Clinical characteristics and treatment analysis of three cases of congenital ulnar collateral flexor contracture of the forearm / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To report the clinical characteristics and treatment analysis of 3 cases of congenital ulnar collateral flexor contracture of the forearm and take a reference for clinic.@*METHODS@#A total of 3 patients with congenital ulnar collateral flexor contracture of the forearm were admitted between February 2019 and August 2021. Two patients were male and 1 was female, and their ages were 16, 20, and 16 years, respectively. The disease durations were 8, 20, and 15 years, respectively. They all presented with flexion deformity of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the middle, ring, and little fingers in the neutral or extended wrist position, and the deformity worsened in the extended wrist position. The total action motion (TAM) scores of 3 patients were 1 and the gradings were poor. The Carroll's hand function evaluation scores were 48, 55, and 57, and the grip strength indexes were 72.8, 78.4, and 30.5. Preoperative CT of case 2 showed a bony protrusion of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon at the proximal end of the ulna; and MRI of case 3 showed that the ulnar flexor digitorum profundus presented as a uniform cord. After diagnosis, all patients were treated with operation to release the denatured tendon, and functional exercise was started early after operation.@*RESULTS@#The incisions of 3 patients healed by first intention. Three patients were followed up for 12, 35, and 12 months, respectively. The hand function and the movement range of the joints significantly improved, but the grip strength did not significantly improve. At last follow-up, TAM scores were 3, 4, and 4, respectively, among which 2 cases were excellent and 1 case was good. Carroll's hand function evaluation scores were 95, 90, and 94, and the grip strength indexes were 73.5, 81.3, and 34.2, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Congenital ulnar collateral flexor contracture is a rare clinical disease that should be distinguished from ischemic muscle contracture. The location of the contracture should be identified and appropriate surgical timing should be selected for surgical release. Active postoperative rehabilitation and functional exercise can achieve good hand function.

Analysis of the effectiveness of sequential plate internal fixation in correction of Madelung deformity after ulnar osteotomy and shortening / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of sequential plate internal fixation in the correction of Madelung deformity after ulnar osteotomy and shortening.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 13 patients with Madelung deformity admitted between September 2015 and July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 5 males and 8 females with an average age of 18.3 years ranging from 17 to 23 years. The disease duration ranged from 12 to 24 months, with an average of 17 months. Three cases had a clear history of trauma. All patients had external radial deviation deformity and limited movement of the ulnar deviation, and the ulnar impact pain was significant during ulnar deviation movement; 9 patients had limited wrist joint supination movement, and the supination movement was normal. In the first stage, ulnar osteotomy and shortening combined with external fixator were used to correct wrist deformity in 13 patients. After operation, bone transfer was performed 6 times per day, with adjustments made every 4 hours, which was 1 mm per day. After the osteotomy was in place, the ulnar plate internal fixation was performed to reconstruct the ulnar stability in the second stage. The Cooney wrist joint score was used to assess the pain, function, range of motion, flexion and extension range of motion, and grip strength of the wrist joint before operation and before the removal of internal fixator. The subjective feeling and appearance satisfaction of patients were recorded.@*RESULTS@#After the second-stage operation, all the 13 patients were followed up 10-22 months, with an average of 15 months. The deformity of wrist joint disappeared after operation, and the flexion, extension, and ulnar deviation were basically normal. There was no complication such as ulnar impingement sign, nonunion or infection. Wrist function, pain, and range of motion were significantly improved after operation, except for 1 patient who had no significant improvement in rotation and pain. The ulnar internal fixator was removed at 10-18 months after the second-stage operation. The scores of pain, function, range of motion, flexion and extension range of motion, and grip strength in the Cooney wrist score before removal of internal fixator significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). Subjective and appearance satisfaction of patients were excellent in 9 cases, good in 3 cases, and fair in 1 case.@*CONCLUSION@#Ulnar osteotomy and shortening with sequential plate internal fixation for correction of Madelung deformity, with mild postoperative pain, can effectively avoid bone nonunion, improve wrist joint function, and have significant effectiveness.

Clinical observation of different surgical methods for metaphyseal sequelae of ulna / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect and safety of ulnar osteochondroma resection, ulnar minimally invasive osteotomy, external fixation and ulnar lengthening in the treatment of forearm deformity of metaphyseal extension of ulna.@*METHODS@#From August 2005 to December 2013, there were 20 cases of ulnar metaphyseal sequelae, including 15 males and 5 females, aged from 7 to 13(10.00±2.34) years, the course of disease ranged for 6 to 11(8.10±1.52) months. The clinical manifestations were shortening of the affected forearm and bending to the ulnar side. The postoperative evaluation included pain, activities of daily living, orthopedic effect and the range of motion of wrist, elbow and forearm. The radiological evaluation included ulnar length, radial joint inclination angle and wrist epiphysis growth.@*RESULTS@#All patients healed without infection. The only operation related to complications was ulnar lengthening, including 1 case of nonunion, 2 cases of ulnar lengthening callus fracture and 1 case of temporary radial nerve palsy. All patients were followed up for 4 to 7.5 years, with an average of (6.03±1.33) years. There were statistically significant differences in changes of wrist radial deviation, ulnar deviation, forearm pronation and supination in all cases (@*CONCLUSION@#Ulnar lengthening is not beneficial to prevent the development of long-term deformity. Simple resection of osteochondroma of distal ulna is beneficial to prevent the development of deformity. Patients with limited rotation of wrist joint and forearm and strong demand for improvement of appearance can be actively treated.

Impactación cubitocarpiana / Ulnocarpal impaction

El objetivo de este artículo es actualizar los conocimientos sobre la impactación cubitocarpiana y su tratamiento. Estudios clásicos sobre la biomecánica del borde cubital de la muñeca han demostrado que los cambios milimétricos en la relación de longitud entre el cúbito y el radio alteran significativamente la transferencia de cargas entre los huesos del carpo, el radio y el cúbito. Así, un aumento relativo en la longitud del cúbito generará una carga excesiva sobre la articulación cubitocarpiana que producirá un espectro de cambios degenerativos progresivos en el domo cubital, el semilunar, el piramidal y el complejo del fibrocartílago triangular que finalizarán con artrosis cubitocarpiana y radiocubital distal. La impactación cubitocarpiana, en sus diversos estadios degenerativos, se puede tratar mediante osteotomías que buscan descomprimir la carga cubitocarpiana. Las osteotomías pueden ser extrarticulares o intrarticulares. Entre las extrarticulares, están las diafisarias, las metafisarias sin exposición articular (subcapitales) y las metafisarias distales con exposición articular y, entre las intrarticulares, la cirugía de resección en oblea (wafer), que reseca cartílago y hueso subcondral del domo cubital, y puede ser un procedimiento abierto o artroscópico. Si hay artrosis radiocubital distal, solo se podrá tratar con cirugías de rescate, como Darrach, Sauvé-Kapandji, Bowers, o una prótesis radiocubital distal. Estas técnicas de osteotomía se han analizado detalladamente para lograr definir sus ventajas y desventajas. Finalmente se propone una forma de tipificar la impactación cubitocarpiana, cuyo objetivo es orientar al lector hacia el mejor tratamiento posible, avalado por la bibliografía actual. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The purpose of this article is to provide updated knowledge about ulnocarpal impaction syndrome (UCIS) and its treatment. Classic studies on biomechanics of the ulnar side of the wrist have shown that millimetrical changes in the relative lengths of the ulna and the radius significantly alter the load transmission between the carpal bones, the radius and the ulna. Thus, an increase in the relative length of the ulna will generate an excessive load on the ulnocarpal joint, which will produce a spectrum of progressive degenerative changes in the ulnar dome, lunate, triquetrum, and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), that will lead to ulnocarpal and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) osteoarthritis. In its various degenerative stages, UCIS can be treated with osteotomies that seek to decompress the ulnocarpal load. These can be extra-articular or intra-articular. Within the extra-articular osteotomies, we find the diaphyseal, metaphyseal without joint exposure (subcapital), and the distal metaphyseal with joint exposure. Within the intra-articular ones, we find the wafer procedure, which resects the cartilage and subchondral bone of the ulnar dome, and can be performed either openly or arthroscopically. If there is associated DRUJ osteoarthritis, it can only be treated with salvage surgeries such as the Darrach, Sauvé-Kapandji, and Bowers procedures, or a DRUJ arthroplasty. These osteotomy techniques will be analyzed in detail in order to define their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we propose a way to typify the UCIS to guide the reader towards the best possible treatment supported by current literature. Level of Evidence: V

Tumor de células gigantes en cúbito de paciente postrauma / Giant cell tumor in ulna of trauma patient

RESUMEN Introducción: Los tumores de células gigantes pueden originarse en el tejido óseo, sinovial o cualquier otro tejido blando. Se caracterizan por su rápido crecimiento. A pesar de ser comúnmente benignos, si se dejan evolucionar sin tratamiento, hay riesgo de que en su proceso de crecimiento destruyan el tejido adyacente y afecten la funcionalidad, estructura y apariencia de la zona anatómica afectada. Objetivo: Describir el curso clínico y manejo terapéutico de un paciente con tumor de células gigantes en el antebrazo. Caso clínico: Se presenta paciente masculino de 28 años, que se le diagnosticó tumoración ósea en tercio distal del cúbito, y a quien, por su voluntad de no atenderse, no se le realizó el abordaje y manejo quirúrgico. Un año después, regresó al servicio de urgencias. Tenía mayor volumen en las dimensiones tumorales, con cambios a nivel del tercio distal del cúbito, lesiones de patrón lítico, pérdida de la cortical, con reacción perióstica, bordes mal definidos y afectación de tejidos blandos circundantes. Se diagnóstico probable tumor de células gigantes. El manejo quirúrgico permitió la conservación del antebrazo, pero a un año de su intervención quirúrgica, dada la probabilidad de recidiva, su pronóstico permanece incierto. Conclusiones: La velocidad de crecimiento de los tumores de células gigantes amerita decisiones oportunas, dado que el tiempo que transcurre previo al tratamiento puede, como en el presente caso, traducirse en un crecimiento destructivo de los tejidos adyacentes. A más de un año de la cirugía, el pronóstico del paciente es incierto, pues la probabilidad de recidiva permanece latente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Giant cell tumors can originate in bone, synovial, or any other soft tissue. They are characterized by their rapid growth. Despite being commonly benign, if they are allowed to evolve without treatment, they may destroy adjacent tissue, in its growth process, affecting the functionality, structure and appearance of the affected anatomical area. Objective: To describe the clinical course and therapeutic management of a patient with a giant cell tumor in the forearm. Clinical case: We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with a bone mass in the distal third of the ulna. This patient desired not to undergo surgical management. A year later, he returned to the emergency room. the tumor had greater dimensions, changes at the level of the distal third of ulna, lytic pattern lesions, loss of the cortex, periosteal reaction, poorly defined edges and involvement of surrounding soft tissues. Giant cell tumor was the probable diagnosis. Surgical management allowed the forearm preservation, but one year after surgery, the prognosis remains uncertain, given the probability of recurrence. Conclusions: The growth rate of giant cell tumors merits timely decisions, since the time that elapses prior to treatment can, as in the present case, translate into destructive growth of adjacent tissues. More than a year after surgery, the prognosis is uncertain for this patient, as the probability of recurrence remains latent(AU)

RÉSUMÉ Introduction: Les tumeurs à cellules géantes peuvent être localisées au niveau du tissu osseux, du tissu synovial ou d'un autre tissu mou quelconque. Elles sont caractérisées par une croissance rapide. Malgré leur classique bénignité, si elles évoluent sans traitement, elles risquent de détruire le tissu adjacent et d'altérer la fonction, la structure et l'apparence de la région affectée lors du processus de croissance. Objectif: Décrire l'évolution clinique et la prise en charge thérapeutique d'un patient atteint de tumeur à cellules géantes au niveau de l'avant-bras. Cas clinique: Un patient âgé de 28 ans, diagnostiqué d'une tumeur osseuse au niveau du tiers distal du cubitus, sans abord ni traitement chirurgical dû à son refus de soin, est présenté. Un an après, il est rentré au service d'urgence. La tumeur avait grandi, et présentait des changements au niveau du tiers distal du cubitus, des lésions lytiques, une perte osseuse corticale, une réaction périostée, des bords mal définis, et un dommage des tissus mous environnants. Une probable tumeur à cellules géantes a été diagnostiquée. Le traitement chirurgical a permis la conservation de l'avant-bras, mais un an après l'intervention, son pronostic reste incertain, étant donnée la probabilité de récidive. Conclusions: La rapide croissance des tumeurs exige des décisions opportunes, car le temps parcouru avant le traitement peut se traduire -comme dans ce cas- par une atteinte destructive des tissus adjacents. Plus d'un an après la chirurgie, le pronostic du patient reste incertain, parce que la probabilité de récidive est encore latente(AU)

Resultados del tratamiento del sindrome de impactación ulnar mediante procedimiento de Wafer artroscópico / Treatment of ulnar carpal impingement syndrome. Arthroscopic Wafer procedure. Results

Introducción: El síndrome de pinzamiento cubito carpiano es una de las causas más frecuentes de dolor cubital de la muñeca. Es una patología de tipo degenerativa y progresiva. El objetivo del tratamiento quirúrgico se basa en la descompresión articular del cubito con el carpo proximal. Con los avances tecnológicos es posible realizar la osteotomía del cubito por via artroscópica y así tratar también lesiones asociadas. Material y Métodos: Evaluamos 13 pacientes con síndrome de impactación cubital desde el 01/01/2018 hasta el 01/03/19, utilizando la clasificación de Palmer para evaluar las lesiones. Evaluamos 7 mujeres y 6 hombres. La edad de los pacientes fue desde los 47-82 años (62 años promedio). El 69,2% en edad laboral (9 pacientes) y el 30,7% jubilados (4 pacientes) con un seguimiento de 3 a 12 meses (8,9 meses de promedio). Todos los pacientes fueron tratados por artroscopia. Se evaluó el Rango de Movilidad (ROM), fuerza de agarre, escala de Mayo de Muñeca y escala de DASH. Resultados: Hemos tenido mejoras en test del dolor y la fuerza, el ROM promedio fue de 80° extensión, 80° de flexión, 30° para la desviación radial y 25° de desviación cubital. El Score de muñeca de mayo fue: excelente 8 pacientes (61,5%), bueno en 5 pacientes (38,4%) y un mal resultado (7,69). La fuerza comparativa final fue del 82%. El Dash Score preoperatorio fue de 87 puntos y en el Post operatorio de 5 puntos. Conclusión: La osteotomía de cubito tipo wafer o en oblea artroscópica da resultados satisfactorios mejorando los ROM, recuperando la fuerza de forma total o parcial y disminuyendo el dolor siempre y cuando está bien indicada la cirugía. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: The ulnar carpal impingement syndrome is one of the most frequent causes of ulnar pain in the wrist. It is a pathology of degenerative and progressive type. The objective of surgical treatment is based on the joint decompression of the ulna with the proximal carpus. With technological advances, it is possible to perform the osteotomy of the ulna by arthroscopic route and thus also treat associated injuries. Material and Methods: We evaluated 13 patients with ulnar impaction syndrome from 01/01/2018 to 03/01/19 using the Palmer classification to evaluate the lesions. We evaluated seven women and six men. The age of the patients was from 47-82 years (62 years average). 69.2% of working age (9 patients) and 30.7% retired (4 patients) with a follow-up of 3 to 12 months (8.9 months on average). All patients were treated by arthroscopy. The Mobility Range (ROM), grip strength, Wrist May scale and DASH scale were evaluated. Results: We have had improvements in pain and strength tests, the average ROM was 80° extension, 80° flexion, 30° for radial deviation and 25° ulnar deviation. The Wrist Score of May was excellent 8 patients (61.5%), Good in 5 patients (38.4%) and a poor result (7.69). The final comparative strength was 82%. The preoperative Dash Score was 87 points and in the post-operative of 5 points. Conclusion: The osteotomy of ulnar type wafer or arthroscopic wafer gives satisfactory results improving the ROM, recovering the strength totally or partially and decreasing the pain as long as surgery is well indicated. Type of study: Case series. Level of evidence: IV

Osteosarcoma parostal desdiferenciado en diáfisis de cúbito metastásico a pulmón / Dedifferentiated diaphyseal juxtacortical osteosarcoma of ulna with metastasis to the lung

Resumen: El osteosarcoma parostal desdiferenciado es una variante en la cual un osteosarcoma de alto grado coexiste con un osteosarcoma parostal. Se presenta el caso de un paciente femenino de 20 años; acudió con seis meses de evolución de dolor y limitación funcional en el antebrazo derecho sin causa aparente; se le realizaron radiografías, donde se observó una lesión tumoral en la diáfisis del cúbito derecho. A la exploración física, presentó dolor a la palpación en la diáfisis del cúbito y limitación a la pronosupinación. La tomografía axial computada de tórax reveló enfermedad metastásica en el lóbulo superior del pulmón izquierdo. Se le efectuó una biopsia incisional de la tumoración en el cúbito derecho, con reporte de osteosarcoma parostal desdiferenciado. Por ello, inició manejo con quimioterapia neoadyuvante con cisplatino y doxorrubicina hasta completar tres ciclos. El tratamiento quirúrgico consistió en resección intercalar de la diáfisis del cúbito derecho más reconstrucción de injerto autólogo microvascularizado de la diáfisis del peroné derecho y estabilización del injerto con placa de compresión dinámica (DCP) 3.5 mm y placa tercio de caña. En el mismo procedimiento se le efectuó metastasectomía pulmonar por toracoscopía. El reporte histopatológico postquirúrgico, con necrosis de 100%. Actualmente, la paciente se encuentra asintomática, sin datos de actividad tumoral. El osteosarcoma parostal desdiferenciado es una patología rara, pero que se debe sospechar como diagnóstico diferencial ante un osteosarcoma parostal; se debe tener en cuenta que esta enfermedad puede generar metástasis por su patrón desdiferenciado. Es importante planificar un tratamiento quirúrgico que permita una adecuada reconstrucción funcional, siempre teniendo en cuenta el principio oncológico.

Abstract: Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma is a variant in which a high grade osteosarcoma coexists with a parosteal osteosarcoma. We report the case of a 20-year-old female patient who presented with six months of evolution of pain and functional limitation of the right forearm, with no apparent cause; radiographs were performed, observing a tumoral lesion in the diaphysis of the right ulna. Physical examination showed pain upon palpation in the diaphysis of the ulna and limitation of prone-supination. Axial computed tomography of the thorax revealed metastatic disease in the upper lobe of the left lung. An incisional biopsy was performed on the right ulna, with a report of dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma. Therefore, the patient was managed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and doxorubicin until completing three cycles. Surgical treatment consisted of intercalary resection of the diaphysis of the right ulna, plus reconstruction of the microvascularized autologous graft of the right fibular diaphysis and graft stabilization with 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) and one-third tubular plate. In the same procedure, pulmonary metastasectomy was performed by thoracoscopy. Post-surgical histopathological report with 100% necrosis. Currently, the patient is asymptomatic, with no evidence of tumor activity. Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma is a rare pathology, but should be suspected as a differential diagnosis in the presence of a parosteal osteosarcoma; it should be taken into account that this disease can metastasize due to its dedifferentiated pattern. It is important to plan a surgical treatment that allows an adequate functional reconstruction, always taking into account the oncological principle.

Osteossíntese de rádio e ulna em Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis) / Radius and ulna osteosynthesis in a Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)

Foi atendido um Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis), de vida livre e histórico desconhecido. O paciente apresentava impotência funcional da asa direita e solução de continuidade de aspecto recente envolvendo a região de rádio e ulna direitos caracterizando fratura aberta grau II. Os achados radiológicos foram fratura completa cominutiva de diáfise média de ulna e fratura completa tranversa de diáfise média de rádio. A estabilização da fratura de rádio foi realizada com miniplaca de 1,5mm de 6 orifícios, com 2 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais e, osteossíntese de ulna com placa bloqueada de 2,0mm de 12 orifícios, com 3 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, os implantes ortopédicos foram removidos e o paciente recebeu alta. Conclui-se que o emprego de placa bloqueada para tratamento de fraturas abertas em ulna de Gavião Caboclo, pode propiciar adequada consolidação e retorno à função do membro sendo capaz de voar.(AU)

A wild Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) of unknown history, was seen at the veterinary hospital. The patient presented with a dropped right wing and soft tissue damage that appeared to be a recent wound involving the right radius and ulna region, characterizing an open fracture grade II. The radiological findings were a comminuted complete fracture of the ulnar diaphysis and complete transverse fracture of the radial diaphysis. Stabilization of the radius fracture was performed with a 1.5mm miniplate with 6 holes, with 2 proximal screws and 2 distal screws, and ulna osteosynthesis with a 2.0mm locking plate with 12 holes, with 3 proximal screws and 2 distal screws. At 180 postoperative days, the implants were removed and the patient was discharged. The use of locking plate for the treatment of open fractures in ulna of Savanna Hawks may provide adequate healing and return to limb function being able to fly.(AU)

Experiencia inicial en un centro de alta complejidad con el injerto vascularizado de peroné en defectos óseos segmentarios del miembro superior / Early experience in a high complexity hospital with the vascularized fibular graft in segmentalbone defects of the upper limb

Introducción: Los defectos óseos >6 cm en los huesos largos plantean un problema difícil de solucionar en la reconstrucción del miembro superior. El peroné vascularizado se ha convertido en el principal método de reconstrucción por sus ventajas biológicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la tasa y el tiempo de consolidación ósea, y las complicaciones asociadas en una serie continua de pacientes. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión durante un período de 5 años. Se incluyeron los pacientes que fueron tratados por defectos >6 cm en el miembro superior. Se analizaron variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias inmediatas y alejadas. Resultados: Durante el período de evaluación, 6 pacientes (4 hombres/2 mujeres) cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. La edad promedio fue de 47 años. El tiempo transcurrido entre el trauma inicial y la cirugía reconstructiva varió de 2 a 21 años. El defecto óseo promedio fue de 10 cm. El tiempo de seguimiento promedio fue de 17 meses. Se logró la consolidación ósea en todos los casos, como promedio, en 16 semanas. Dos pacientes sufrieron complicaciones posoperatorias. Ninguno presentó complicaciones o secuelas funcionales en la zona dadora. Conclusiones: El injerto óseo vascularizado de peroné es una opción válida para el tratamiento quirúrgico reconstructivo de defectos óseos segmentarios >6 cm en el miembro superior, con una tasa alta de consolidación, aun en casos con múltiples cirugías previas o con una lesión de larga evolución. Los detalles técnicos previenen las complicaciones en la zona dadora.

Introduction: Reconstruction of bone defects >6 cm in the upper limb poses a problem. The vascularized fibular graft has become the most popularized method to treat these bone defects, because of their biological advantages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of bone union, time to accomplish this union and complications associated with this technique in a continuous series of patients. Methods: A review was performed during a period of five years. All patients who were treated for defects >6 cm on upper limbs were included. Preoperative, intraoperative, and immediate and long-term postoperative variables were analyzed. Results: During the assessment period, 6 patients (4 males/2 females) met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 47 years. Time between the initial trauma and reconstructive surgery ranged from 2 to 21 years. The average bone defect was 10 cm. The average follow-up was 17 months. Bone healing was achieved in all cases at a mean of 16 weeks. Two patients had postoperative complications. None of the patients had complications or functional sequelae in the donor site. Conclusions: The vascularized fibular graft is a valid option in reconstructive surgery of segmental bone defects >6 cm in the upper limb. It achieves a high consolidation rate, even in cases with multiple previous surgeries or a long-standing lesion. The technical details prevent complications in the donor site.

Formación de un solo hueso en antebrazo, en pseudoartrosis infectada de cúbito proximal / Formation of a single bone in the forearm in infected pseudoarthrosis of the proximal ulna

Propósito: Presentar el resultado exitoso de la técnica de formación de un solo hueso en antebrazo en un paciente con fractura inicial de cúbito con múltiples osteosíntesis e injertos fallidos. Caso: Paciente masculino dedicado a labores del campo que, a los 39 años de edad, sufre fractura de cúbito izquierdo, después de una evolución de 13 años y 5 intervenciones quirúrgicas con diversos tipos de osteosíntesis e injertos fallidos, que finalizaron en seudoartrosis infectada de cúbito izquierdo, decidiendo efectuarle la formación de un solo hueso en antebrazo evolucionando satisfactoriamente en función. Actualmente: supinación de 20º de antebrazo, flexoextensión de codo y muñeca completas, fuerza muscular adecuada, actualmente integrado en su trabajo de campo sin limitaciones funcionales. Conclusión: La técnica de formación de un solo hueso en antebrazo es, en casos adecuadamente seleccionados, una excelente alternativa de cirugía de reconstrucción o de salvamento en extremidad torácica.

Purpose: To present the successful results of the single-bone reconstruction technique in the forearm in a patient who sustained an ulnar fracture and underwent multiple osteosyntheses and failed grafts. Case: Male patient, agricultural worker, who at age 39 sustained a left ulnar fracture. After 13 years and 5 surgeries involving different types of osteosyntheses and failed grafts, which resulted in infection of the left ulnar pseudoarthrosis, we decided to do a single-bone reconstruction of the forearm. He did well and achieved good function. His current status is: 20º of forearm supination, full elbow and wrist flexion and extension, appropriate muscle strength, and he returned to his job without functional limitations. Conclusion: The single-bone forearm reconstruction technique is, in properly selected cases, an excellent surgical alternative when reconstruction or salvage of the thoracic limb is required.

Long-term Outcomes of Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy for Idiopathic Ulnar Impaction Syndrome: At Least 5-Years Follow-up

BACKGROUND: There have been few outcomes studies with follow-up after performing ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome. We investigated the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of ulnar shortening osteotomy for the treatment of idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 36 patients who had undergone ulnar shortening osteotomy for idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome for a mean follow-up of 79.1 months (range, 62 to 132 months). The modified Gartland and Werley scores were measured pre- and postoperatively. The radiographic parameters for the assessment of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) as well as the relationship between these radiographic parameters and the clinical and radiological outcomes were determined. RESULTS: The average modified Gartland and Werley wrist score improved from 65.5 +/- 8.1 preoperatively to 93.4 +/- 5.8 at the last follow-up visit. The average preoperative ulnar variance of 4.7 +/- 2.0 mm was reduced to an average of -0.6 +/- 1.4 mm postoperatively. Osteoarthritic changes of the DRUJ were first seen at 34.8 +/- 11.1 months follow-up in 6 of 36 wrists (16.7%). Those who had osteoarthritic changes in the DRUJ had significantly wider preoperative ulnar variance, a longer distal radioulnar distance and a greater length of ulnar shortening, but the wrist scores of the patients who had osteoarthritic changes in the DRUJ were comparable to those who did not have osteoarthritic changes in the DRUJ. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical outcomes are satisfactory for even more than 5 years after ulnar shortening osteotomy for treating idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome despite the osteoarthritic changes of the DRUJ. The patients who need a larger degree of ulnar shortening may develop DRUJ arthritis.

A Comparison of Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy Alone Versus Combined Arthroscopic Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Debridement and Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy for Ulnar Impaction Syndrome

BACKGROUND: This study compared the results of patients treated for ulnar impaction syndrome using an ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) alone with those treated with combined arthroscopic debridement and USO. METHODS: The results of 27 wrists were reviewed retrospectively. They were divided into three groups: group A (USO alone, 10 cases), group B (combined arthroscopic debridement and USO, 9 cases), and group C (arthroscopic triangular fibrocartilage complex [TFCC] debridement alone, 8 cases). The wrist function was evaluated using the modified Mayo wrist score, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score and Chun and Palmer grading system. RESULTS: The modified Mayo wrist score in groups A, B, and C was 74.5 +/- 8.9, 73.9 +/- 11.6, and 61.3 +/- 10.2, respectively (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both USO alone and combined arthroscopic TFCC debridement with USO improved the wrist function and reduced the level of pain in the patients treated for ulnar impaction syndrome. USO alone may be the preferred method of treatment in patients if the torn flap of TFCC is not unstable.

Anatomic Reconstruction of the Distal Radioulnar Ligament for Posttraumatic Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability

BACKGROUND: To analyze clinical outcomes after anatomical reconstruction of distal radioulnar ligaments in patients with chronic post-traumatic instability of the distal radioulnar joint. METHODS: Anatomical reconstruction was performed in 16 patients with subluxation or dynamic instability of distal radioulnar joint following trauma. Osteotomy was performed simultaneously in 10 patients with radial malunion. The average follow-up period was 18.9 months. For clinical outcome assessment, we performed the anteroposterior stress test, measured the range of motion and grip strength, and performed radiological examination. For assessment of the pain and function, we used the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, and the Modified Mayo Wrist Score. RESULTS: Anteroposterior stress test performed at the last follow-up showed normal in 12 patients, mild laxity in 3, and residual subluxation in one. The average Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation was 9.1 for pain and 11.2 for function. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 10.5. The average Modified Mayo Wrist Score was 92.8; there were 10 excellent, 5 good, and 1 poor case. The average grip strength improved from 69.7 1b to 80.9 1b. A revision osteotomy was performed on the patient with residual subluxation in order to obtain normal alignment of the joint. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical reconstruction of the distal radioulnar ligaments is recommended to restore distal radioulnar joint stability. In addition to ligament reconstruction, realignment of the distal radioulnar joint seems critical when the instability is combined with malunion of the radius.

Biocompatibilidade e comportamento de compósitos de hidroxiapatita em falha óssea na ulna de coelhos / Biocompatibility and behavior of hydroxyapatite on bone defect on rabbit's ulna

Avaliaram-se os compósitos de hidroxiapatita sintética e carbono (HAC) e hidroxiapatita sintética, carbono e fosfato biácido de sódio (HACF), ambos na forma sólida, como substituto ósseo em 36 coelhos adultos. Após protocolos anestésico e cirúrgico habituais, retirou-se um fragmento de aproximadamente 2cm de comprimento no terço médio da ulna esquerda. Os animais do grupo 1 receberam, em cada falha provocada, blocos de HAC e HACF, e os do grupo 2 somente HAC. Os do grupo 3 não receberam tratamento. Os animais foram submetidos a avaliações clínicas e radiológicas nos dias 8, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180 de pós-operatório. Nas mesmas datas, dois animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados e deles colheu-se material para histologia. Observou-se evolução normal da regeneração óssea em todos os animais, sendo mais precoce nos dos grupos que receberam os compósitos. O uso de HAC e HACF na ulna de coelho mostrou-se um método eficiente, não apresentando sinais de infecção e nem evidência de rejeição.

Use of arthroscopy in the treatment of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna: case report in a dog

O termo displasia de cotovelo (DC) descreve um estado anormal da articulação úmero-rádio-ulnar, causada por desenvolvimento inadequado da mesma. As lesões mais comumente encontradas são fragmentação do processo coronóide medial (FPCM) da ulna, osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) da porção medial do côndilo umeral, não união do processo ancôneo (NUPA) e incongruência articular (IA). O tratamento para FPCM pode ser conservativo ou cirúrgico. As técnicas cirúrgicas empregadas são variadas, mas em geral se baseiam na remoção de flaps cartilaginosos ou ósseos da articulação. Este trabalho relata o êxito do tratamento da FPCM da ulna utilizando-se a técnica de artroscopia.

Ulnar lengthening for kienbock disease using ring external fixator [Ilizarov]

An ulnar lengthening, using ring external fixator [Ilizarov], was performed in nine pateints who had Kienbock disease. Stages I and IV were excluded from this study. Four pateints [44%] had a history of trauma and all nine wrists had a negative ulnar varience [average 3 mm.] on radiographs. All Wrists were re-examined after an average follow up of 18 months. At that time, the pain had decreased in 89% of the wrists. Extension of the wrists had improved on average of 32%; flexion, 27%; radial deviation, 30%; and ulnar deviation, 40%. The grip strength had improved about 50%. Radiographic evaluation showed improvement in shape of lunate in 44%, and stabilization in 56%. The results were excellent and good in 89% of pateints. Ulnar lengthening is an effective treatment for kienbok disease in wrists that do not have degenerative changes in adjacent carpal joints. Pain, range of motion, and grip strength can be expected to improve

Deficiência ulnar congênita: conduta e tratamento / Congenital ulnar deficiency

Os autores apresentam uma série de seis casos de deficiência ulnar congênita do tipo II da classificaçäo radiológica de Dobyns, Wood & Bayne. Enfatizam a técnica de ressecçäo do extremo distal da ulna e do extremo proximal do rádio (luxado) como método de eleiçäo para esses casos. Em seus resultados, puderam concluir que essas osteotomias para ressecçäo, além de auxiliar a correçäo das deformidades, trazem ganho da amplitude articular e impedem a progressäo da doença com o crescimento

Tratamento das alteraçöes da articulaçäo radioulnal distal com a técnica de Sauve-Kapandji / Treatment of disorders of the distal radio-ulnar joint using Sauvé-kapandji procedure

Os autores analisaram 14 pacientes, com 17 punhos submetidos à cirurgia de Sauvé-Kapandji. Destes, seis eram portadores de seqüela de fratura no punho, sete de deformidade de Madelung e um de displasia epifisária múltipla. Sempre que necessário, foi associada osteotomia no rádio distal para a correçao da deformidade. Ocorreram três complicaçoes: neuropraxia do ramo dorsal do nervo ulnal (um caso), infecçao superficial (um), instabilidade do segmento proximal da ulna (um). A cirurgia mostrou-se eficiente, pois houve melhora da amplitude articular e desaparecimento da dor, que foi a principal indicaçao da cirurgia. Todos os pacientes estavam satisfeitos com o procedimento.