for calcium stones are idiopathic hypercalciuria, followed by unduly acidic urine pH and hyperuricosuria. In uric acid stones unduly acidic urine pH and less commonly hyperuricosuria are the most frequent biochemical diagnosis. Our results show that analysis of kidney stones composition and the corresponding metabolic diagnosis may provide a scientific basis for the best management and prevention of kidney stone formation, as well as it may help us to study the mechanisms of urine stone formation.

La litiasis renal es una de las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la composición y frecuencia de 8854 cálculos renales y evaluar en un subgrupo de ellos la relación de los factores de riesgo metabólicos con el tipo de cálculo hallado. Se utilizaron métodos fisicoquímicos y cristalográficos para evaluar la composición de los cálculos renales. En un subgrupo de 715 pacientes, se pudo realizar un protocolo metabólico ambulatorio con fines diagnóstico. De la muestra total, 79.0% de los cálculos fueron de sales de calcio (oxalato y fosfato), seguido por cálculos de ácido úrico en 16.5%, sales de calcio y ácido úrico en 2.0%, otras sales en 1.9% y cistina en 0.6%. La relación hombre/mujer fue casi tres veces mayor en las sales de calcio y otros tipos de cálculos, alcanzando un marcado predominio en varones con cálculos de ácido úrico, M/F 18.8/1.0. Los principales factores de riesgo para los cálculos de calcio fueron la hipercalciuria idiopática, seguida del pH urinario excesivamente ácido y la hiperuricosuria. En los cálculos de ácido úrico el pH urinario excesivamente ácido y con menor frecuencia la hiperuricosuria fueron los diagnósticos más frecuentes. Nuestros resultados muestran que el análisis de la composición de los cálculos renales y el correspondiente diagnóstico metabólico pueden proporcionar una base científica para el mejor manejo y prevención en la formación de cálculos renales, así como que nos puede ayudar a estudiar los mecanismos de formación de los mismos.

Effect of biomolecules from human renal matrix of calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaOx) stones on in vitro calcium phosphate crystallization

PURPOSE: Investigate the activity of high and low molecular weight biomolecules present in the matrix of human calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones not only on the initial mineral phase formation of calcium and phosphate (CaP) but also on its growth and demineralization of the preformed mineral phase. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgically removed renal stones were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and only CaOx stones were extracted with 0.05M EGTA, 1 mM PMSF and 1 percent ß-mercaptoethanol. Renal CaOx stone extract was separated into > 10 kDa and < 10 kDa fractions by dialysis. Activity of both the fractions along with whole extract was studied on the three mineral phases of CaP assay system. RESULTS: It was interesting to observe that both high and low molecular weight biomolecules extracted from human renal matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones exhibited different roles in the three mineral phases of CaP. Whole extract exhibited inhibitory activity in all the three assay systems; however, mixed (stimulatory and inhibitory) activity was exhibited by the > 10 kDa and < 10 kDa fractions. SDS-PAGE analysis showed bands of 66 kDa, 80 kDa, 42 kDa in whole EGTA extract lane and > 10 kDa fraction lane. CONCLUSION: Both high and low molecular weight biomolecules extracted from human renal matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones have a significant influence on calcium and phosphate (CaP) crystallization.

Evaluación metabólica y nutricional en litiasis renal / Metabolic and nutritional evaluation in nephrolithiasis

Los pacientes con litiasis renal requieren de investigaciones para identificar las condiciones médicas subyacentes y otras anomalías metabólicas predisponentes. Los resultados de estas investigaciones se utilizan para guiar el tratamiento preventivo. La profundidad del estudio necesario depende de varios factores, incluyendo la edad, la historia clínica de la persona y el número y la frecuencia de los cálculos. Una variedad de factores dietéticos y metabólicos pueden contribuir o causar la formación de litiasis renal. Los factores dietéticos incluyen una alta ingesta de proteínas animales, oxalato y sodio, y una baja ingesta de líquidos y de productos cítricos que contienen potasio. Las alteraciones metabólicas más frecuentemente asociadas a litiasis son la hipercalciuria, la hipocitraturia, la gota, la hiperoxaluria y la hiperuricosuria. Las modificaciones en la dieta deben aplicarse en todos los pacientes con litiasis renal, y consisten en una elevada ingesta de líquidos, la restricción de oxalato y sodio, una dieta balanceada en proteínas animalesy complementadas por una ingesta adecuada de frutas y verduras. Cuando las modificaciones en la dieta no son suficientes en prevenir la formación de litiasis o en la presencia de alteraciones metabólicas importantes, es necesaria una intervención farmacológica especifica.

People who form kidney stones require investigations to identify underlying medical conditions and to detect other predisposing metabolic abnormalities. The results of these investigations can also be used to help guide therapy to prevent future stone formation. The extent of testing required dependson several factors including age and medical history of the person and the number and frequency of stones. A variety of dietary and metabolic factors may contribute or cause stone formation in nephrolithiasis. Dietary factors include a high intake of animal proteins, oxalate and sodium, and a low intake of fluids and potassium containing citrus products. Some of the metabolic causes of stones are hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, gout, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria. Dietary modification, to be applied in all patients with stones includes a high fluid intake, restriction of oxalate and sodium, and balanced diet with animal proteins complemented by adequate intake of fruits and vegetables. When dietary modification is ineffective in controlling stone formation or in the presence of severe metabolic derangements, a pharmacologic intervention may be necessary.

Metabolic investigation of patients with staghorn calculus: is it necessary?

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic disorders in patients with staghorn calculi treated at the Regional Center of Lithiasis Metabolic Studies in central region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Materials and methods: Between February 2000 and February 2008, 630 patients with urinary calculi were evaluated in the lithiasis outpatient clinic. Thirty-seven of them had staghorn calculi (35 women and 2 men). The inclusion criteria for the metabolic investigation included the absence of urological manipulation 30 days before the examination, negative urine culture and creatinine clearance > 60 mL/min. The protocol for metabolic investigation consisted of qualitative search for cystinuria. Two non-consecutive 24-hour urine samples collected to measure calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, sodium, potassium, magnesium, oxalate and citrate, and serum calcium levels , phosphorus, uric acid, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, parathormone and urine pH. Results: Among patients with lithiasis, 5.9 percent (37/ 630) had staghorn calculus and in 48.6 percent (18/37) were diagnosed with urinary infection. The females were predominant for 94.5 percent of cases. The calculi were unilateral in 31 of cases and bilateral in six. Metabolic abnormalities were found in 68.2 percent of patients with hypercalciuria (64.2 percent) and hypocitraturia (53.3 percent) being the most common disorders. Conclusions: The presence of metabolic disorders in nearly 70 percent of patients with staghorn calculus reinforces the necessity for evaluation of these patients. The diagnosis and treatment of identified metabolic abnormalities can contribute to the prevention of recurrent staghorn calculi.

Renal stone disease: causes, evaluation and medical treatment / Calculose renal: causas, avaliação e tratamento médico

The purpose of the present review is to provide an update about the most common risk factors or medical conditions associated with renal stone formation, the current methods available for metabolic investigation, dietary recommendations and medical treatment. Laboratory investigation of hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, hypocitraturia, renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection and reduction of urinary volume is based on the results of 24-hr urine collection and a spot urine for urinary sediment, culture and pH. Blood analysis for creatinine, calcium and uric acid must be obtained. Bone mineral density has to be determined mainly among hypercalciurics and primary hyperparathyroidism has to be ruled out. Current knowledge does not support calcium restriction recommendation because it can lead to secondary hyperoxaluria and bone demineralization. Reduction of animal protein and salt intake, higher fluid intake and potassium consumption should be implemented. Medical treatments involve the use of thiazides, allopurinol, potassium citrate or other drugs according to the metabolic disturbances. The correction of those metabolic abnormalities is the basic tool for prevention or reduction of recurrent stone formation.

O propósito desta revisão é apresentar uma atualização sobre os fatores de risco ou condições médica comuns associadas com a formação de cálculos renais, os métodos atualmente disponíveis para investigação metabólica, recomendações dietéticas e tratamento médico. A investigação laboratorial para hipercalciúria, hiperuricosuria, hiperoxalúria, cistinúria, hipocitratúria, acidose tubular renal, infecção do trato urinário e redução do volume urinário, é baseada nos resultados das coleções de urina de 24h e amostra isolada para sedimento urinário, cultura e pH. Deve-se obter análises sanguíneas para creatinina, cálcio e ácido úrico. Deve-se determinar a densidade mineral óssea especialmente entre pacientes hipercalciúricos, e o hiperparatiroidismo primário deve ser excluído. O conhecimento atual não endossa as recomendações de restrição de cálcio, já que isto pode levar o hiperaxalúria secundária e desmineralização óssea. Redução da ingesta de proteína animal e de sal deve ser implementada junto com aumento da ingesta de líquidos e do consumo de potássio. Tratamento medicamentoso envolve o uso de tiazídicos, alopurinol, citrato de potássio ou outras drogas, conforme o distúrbio metabólico. A correção dessas anormalidades metabólicas é o instrumento básico para a prevenção ou redução da formação recorrente de cálculos.

Litiasis renal: modificaciones bioquimicas durante el seguimiento / Renal lithiasis: biochemical changes in the follow-up

Con el objeto de evaluar si se producen modificaciones bioquímicas durante el seguimiento de pacientesnefrolitiásicos, se estudiaron 237 pacientes (115 mujeres y 122 hombres con una edad promediode 39 ± 8 y 42 ± 7 años respectivamente) controlados durante 23.7 ± 19.3 meses. A todos se les realizó un estudio metabólico de litiasis renal inicial y como mínimo uno o más posteriormente con las mismas características que el basal. No fueron incluidos pacientes con los diagnósticos de riñón en esponja, acidosis renotubular, hiperparatiroidismo primario, malformaciones renales o infecciones urinarias. Del total de pacientes, 139 (Grupo I) presentaron en el seguimiento una modificación metabólica no evidenciada en el estudio inicial, mientras que 98 (Grupo II) no. El tiempo de seguimiento de los primeros, no fue significativamente diferente de aquellos que no modificaron el diagnóstico basal. Las alteraciones bioquímicas agregadas más frecuentes fueron, hipocitraturia en el 43.1%, hipercalciuria idiopática en 20.8% y alteraciones del ácido úrico en 16.5%. De 110 pacientes seguidos más de 3 años, 37 (33%) recurrieron. De éstos, 25 (23%) modificaron el diagnóstico metabólico basal vs. 12 (11%) que mantuvieron el mismo diagnóstico (p < 0.002). Cambios en las alteraciones bioquímicas fueron observados con frecuencia en el seguimiento de pacientes con nefrolitiasis. Estos cambios no se asocian necesariamente a la dieta o a las drogas administradas. La hipocitraturia fue el diagnóstico bioquímico más frecuentemente agregado. Observamos mayor recurrencia en aquellos que modificaron el diagnóstico inicial y cuya modificación no fue corregida durante el seguimiento.

With the aim of assessing if biochemicalchanges occur in the follow up of patients with renal lithiasis, 237 patients were studied (115 womenand 122 men, mean age 39 ± 8 and 42 ± 7 years, respectively) and controlled during 27.3 ± 19.3 months. All ofthem had previously undergone metabolic evaluations at baseline and one or more than one control studies afterwards. Patients with a diagnosis of sponge kidney, renal tubular acidosis, primary hyperparathyroidism, anatomical malformations of the urinary tract, or urinary infections were not included. Two populations were identified: those who presented changes in the baseline diagnosis (139 patients, Group I) and those who presentedno changes (98 patients, Group II). In these groups, no differences were observed in baseline metabolic diagnoses or in the follow-up period. Hypocitraturia was the additional diagnosis most frequently observed (43.1%), followed by Idiopatic hypercalciuria (20.8%) and abnormalities of uric acid (16.5%). In the group of 110 patients followed up for more than 3 years, 37 patients recurred (33%). Among the latter, 25 (23%) changed the baseline metabolic diagnosis vs. 12 (11%) that maintained the same diagnosis (p < 0.002). Changes in metabolic disorders were frequently observed in the follow up of patients with nephrolithiasis. These changes are not necessarily associated with the diet indicated or drug treatment. Hypocitraturia was the additional metabolic disorder mostfrequently found. In general, there is a higher recurrence rate in those patients who present changes in their biochemical parameters and undergo no treatment.

Changes in erythrocyte contents of potassium, sodium and magnesium and Na, K-pump activity after the administration of potassium and magnesium salts.

Low potassium and magnesium status and decreased Na, K-pump activity is an endemic condition among rural Northeast Thais. The authors examined the effect of supplementing potassium and magnesium on erythrocyte potassium, sodium and magnesium content and on Na, K-pump activity. Rural Northeast Thai renal stone patients (62) were recruited, divided into four groups and supplemented for one month with potassium chloride (Group1, n = 16), potassium-sodium citrate (Group2, n = 15), chelated magnesium (Group 3, n =16) and potassium-magnesium citrate (Group 4, n =15) in order to achieve 40 mmol potassium, 10 mmol magnesium and 60 mmol citrate daily. After supplementation with potassium (Groups 1, 2 and 4), plasma potassium and Na, K-pump activity rose significantly in Groups 1, 2 and 4, but erythrocyte potassium rose only in Groups 2 and 4. When supplementing elemental magnesium (Groups 3 and 4), the chelated magnesium caused a significant increase in plasma potassium, erythrocyte potassium, sodium and magnesium without a significant increase in Na, K-pump activity. By contrast, potassium-magnesium citrate caused a significant increase in erythrocyte potassium and magnesium and Na, K-pump activity, but depressed erythrocyte sodium. These results suggest the forms of potassium and /or magnesium salts being supplemented should be considered because they affect erythrocyte potassium, sodium and magnesium content and Na, K-pump activity differently.

Quantificação do stone clinic effect em pacientes com nefrolitíase / Quantification of the stone clinic effect in patients with nephrolithiasis

O termo stone clinic effect refere-se ao efeito do aumento da ingestão hídrica e aconselhamento dietético na evolução clínica da doença calculosa renal. OBJETIVO: O nosso objetivo foi quantificar esta variável em pacientes portadores de nefrolitíase. MÉTODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes (11 mulheres e 14 homens; 47,64±10,55 anos) com nefrolitíase recorrente foram acompanhados com consultas trimestrais por um ano. Orientações sobre aumento da ingestão hídrica, diminuição do consumo de sal e proteína foram rotineiramente fornecidas. Nenhum paciente foi submetido à terapia farmacológica. Foram coletados no início (S1) e no final do seguimento (S2) os seguintes parâmetros: atividade clínica e radiológica da doença litiásica, urina de 24 horas com dosagem de creatinina, cálcio, sódio, ácido úrico, citrato, oxalato e magnésio. A supersaturação (SS) para o oxalato de cálcio foi calculada pelo índice de Tiselius. RESULTADOS: Onze (44 por cento) pacientes apresentaram hipocitratúria, nove (36 por cento) hipercalciúria e cinco (20 por cento) hiperuricosúria. Houve aumento do volume urinário (1903±811 vs 2381±919 ml/dia, p<0,05) e diminuição significativa na SS urinária (1,13±0,8 vs 0,6±0,2, p<0,01). O número de cálculos formados foi menor quando comparado com o mesmo período de seguimento pré-estudo (S1=2,04±1,51 vs S2= 0,72±0,23 cálculos, p<0,001). Não houve formação ou crescimento de cálculos preexistentes em 20 dos 25 pacientes (80 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: O stone clinic effect diminuiu significativamente a SS urinária para o oxalato de cálcio e a ocorrência de novos cálculos em 80 por cento dos pacientes durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento.

Enhancement of dissolution rate, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and study the effect of renal impairment on the absorption of ethoxazine hydrochloride

In this study, coprecipitation and fusion techniques were applied to prepare ethoxazene hydrochloride solid dispersion using different polymers viz PVP'S [PVP K90, PVP K25 and PVP K17] and PEG'S [PEG 6000, PEG 4000 and PEG 1500] in the concentration of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 drug polymer ratio. A dissolution testing of the drug with the previously mentioned polymers was carried out in 0.1 N HCl. A kinetic treatment of the dissolution data of ethoxazene hydrochloride was carried out. The mechanism of the possible drug-polymer interaction was studied using ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. Dispersion of the drug into a matrix either by fusion or coprecipitation techniques led to an increase in the dissolution rate and extent of the drug. The kinetic treatment of the dissolution rate of ethoxazene hydrochloride showed that the dissolution followed first order kinetics. Ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that there was no complex or any interaction between the drug and any of the used polymers. The enhancement of the dissolution rate of the drug was due to an increased solubility of the drug in the dissolution layer, reduction in the particle size and high-energy solid formation of the drug

Nutritional potassium status of healthy adult males residing in the rural northeast Thailand.

Sixteen villages from rural areas of 8 provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand were randomly selected as study sites. Data on potassium (K) contents in 24-hour urine and serum samples of 93 healthy adult volunteer males aged 20-50 years old were completely collected and covered all 3 seasons of the year. The method of direct weighing of food was used to assess K intake in 13 subjects. K loss through sweat during working (9 hours) in the field was measured in 14 subjects by soaking their worn-clothes in distilled water after which K contents were measured by the flame photometry method. The results showed that the means urinary K excretion of 93 subjects were less than that of the cut-off value for normal (> or = 30 mmol/day) in all seasons of which 76.71%, 90.71% and 81.02% of the urine were categorized as hypokaliuria in the hot, rainy and cold seasons, respectively. In the case of serum K of these subjects, though the mean values were within a normal limit (> or = 3.5 mmol/l), 36.56%, 34.41% and 29.03% of the serum were classified as hypokalemia in the hot, rainy and cold seasons, respectively. In the assessment of K intake, it was clearly demonstrated that the values in all 3 seasons were much lower than that of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADI) of K for the westerners (1975-5625 mg/day), i.e., the means of intake in the hot, rainy and cold seasons were only 807 +/- 172, 877 +/- 257 and 902 +/- 227 mg/day, respectively. Furthermore, K loss through sweat in the cold and the hot seasons were as high as a third (7.4 +/- 2.4 mmol/day) and a half (11.5 +/- 1.6 mmol/day), respectively, of the urinary excretion. Though the total body K contents were not evaluated in this study, our results suggest rural people in the northeast region of Thailand may be in a state of K deficiency. The severity is probably worsened in the hot season as seen from the tendency of decrease in serum K levels among 650 renal stone formers and 260 blood donors in this season.

Evaluacion metabolica ante el primer episodio de litiasis renal / Metabolic evaluation before of the first renal lithiasis episode

Existen pocas dudas acerca de la necesidad de estudiar en forma exhaustiva a todo paciente con litiasis renal recurrente. Sin embargo, es controvertida la conducta a adoptar ante el primer episodio. Por tal motivo nos propusimos responder a una serie de interrogantes al cabo de los cuales formularemos nuestro propio criterio. ?Cuál es la recurrencia luego del primer cálculo formado? ?Tienen la misma alteración alteración metabólica el recurrente que aquel que tuvo su primer episodio? ?Son similares los antecedentes familiares an ambos grupos de nefrolitiásicos? ?Cuál es el grado de morbilidad en ambos grupos? ?Son los estudios metabólicos de difícil realización? Luego de responder estos interrogantes con datos aportados por 200 de nuestros pacientes (100 LP y 100LR) y una revisión de la literatura, creemos que tanto los pacientes con un primer episodio como los recurrentes corresponden a una misma población, detectados en diferentes momentos evolutivos. Basándonos en esto, proponemos la siguiente conducta: 1) todo paciente con litiasis renal debe ser estudiado desde el punto de vista metabólico desde su primer espisodio; 2) el estudio metabólico inicial debe ser lo más exhaustivo posible con la finalidad de adecuar una terapéutica específica; 3) las posibilidades de encontrar una alteración metabólica pasible de ser tratada con éxito superan el 90 por ciento

Metabolic factors for urolithiasis in acromegalic patients

Acromegaly is associated with metabolic disturbances of calcium and phosphorus which can also contribute to renal lithogenesis. In order to characterize these disturbances more precisely, an oral calcium load test was performed on 14 active acromegalic patients. Serum and urinary levels of calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, creatinine and urinary cyclic AMP were determined. Of the 14 patients, 5 (36%) presented hypercalciuria, 5 (36%) presented intestinal calciumhyperabsorption and 6 (43%) had uric acid hyperexcretion. Two patients (14%) presented nephrolithiasis. The medical records of 32 additional acromegalic patients with or without active disease were reviewed for a history of previous stones, which was observed in three cases (9.5%). The present data suggest that nephrolithiasis occurs more frequently among acromegalic patients because of the underlying metabolic disturbances of calcium presented by this population

O ácido úrico e a litíase renal / Uric acid and nephrolithiasis

Foram observados 197 pacientes portadores de cálculo renal, divididos em 2 grupos: 1§ Grupo: pacientes de cálculos näo urícos; e 2§ Grupo: pacientes com cálculos de ácido úrico. Todos, exceto um, pertencente ao segundo grupo, foram avaliados metabolicamente. No 1§ grupo, 50 dos 172 pacientes foram portadores de hiperuricosúria associada a hipercalcalciúria em 14 casos. No 2§ grupo, 24 dos 25 pacientes foram avaliados metabolicamente. Foi encontrada liríase idiopática em 2 pacientes, hiperuricosúria sem hiperuricemia em 12 casos e hiperuricosúria com hiperuricemia em 10 casos

Estudo metabolico dos pacientes com nefrolitiase em Uberlandia, MG / Metabolic study in patients with nephrolithiasis in Uberlandia, MG

Os autores estudaram 170 adultos e 29 criancas com nefrolitiase e encontraram respectivamente em 62,8 por cento e 72,8 por cento dos pacientes alteracoes metabolicas relacionadas a etiopatogenese dos calculos renais. Concluem que estas avaliacoes devem ser feitas rotineiramente e que os fatores responsaveis pela litiase renal encontrados em nosso meio assemelham-se aqueles detectados em outras regioes

Induction of lipid peroxidation in calcium oxalate stone formation.

The function of lipid peroxidation and the anti-peroxidative enzymes of rat liver and kidney were investigated under hyperoxaluric and stone forming conditions. The experimental animals showed higher malondialdehyde content in liver and kidney than that of control. A significant increase in malondialdehyde release was observed in the experimental liver or kidney when incubated with either ferrous sulphate or hydrogen peroxide compared to that of control liver or kidney. Superoxide dismutase activity was not affected in the hyperoxaluric rats while there was a moderate increase in the stone forming rats when compared to control. Highly significant decrease in catalase activity was observed in both conditions in liver and kidney compared to control.