Helminth parasites in two populations of Astronotus ocellatus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from the eastern Amazon, Northern Brazil / Helmintos parasitos em duas populações de Astronotus ocellatus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) da Amazônia oriental, Norte do Brasil

Abstract This study compared the structure of helminth parasite communities in two populations of Astronotus ocellatus from two localities in Pará State, eastern Amazon (Brazil). Hosts from the Tapajós River were infected by Posthodiplostomum sp. metacercarie, larvae of Contracaecum sp. and Pseudoproleptus sp., with predominance of Contracaecum sp. Hosts from Iara Lake were infected by Procamallanus spiculastriatus, Proteocephalus sp. and Acanthocephala gen. sp., with predominance of P. spiculastriatus. Parasites had an aggregated dispersion and there were differences in Shannon diversity index and the evenness between both host populations, because the parasite component community showed no similarity. The existence of variation in infracommunity and community of parasites for A. ocellatus from different localities indicates the presence of an uneven distribution in terms of species and density of parasites, as well as of intermediate hosts in the localities surveyed.

Resumo Este estudo comparou a estrutura das comunidades de helmintos parasitos em duas populações de Astronotus ocellatus de duas localidades do Estado do Pará, leste da Amazônia brasileira. Hospedeiros do rio Tapajós foram infectados por Posthodiplostomum sp. metacercarie, larvas de Contracaecum sp. e Pseudoproleptus sp., com predomínio de Contracaecum sp. Hospedeiros do lago Iara foram infectados por Procamallanus spiculastriatus, Proteocephalus sp. e Acanthocephala gen. sp., com predomínio de P. spiculastriatus. Os parasitos tiveram uma dispersão agregada e houve diferenças no índice de diversidade de Shannon e na uniformidade entre as duas populações hospedeiras, porque a comunidade de componentes dos parasitos não mostrou similaridade. A existência de variação nas infracomunidades e comunidades de parasitos para uma mesma espécie hospedeira de diferentes localidades indica a presença de uma distribuição desigual em termos de espécies e densidade de parasitos em A. ocellatus, bem como de hospedeiros intermediários nas localidades pesquisadas.

Species or population? Systematic status of Vieja coatlicue (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Pacific and Atlantic-slope rivers of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico contain two cichlid species of the genus Vieja relevant to the current study, V. zonata and V. coatlicue, respectively. The Atlantic-slope species was initially considered a population of uncertain taxonomic status and recently described as a distinct species based on three putatively diagnostic morphological characters. The objective of this study was to combine new and existing genetic data, along with reanalysis of morphological characters, to test the distinctiveness of V. coatlicue. Little genetic variability and no geographic structuring were recovered. Additionally, putatively diagnostic morphological character states were present across both species, failing to separate the forms. The synthesis of molecular and morphological data supports the recognition of V. coatlicue as a junior synonym of V. zonata.(AU)

Dos especies del género Vieja se encuentran distribuidas a lo largo Istmo de Tehuantepec en México; V. zonata se distribuye en los ríos de la vertiente del Pacífico y V. coatlicue en los ríos de la vertiente del Atlántico. La especie que se distribuye en la vertiente del Atlántico era considerada como una población de estado taxonómico incierto, pero recientemente fue descrita como nueva especie en base a tres caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue utilizar datos moleculares nuevos con datos moleculares previamente publicados en combinación con una reanálisis de los caracteres morfológicos para testear la validez taxonómica de la especie V. coatlicue. Nuestros análisis moleculares no recobran estructura geográfica y además muestran baja variabilidad genética. Además, los tres caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos se encontraron presentes en individuos de ambas especies, nuestro trabajo sugiere que estos caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos no proven información que permita separar a las formas que se distribuyen en la vertiente del Pacífico y la vertiente del Atlántico. Nuestra síntesis de datos moleculares y morfológicos provee evidencia para reconocer a V. coatlicue como una sinónima mas reciente de V. zonata.(AU)

Long-wavelength sensitive opsin (LWS) gene variability in Neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

ABSTRACT Cichlid fishes are an important group in evolutionary biology due to their fast speciation. This group depends widely of vision for feeding and reproduction. During the evolutionary process it plays a significant role in interspecific and intraspecific recognition and in its ecology. The molecular basis of vision is formed by the interaction of the protein opsin and retinal chromophore. Long-wavelength sensitive opsin (LWS) gene is the most variable among the opsin genes and it has an ecological significance. Current assay identifies interspecific variation of Neotropical cichlids that would modify the spectral properties of the LWS opsin protein and codons selected. Neotropical species present more variable sites for LWS gene than those of the African lakes species. The LWS opsin gene in Crenicichla britskii has a higher amino acid similarity when compared to that in the African species, but the variable regions do not overlap. Neotropical cichlids accumulate larger amounts of variable sites for LWS opsin gene, probably because they are spread over a wider area and submitted to a wider range of selective pressures by inhabiting mainly lotic environments. Furthermore, the codons under selection are different when compared to those of the African cichlids.

Diversity of parasites in wild Astronotus ocellatus (Perciformes, Cichlidae), an ornamental and food fish in Brazil

ABSTRACT The community composition of parasites was characterized in Astronotus ocellatus from a tributary of the Amazon River, northern Brazil. The prevalence was 87.9%, and a total of 526,052 parasites were collected, with a mean of 15,941 parasites per host. Nine taxa of ecto- and endo-parasites were identified, but Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the dominant species, while Piscinoodinium pillulare, Clinostomum marginatum and Argulus multicolor were the least prevalent parasites. The parasite community was characterized by a low species richness, low diversity and low evenness. Host body size was not found to influence the composition of the parasite community, and there was no significant correlation between abundance of any parasite species and host body size. Papers published concerning the presence of parasites in this host in different hydrographic basins within Brazil indicate that 22 species of parasites are known to infect A. ocellatus, including species of ectoparasites and endoparasites. In Brazil, ectoparasites species, particularly crustaceans, have been found to parasitize A. ocellatus in relatively high numbers. This predominance of ectoparasites is typical of fish of lentic ecosystems. Finally, the presence of different endoparasites taxa suggest that A. ocellatus acts as an intermediate or definitive host.

Early development in the mouth-brooding cichlid fish Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes: Cichlidae) / Desarrollo temprano en el pez cíclido Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

The Neotropical region exhibits the largest diversity of fish worldwide; however, little is known about the early development of fish species from this region. Therefore, to contribute to this knowledge, this study aimed to morphologically describe the early stages of development (eggs, larvae and juveniles) of S. pappaterra using morphometric and meristic traits, and to assess changes in growth rates throughout larval and juvenile development by analyzing the relationships between various morphometric traits using analytical regression models. Both juvenile and adult individuals with mouth-brooded offspring were collected along the basins of the Cuiabá and Manso Rivers in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil between March 2000 and March 2004. After the adults were identified, the offspring were classified according to its stage (embryonic, larval or juvenile period), and various morphometric and meristic variables were individually measured (when possible). The eggs of this species are yellow in color, oval shaped, show dendritic pigmentation within their yolk, have small to moderately sized perivitelline spaces and lack a mucous membrane and oil droplets. The horizontal and vertical diameters of the sample yolks ranged from 1.43mm to 2.70mm and 1.05mm to 1.68mm, respectively. The standard length of the larval period varied from 4.30mm to 7.16mm, and the standard length of the juvenile period varied from 10.29mm to 24.57mm. Larvae exhibit yolk sacs with internal dendritic pigmentation and dark punctate pigmentation in the dorsal and ventral body regions, whereas irregular transverse spots along the flanks are observed during the juvenile period. Adhesive organs are only present during the yolk-sac stage and at the beginning of the flexion stage. The mouth is terminal during all stages of development. The myomere number varied from 22 to 29 (9 to 16 pre-anal and 10 to 16 post-anal), and the maximal numbers of fin rays and spines were as follows: dorsal, XVI+10; anal, IV+8; pectoral, 16; and pelvic, I+8. Growth analyses identified periods of important change in larval morphology (i.e., metamorphosis), particularly during the flexion and post-flexion stages and in juveniles. Therefore, the morphological development of S. pappaterra is consistent with the ecological requirements of this species, which primarily occurs in structured lentic environments with aquatic macrophytes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 139-153. Epub 2015 March 01.

La región Neotropical exhibe la mayor diversidad de peces en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre el desarrollo temprano de las especies de peces de esta región. Para contribuir a este conocimiento, este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir morfológicamente las primeras etapas de desarrollo (huevos, larvas y juveniles) de S. pappaterra usando rasgos morfométricos y merísticos. Además de evaluar los cambios en las tasas de crecimiento en el desarrollo larval y juvenil, mediante el análisis de las relaciones entre los diferentes rasgos morfométricos utilizando modelos de regresión analíticos. Tanto los individuos juveniles y adultos con crías de incubación bucal se recogieron a lo largo de las cuencas de los ríos Cuiabá y Manso en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, entre marzo 2000 y marzo 2004. Después de identificar los adultos, las crías se clasificaron de acuerdo a su etapa (embrionaria, período larval o juvenil), y diversas variables morfométricas y merísticas se midieron de forma individual (cuando fue posible). Los huevos de esta especie son de color amarillo, ovalados, muestran pigmentación dendrítica dentro de su yema, tienen espacios perivitelinos de tamaño pequeño a moderado y carecen de una membrana mucosa y gotas de aceite. Los diámetros horizontales y verticales de las yemas oscilaron entre 1.43-2.70mm y 1.05-1.68mm, respectivamente. La longitud estándar del período larval varió de 4.30-7.16mm, y la longitud estándar del período juvenil varió entre 10.29-24.57mm. Las larvas exhibieron sacos vitelinos con pigmentación dendrítica interna y pigmentación puntiforme oscura en las regiones dorsal y ventral del cuerpo, mientras que se observaron manchas transversales irregulares a lo largo de los flancos durante el periodo juvenil. Órganos adhesivos solo estan presentes durante la etapa de saco vitelino y al comienzo de la etapa de flexión. La boca es terminal durante todas las etapas de desarrollo. El número de miomeros varió entre 22 y 29 (9 a 16 pre-anal y 10 a 16 post-anal), y los números máximos de radios de las aletas y espinas fueron los siguientes: dorsal, XVI+10; anal, IV+8; pectoral, 16; y pélvica, I+8. El análisis del crecimiento identificó periodos de cambios importantes en la morfología larval (es decir, la metamorfosis), especialmente durante las etapas de flexión y post-flexión y en los juveniles. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo morfológico de S. pappaterra es consistente con las exigencias ecológicas de esta especie, que se encuentran principalmente en ambientes de estructura léntica con macrófitos acuáticos.

Yield per recruit of the peacock bass Cichla monoculus (Spix and Agassiz, 1831) caught in Lago Grande at Manacapuru (Amazonas – Brazil) / Rendimento por recruta do tucunaré Cichla monoculus capturado no Lago Grande de Manacapuru

We evaluated the stock of peacock bass Cichla monoculus caught by a small-scale fishing fleet in Lago Grande at Manacapuru. The database was constructed by monthly samplings of 200 fish between February 2007 and January 2008. We measured the total length (cm) and total weight (gr) of each fish. We employed previously estimated growth parameters to run a yield per recruit model and analyse scenarios changing the values of the age of the first catch (Tc), natural mortality (M), and fishing mortality (F). Our model indicated an occurrence of overfishing because the fishing effort applied to catch peacock in Lago Grande at Manacapuru is greater than that associated with the maximum sustainable yield. In addition, the actual size of the first catch is almost half of the estimated value. Although there are difficulties in enforcing a minimum size of the catch, our results show that an increase in the size of the first catch to at least 25 cm would be a good strategy for management of this fishery.

O estudo avaliou o estoque de tucunaré Cichla monoculus capturados por uma frota de pesca de pequena escala no Lago Grande de Manacapuru. A série de dados foi composta por amostragens mensal de 200 peixes medidos a partir de fevereiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008. Medimos comprimento padrão (cm) e peso total (gr) de cada peixe. Foram utilizados os parâmetros de crescimento, estimados em outro estudo pelos autores, para executar um modelo de rendimento por recruta e fazer cenários alterando os valores de idade de primeira captura (Tc), taxa de mortalidade natural (M) e mortalidade por pesca (F). Com base nos resultados do modelo de rendimento por recruta, esta espécie está sofrendo sobrepesca de recrutamento, pois os valores atuais de esforço de pesca no Lago Grande de Manacapuru são excessivos e acima do correspondente ao rendimento máximo sustentável, e o tamanho real da primeira captura é quase metade do valor estimado. Apesar de reconhecidas dificuldades associadas com a aplicação de um limite de tamanho, nossos resultados indicam que um aumento do tamanho da primeira captura, pelo menos, para 25,0 cm, poderia ser uma estratégia satisfatória para o manejo desta espécie.

Phylogenetic diagnosis and expanded description of the genus Mazarunia Kullander, 1990 (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the upper Mazaruni River, Guyana, with description of two new species

We expand the description of the genus Mazarunia Kullander, 1990, explore morphological diagnostic characters for the genus and for its sister-group relationship with Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 in a phylogenetic context, expand the description of M. mazarunii and describe two new species. Mazarunia can be diagnosed by the combination of numerous anatomical traits, including the unique loss of infraorbital 6, the configuration of the first epibranchial in two of the species, a well-developed posteroventral lateral expansion of the palatine that is largely contiguous with the ectopterygoid, the absence of a suture between the hyomandibular and the metapterygoid, the absence of an interarcual cartilage, fourth ceratobranchial with 2 or 3 tooth plates, a caudally scaled interoperculum, equal-sized scales in the ventral and lateral chest regions, a simple, disjunct pattern of lateral line squamation, and smooth preopercle, supracleithrum and extrascapula. Species of Mazarunia can be further distinguished from species of their sister-genus Guianacara by their distinct color patterns. Mazarunia charadrica, new species, can be distinguished from other species of Mazarunia, among other characters, by approximately equal uncinate process and anterior arm and reduced anteroventral expansion of epibranchial 1 (vs. uncinate process narrower and complete anteroventral expansion in the other two species), a dorso-ventrally flattened maxillary process of the palatine (vs. cylindrical in the other two species), cycloid (vs. ctenoid) scales in the opercular, postorbital, lateral chest and anal-genital regions, the absence of a mid-lateral spot, and a diffuse dark area covering the dorsal portion of the head giving the impression of a "black cap". Mazarunia charadrica has a unique juvenile pattern of seven vertical dark bars partially preserved in adults. Bars 3-6 in antero-caudal direction are most visible in juveniles and medium-sized specimens but become fainter and almost disappear in adults. Many specimens show only bar number 3 (midlateral bar). Mazarunia mazarunii can be distinguished from all other species of Mazarunia by the presence of two foramina (vs. one) on the lateral face of the ascending process of the premaxilla, a lachrymal bone that is longer than deep (vs. deeper than long), an infraorbital 3 that is contiguous but not overlapping with the lachrymal (vs. overlapping), ctenoid scales (vs. cycloid) on the subopercle, interopercle and chest, and by its unique coloration, including complete suborbital and supraorbital stripes, and being the only species of Mazarunia with a discernible lateral band formed by the mid-line blotching pattern associated with lateral bars. In large adults, M. mazarunii has a black or dark bar behind the head that produces the impression of a collar. Mazarunia pala, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the absence of a parhypurapophysis, the presence of a dorsal-fin scaly pad with ctenoid scales (vs. no scaly pad in M. charadrica and M. mazarunii), a small suborbital stripe limited to the preopercle, the absence of clearly discernible lateral bars on the body, and by its general pinkish coloration with midlateral spot as the only melanic marking. All known species of Mazarunia are restricted to the upper reaches of the Mazaruni River basin in Guyana.(AU)

Expandimos la descripción del género Mazarunia, exploramos caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos para el género y su relación de grupo hermano con Guianacara en un contexto filogenético, expandimos la descripción de M. mazarunii y describimos dos nuevas especies. Mazarunia se puede diagnosticar por la combinación de numerosos atributos anatómicos, incluyendo la pérdida del infraorbital 6, la configuración del primer epibranquial en dos de las especies, una expansión posteroventral lateral del palatino bien desarrollada y mayormente continua con el ectopterigoide, la ausencia de sutura entre la hiomandíbula y el metapterigoide, la ausencia del cartílago interarcual, 2 a 3 placas dentadas en el cuarto ceratobranquial, la porción caudal del interopérculo escamada, escamas de igual tamaño en el flanco y la región lateral del pecho, un patrón simple y disjunto de escamación en la línea lateral, y preopérculo, supracleitro y extra escápula lisos. Además, todas las especies de Mazarunia se pueden distinguir de especies en su género hermano Guianacara por diferencias de coloración. Mazarunia charadrica, especie nueva, puede distinguirse de otras especies de Mazarunia, entre otros caracteres, por tener un proceso uncinado aproximadamente igual al brazo posterior y expansión anteroventral reducida en el epibranquial 1 (contra proceso uncinado más angosto y expansión anteroventral completa en las otras dos especies), el proceso maxilar del palatino aplanado dorsoventralmente (contra cilíndrico en las otras dos especies), escamas cicloides (contra ctenoides) en las regiones opercular, postorbital, pectoral lateral y génito-anal, la ausencia de mancha mediolateral, y un área oscura difusa cubriendo la porción dorsal de la cabeza dando la impresión de un "sombrero negro". Mazarunia charadrica tiene un patrón único de coloración juvenil con siete barras verticales conservadas parcialmente en los adultos. Las barras 3-6 en dirección anterocaudal son más ...(AU)

Reproduction, food dynamics and exploitation level of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from artisanal fisheries in Barra Bonita Reservoir, Brazil

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which is exotic to South America, is the most common species caught in artisanal fisheries at the Barra Bonita Reservoir, Southeastern Brazil. This species is of great socioeconomic importance for the region and keeps active a population of about 500 fishers. In the present study we assess reproduction, food dynamics and level of exploitation of O. niloticus, caught by artisanal fisheries in the Barra Bonita Reservoir. Specimens were collected monthly, from July 2004-June 2005, and a total of 1 715 specimens were analyzed. Each specimen was examined to obtain biological and biometric data: standard length (cm), total weight (g), reproductive data (sex and stage of maturation), and stomach contents (empty, partly full, and full). We also estimated the sex ratio (by macroscopic observation of gonads), reproductive period (by ovarian development and seasonal average of gonadosomatic index in females), and feeding habits (by stomach contents). The possible relationship between abiotic factors and the reproductive period was statistically verified using Spearman’s Rank Correlation. The FiSAT (ELEFAN I) package was used to assess growth parameters, mortality rates and to infer exploitation rate from standard length frequencies. The O. niloticus population had a sex ratio of 1.3:1 (M:F). Results indicated that ripe females were captured throughout the year, with a higher frequency during the winter-2004 (with a frequency of 59%, at a mean temperature of 20.5°C), and in spring-2004 (with a frequency of 60.5% at a mean temperature of 21.18°C). The GSI mean values obtained by season were: winter-2004: 1.71; spring-2004: 1.72; summer-2005: 0.80, and autumn-2005: 1.19. The Spearman correlation indicated positive values with respect to pH, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, transparency and chlorophyll a, and negative values with respect to temperature, accumulated rainfall and altimetric benchmark. The main food items were phytoplankton and periphytic algae, observed in 99.6% of the analyzed stomachs. The estimated growth and mortality parameters were: L∞=33.60cm, k=0.63/year, longevity= 4.76years, Z=2.81/ year, M=1.20/year and F=1.61/year. The weight-length relationship was Ln Wt=-2.8532+2.8835 Ln Lp. The estimated yield per recruit values were as follows: E=0.570, Emax=0.776, E0.1=0.604 and E0.5=0.349. These results indicate that a well established population of O. niloticus is present at Barra Bonita Reservoir; with an active reproduction throughout the year, more intense during winter and spring, and that O. niloticus is a phytoplanktophagus species. There were no indications that this species is being overfished, we therefore recommend that, due to its exotic condition, no restrictions need to be taken on its fishing activities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 721-734. Epub 2012 June 01.

La exótica tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) es la especie mayormente capturada en la pesquería artesanal del embalse de Barra Bonita, sudeste de Brasil, de gran importancia socioeconómica para la región y para una población de unos 500 pescadores. El estudio analizo: la reproducción, la dinámica alimentaria y la explotación de O. niloticus, la cual fue capturada en la pesquería del embalse de Barra Bonita. Asimismo, se tomaron muestras mensuales y se analizo un total de 1 715 animales desde julio-2004 a junio-2005. De cada espécimen, se obtuvieron los siguientes datos biológicos y biométricos: longitud estándar (cm), peso total (g), datos reproductivos (sexo y estadio de maduración), contenido estomacal (vacio, parcialmente lleno y lleno). Estos datos fueron utilizados para estimar la proporción de sexo (a través de la observación macroscópica de las gónadas), el periodo reproductivo (a través de la distribución de la frecuencia de los estadios macroscópicos del desarrollo de los ovarios), y la media de la proporción del índice gonadosomático IGS de hembras, así como los hábitos alimentarios (a través de la observación del contenido estomacal). Para verificar las posibles relaciones entre los factores abióticos y el periodo reproductivo fue aplicada la correlación de Spearman. El software FiSAT (ELEFAN I) fue utilizado para evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento, tasa de mortalidad e inferir el grado de explotación, en donde se usaron los datos de frecuencia de longitud estándar. La población de O. niloticus presento una proporción de sexo 1.3:1 (M:H). Los resultados indicaron que hembras fueron muestreadas durante todo el ano, pero ha sido más frecuente en el invierno-2004-59.0% (temperatura media=20.05°C) y primavera-2004-60.5% (temperatura media=21.18°C). Los valores medios del IGS fueron: invierno-2004=1.71, primavera- 2004=1.72, verano-2005=0.80 y otoño-2005=1.19. La correlación de Spearman fue positiva para pH, oxigeno disuelto, conductividad eléctrica, transparencia y clorofila a, y negativo para temperatura, pluviosidad acumulada y variación del nivel del agua en el embalse. Los principales ítems de alimentación fueron fitoplancton y algas perifiticas observadas en 99.6% de los estómagos analizados. Los parámetros estimados del crecimiento y mortalidad fueron los siguientes: L∞=33.60cm, k=0.63/año, longevidad= 4.76 años, Z= 2.81/año, M=1.20/año y F=1.61año. La relación peso-longitud fue Ln Wt=-2.8532+2.8835 Ln Lp. Los valores de producción por reclutamiento estimado fueron=0.570, Emax=0.776, E0.1=0.604 y E0.5=0.349. Estos resultados indican que la población de O. niloticus está bien establecida en el embalse de Barra Bonita. Además, su reproducción ocurre durante todo el ano, pero es más intensa en el invierno y primavera; su dieta tiene como base el fitoplancton. Los resultados indican que no está ocurriendo sobrepesca de O. niloticus, por tanto, recomendamos que, debido a su naturaleza exótica, no se tomen restricciones a la hora de su pesca.

Sistemática del pez Petenia splendida (Perciformes: Cichlidae) en el lago Petén Itzá, Guatemala

Systematic of the fish Petenia splendida (Perciformes: Cichlidae) of Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala. The Lake Petén Itzá is located in the multiple use zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve. It belongs to the subtropical moist forest (warm) life zone, and has very important flora and fauna diversities. Among the fish species, the white fish (Petenia splendida) is of high commercial value. The main goal of the present work was to clarify the taxonomic position of the two forms of the white fish in Petén (Guatemala), and to compare it with the Usumacinta (Mexico) form, based on the collected material from 1978 and 2006 (Usumacinta), and collections made during 2008 and 2009 in the Lake Petén Itzá. Samples were obtained from 10 different locations in the lake. From the total of 57 fish specimens collected, 50 fish were selected (25 yellow form and 25 silver form); besides, 21 specimens from 10 locations of the Usumacinta river in Mexico, from the Fish Collection, FCB, UANL. A total of 36 morphometric and 16 meristic characteristics, were analyzed, and also coloration, habitat and fishing method. This study reports the P. splendida of the Lake Petén Itzá with the following characteristics: the yellow form at a depth of 0.5-1.5m with dorsal fin XIV-(Xv)-XVI/11-(12)-13, the silver form at a depth of 2-3m with dorsal fin XIV-(XV)-XVI/10-(12)-13, and the Usumacinta form with a dorsal fin XIV-(XV)-XV/12-(13)-13. The discrimination analysis demonstrates a differentiation among the three analyzed populations. Some of the characteristics are the ocular diameter, the anal source-pelvic source distance and the dorsal source-anal source distance. The geographic area studied has a high diversity of fish fauna along the watershed, and it is possible to observe the anthropogenic damage, due to the overexploitation based the unapplicability of the existent regulation and the urbanization. If this situation continues it could jeopardize the survival of this emblematic specie. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1205-1216. Epub 2011 September 01.

El Lago Petén Itzá se ubica en la zona de usos múltiples de la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya, entre sus especies ícticas encontramos al pez blanco (Petenia splendida) de alto valor comercial. El propósito del presente trabajo es aclarar la posición taxonómica de las dos formas de pez blanco de Petén y compararlas con la forma del Usumacinta. Entre 2008 y 2009 se recolectaron 25 ejemplares de la forma amarilla y 25 de la plateada en 10 localidades del lago Petén Itzá y 21 en la cuenca del Usumacinta durante 1978 y 2006; se revisaron 36 características morfométricas y 16 merísticas, así como coloración, hábitat y forma de pesca. La P. splendida del Lago presenta las siguientes características: la forma amarilla se encuentra a una profundidad entre 0.5 y 1.5m, tiene aleta dorsal XIV-(XV)-XVI/11-(12)-13; la plateada esta a profundidades entre 2-3m, presenta aleta dorsal XIV-(XV)-XVI/10-(12)-13, mientras que la forma del Usumacinta posee aleta dorsal XIV-(XV)-XV/12-(13)-13. El análisis discriminante muestra una diferenciación entre las tres poblaciones analizadas aunque no es determinante. La fauna de peces de la cuenca del área de estudio presenta alta diversidad, se observa daño antropogénico producto de la sobreexplotación, por la falta de aplicación de la reglamentación existente y la urbanización.

Digestive tract morphology of the Neotropical piscivorous fish Cichla kelberi(Perciformes: Cichlidae) introduced into an oligotrophic Brazilian reservoir

Despite being one of the most well-known cichlid fish of importance to artisanal and sport fishing, and among the largest fishes in the Neotropics, data on digestive tract anatomy of peacock basses (Cichla spp.) are largely lacking, especially for non-native populations. in this paper, we describe for the first time the digestive tract morphology of Cichla kelberi, a voracious piscivore that was introduced in the 1950s into an oligotrophic and physically low-complex impoundment in Brazil. Peacock basses were collected between 1994 and 2002 in Lajes Reservoir, through gillnets (25 to 55mm mesh; 20-50x2m), seines (10x2.5m; 8.0mm mesh), cast nets and angling. All the fishes were kept on ice in the field and then transferred to the laboratory, where they were identified, measured, weighed and dissected for digestive tract analyses. The index of Relative importance-IRI was calculated for diet characterization while linear and non-linear regressions were performed to assess growth patterns of four morphological characters related to feeding (e.g. mouth width, mouth height, stomach length and intestine length) and the number of gill rakers during the C. kelberi ontogeny. Most digestive tract structures were directly related to the piscivorous diet of C. kelberi, indicating that peacock bass is a diurnal, bathypelagic and gape-size limited predator that feeds largely on shallow-water prey species within the littoral zone. Mouth width and height grew allometrically (b>1) with the size of peacock bass, broadening the size range in which prey can be eaten, but especially for predators smaller than ~400mm of total length. Differently, stomach and intestine lengths increased isometrically (b=1), which could constrain prey consumption for adult C. kelberi, especially those at advanced stages of gonadal maturation. The presence of longer-drawn, sharp and furcated gill rakers in C. kelberi may be related to increased prey retention in the resource-limited Lajes Reservoir, but further studies are necessary whether such features are randomly triggered by genetic or phenotypic anomalies, or effectively bring ecological advantages to the predator. In addition to contribute to improve the current biological knowledge on peacock basses, our results can be also useful to further comparisons on whether those morphological features related to feeding will change with transitions on prey consumption by C. kelberi and/or with the particular conditions of the invaded ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1245-1255. Epub 2011 September 01.

A pesar de ser uno de los peces cíclidos más conocidos por su importancia para la pesca artesanal y deportiva, y entre los más grandes peces en el Neotrópico, los datos sobre la anatomía del tracto digestivo de los pavones (Cichla spp.) están bastante deficientes, especialmente para las poblaciones no nativas. En este trabajo se describe por primera vez la morfología del tracto digestivo de Cichla kelberi, un piscívoro voraz que se introdujo en la década de 1950 en un embalse oligotrófico y físicamente de baja complejidad en Brasil. Los pavones se recogieron entre 1994 y 2002 en el embalse Lajes, con redes de enmalle (25 a 55mm de malla, 20-50x2m), redes de cerco (10x2.5m, 8.0mm de malla), atarrayas y pesca. Todos los peces se mantuvieron en hielo en el campo y luego fueron trasladados al laboratorio, donde fueron identificados, medidos, pesados y disectados para el análisis del tracto digestivo. El Índice de importancia Relativa, el IIR se calculó para la caracterización de la dieta, mientras que las regresiones lineales y no lineales se realizaron para evaluar los patrones de crecimiento de cuatro caracteres morfológicos relacionados con la alimentación (por ejemplo: ancho de la boca, altura de la boca, longitud del estómago y longitud del intestino) y el número de branquiespinas en la ontogenia en C. kelberi. La mayoría de las estructuras del tracto digestivo estaban directamente relacionadas con la dieta de los piscívoros C. kelberi, lo que indica que el pavón es un depredador diurno, batipelágico y limitado por el tamaño de la boca abierta ya que se alimenta en gran medida de presas en aguas poco profundas de la zona litoral. El ancho de la boca y la altura tuvieron un crecimiento alométrico (b>1) con el tamaño de pavones, y se amplió el rango de tamaño en el que las presas se pueden ser comidas, pero sobre todo para los depredadores menores de ~400mm de longitud total. A diferencia, las longitudes del estómago y el intestino aumentaron isométricamente (b=1), lo que podría limitar el consumo de presas para adultos de C. kelberi, especialmente aquellos en etapas avanzadas de la maduración gonadal. La presencia de branquiespinas marcadas, agudas y furcadas en C. kelberi puede estar relacionada con un incremento en la retención de presas en los recursos limitados del embalse Lajes, pero son necesarios más estudios si tales características son desencadenadas al azar por anomalías genéticas o fenotípicas, o efectivamente son una ventaja ecológica para el depredador. Además de contribuir con el mejoramiento del conocimiento biológico actual en los pavones, nuestros resultados también pueden ser útiles para estudiar si las características morfológicas relacionadas con la alimentación van a cambiar con las transiciones en el consumo de presas por C. kelberi y/o con las condiciones particulares del ecosistema invadido.

Diet, reproduction and population structure of the introduced Amazonian fish Cichla piquiti (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the Cachoeira Dourada reservoir (Paranaíba River, central Brazil)

The Blue Peacock Bass (Cichla piquiti), native to the Tocantins-Araguaia river basin of the Amazon system, was introduced into the basin of the Paranaíba River, Paraná River system. Cachoeira Dourada reservoir is one of a series of dams on the Paranaíba River in central Brazil, where this fish has become established. A study of its feeding spectrum, combined with information about its reproductive characteristics and population structure, would enable the current state of this species in the reservoir to be assessed and might provide useful data for the management of other species native to this habitat. This study showed that the peacock bass has no predators or natural competitors in the reservoir and that reproduces continuously, with high reproductive rates, and has a smaller median length at first maturity (L50) than other species of Cichla. Its successful establishment in habitats strongly affected by human activity should cause changes in the whole structure of the local fish communities. Nonetheless, in this reservoir, there appears to be some sharing of the functions of this species with native carnivorous fish, a situation that may be sustained by the presence of a wide variety of foraging fish. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 727-741. Epub 2011 June 01.

El pez tucunaré (Cichla piquiti), nativo del sistema de la cuenca del rio Tocantins-Araguaia, fue introducido en la cuenca del río Paranaíba, parte del sistema del río Paraná. En este ecosistema trófico de planicie aluvial, las relaciones entre comunidades de peces están definidas por diferentes factores que pueden ser modificados debido a la represa del río, y da como resultado grandes cambios en la interacción biológica en éstos hábitats. La represa de Cachoeira Dourada forma parte de una serie de represas en el río Paranaíba en el Brasil central, donde el tucunaré se ha establecido. Una investigación sobre su espectro alimentario, combinado con información sobre sus características reproductivas y estructura poblacional, ha permitido evaluar el estado actual de esta especie y la obtención de datos útiles para el manejo de otras especies nativas en el mismo hábitat. Este estudio muestra que el tucunaré no tiene depredador o competidor natural en esta represa y se reproduce continuamente con tasas reproductivas muy altas, por lo tanto presenta una longitud media en su primera madurez (L50) más pequeña que otras especies de Cichla. El éxito de su establecimiento en estos hábitats fuertemente afectados por la actividad humana puede causar cambios en toda la estructura de la comunidad local. Sin embargo, en las represas parece que las funciones de estas especies son compartidas con las de los peces depredadores nativos, una situación que puede ser sustentada por la presencia de una larga variedad de peces forrajeros.

The more stirring the better: cichlid fishes associate with foraging potamotrygonid rays

One hunting tactic of freshwater rays (Potamotrygonidae), termed "undulate the disc and stir substrate", is here reported to attract cichlids at two sites in the upper Paraná River. The ray species involved in such association are Potamotrygon falkneri and P. motoro, whose activity attract four cichlid species, namely Crenicichla britskii, Satanoperca pappaterra, Cichla kelberi, and Geophagus proximus, the two latter non-native species to the study area. The cichlids approach a ray when it begins to stir the substrate and form sediment clouds, and remain close to the ray during this activity only. The association is here regarded as following behavior even if very transient.(AU)

Uma tática de caça das raias de água doce (Potamotrygonidae), chamada de "ondular o disco e agitar o substrato", é aqui relatada como atrativa para Cichlidae em dois locais da bacia do alto rio Paraná. As espécies de raias envolvidas nesta associação são Potamotrygon falkneri e P. motoro, cuja atividade atrai quatro espécies de ciclídeos, Crenicichla britskii, Satanoperca pappaterra, Cichla kelberi e Geophagus proximus, as duas últimas exóticas à área de estudo. Os ciclídeos se aproximam de uma raia quando esta começa a remexer o substrato e formar nuvens de sedimento, e permanecem na proximidade da raia apenas durante esta atividade. A associação é aqui considerada como comportamento de seguir, ainda que transitório.(AU)

Reproduction of Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduced into an artificial lake in southeastern Brazil / Reprodução de Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduzidos em um lago artificial no Sudeste do Brasil

The objective of this study was to characterize the reproduction of Cichla kelberi in an artificial lake, located in the municipality of Leme, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Breeding occurred in spring, and summer. The L50 and the L100 of this species were 192 and 235 mm (L50), for males and females, respectively, and 290 mm (L100) for both sexes. Spawning was parceled. The oocytes matured at a size of 428.4 µm, reaching their maximum at 2,203.2 µm. A mean of fecundity were of 12,129.2 oocytes, with the mean of oocytes in each batch of 4,897.7. This species has external fertilization, is nonmigratory, and with parental care of the young. Various attributes of the peacock bass make their introduction a temptation. However, due to their feeding and reproductive characteristics, they have no natural predators, making it difficult to control their population growth or eradicate them.

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a reprodução de Cichla kelberi em um lago artificial no município de Leme, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A época reprodutiva ocorreu na primavera e verão. O L50 e o L100 desta espécie foram de 192 e 235 mm (L50) para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente e 290 mm (L100) para ambos os sexos. A desova foi do tipo parcelado. O tamanho dos ovócitos maduros foi de 428,4 µm, atingindo o máximo em 2.203,2 µm. A média da fecundidade foi de 12.129,2 ovócitos com média de cada desova de 4.897,7 ovócitos. Esta espécie adequou-se à definição de peixes com fecundação externa, não migradoras e com cuidado parental da prole. Os atributos para a introdução dos tucunarés podem ser tentadores. Porém, suas características reprodutivas e alimentares fazem com que não existam competidores ou predadores naturais e, assim, a sua expansão populacional seja de difícil controle e erradicação.

Proteocephalid cestode infection in alien fish, Cichla piquiti Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae), from Volta Grande reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Infecção por cestóides proteocefalídeos em peixe introduzido, Cichla piquiti (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae), no reservatório de Volta Grande, Minas Gerais, Brasil

This work evaluates the variation of the parasitological indexes in 114 Cichla piquiti Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 (tucunaré) infected by two proteocephalid species (Cestoda) for the period of August 1999 to June 2001 in the Volta Grande reservoir, MG, Brazil. The relation between the parasitosis with rainfall and water quality (pH, electric conductivity, oxygen, chlorophyll, transparency and temperature) is discussed. Prevalence of Proteocephalus macrophallus (Diesing, 1850) and/or P. microscopicus (Woodland, 1935) was 83.3 percent, mean intensity 110.8 and mean abundance 100.7 during the period. A hundred percent prevalence was reported in August and December 1999, April and December 2000 and June 2001. The largest mean intensities of 122.7 (October 1999), 158.8 (December 1999), 96.4 (February 2000), 400.7 (April 2000), 215.6 (October 2000) and 136.4 (December 2000) were observed. Abiotic factors may favour the development of the species of the food chain that sustain the organisms in the diet of "tucunaré", but in this case, there was no correlation (P > 0.05) between the values of prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance with the rainfall and water quality. At the same time, these organisms may constitute the intermediate hosts of cestodes. The time-course between the fish species development and the parasitosis manifestation in the definitive host can explain the lack of correlation between the parasitological indexes and abiotic factors. The predation on small fishes and cannibalism described for "tucunaré" might explain the high values of prevalence and intensity of infection. The results are also related to the exotic condition of the host in the reservoir.

Este estudo avalia a variação nos índices parasitológicos de 114 espécimes de Cichla piquiti Kullander e Ferreira, 2006 (tucunaré) infectados por duas espécies de proteocefalídeos (Cestoda) entre agosto de 1999 e junho de 2001 no reservatório de Volta Grande, MG, Brasil. A relação entre a parasitose e os valores de pluviosidade e qualidade de água (pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio, clorofila, transparência e temperatura) é discutida. A prevalência de Proteocephalus macrophallus (Diesing, 1850) e/ou P. microscopicus (Woodland, 1935) foi 83,3 por cento, intensidade média 110,8 e abundância média 100,7 durante todo o período. Prevalência de 100 por cento foi observada em agosto e dezembro de 1999, abril e dezembro de 2000 e junho de 2001. As maiores intensidades médias foram 122,7 em outubro de 1999; 158,8 em dezembro de 1999; 96,4 em fevereiro de 2000; 400,7 em abril de 2000; 215,6 em outubro de 2000; e 136,4 em dezembro de 2000. Fatores abióticos podem favorecer o desenvolvimento de espécies que sustentam a alimentação do "tucunaré", mas, neste caso, não houve correlação (P > 0,05) entre os valores de prevalência, intensidade média e abundância média com a pluviosidade e qualidade de água no reservatório. Ao mesmo tempo, estes organismos podem constituir hospedeiros intermediários de cestóides. A relação entre o desenvolvimento da espécie hospedeira e a manifestação da parasitose no hospedeiro definitivo pode explicar a falta de correlação entre os índices parasitológicos e os fatores abióticos. A predação de pequenos peixes e o canibalismo descrito para o "tucunaré" explica a elevada prevalência e intensidade de infecção, favorecido pela condição exótica do hospedeiro no reservatório.

Length weight relationship, condition factor and stomach contents of Hemichromis bimaculatus, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Chromidotilapia guentheri (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Eleiyele Lake, Southwestern Nigeria

Length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K) and stomach content of three cichlid fishes (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Sarotherodon melanotheron, and Chromidotilapia guentheri) were calculated at Eleiyele reservoir, Nigeria, Africa. The fish were collected monthly from fishermen during the dry season (January-March 2001) and the rainy season (April, May, June 2001). Gill nets of mesh sizes 50-55 mm were used. The LWR had a significant correlation for the three species and the growth exponent (b) for H. bimaculatus indicates a negative allometric growth (S. melanotheron and C. guentheri had isometric growth). Condition factor values were higher than one in the three species, and varied with size and season. Stomach contents revealed that the three species are omnivorous and that diet composition varies seasonally. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 969-977. Epub 2007 December, 28.

Se investigó la relación de peso-longitud (LWR), factor de condición (K) y contenidos estomacales de tres peces cíclidos (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Sarotherodon melanotheron y Chromidotilapia guentheri) en la reserva de Eleiyele, Nigeria, África. El LWR muestra una correlación significativa para las tres especies y el crecimiento exponencial (b) indica que H. Bimaculatus tiene crecimiento alométrico negativo, mientras S. melanotheron y C. guentheri tienen un crecimiento alométrico isométrico. El factor de condición para las tres especies fue mayor a uno, y varía con el tamaño y la época. El análisis de los contenidos estomacales reveló que las tres especies son omnívoras, variando la composición relativa de cada tipo de alimento con la estación del año.