Estudo comparativo da clastogênese entre células MDPC-23 e células da medula óssea de camundongos / Effects of lipopolysaccharide and calcitriol on mdpc-23 differentiation into osteoclasts

Reabsorções internas das paredes dentinárias levantam dúvidas sobre a origem de células clásticas na polpa dentária em casos idiopáticos. Estudos recentes sugeriram que as células MDPC-23 (odontoblast-like) podem se diferenciar em células clásticas, contrariando estudos anteriores. O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar a influência do calcitriol (1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3) e do lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) na indução da diferenciação de células MDPC-23 (semelhantes a odontoblastos) em células semelhantes a clastos. Como as células MDPC-23 têm origem ectomesenquimal e células clásticas possuem origem hematopoiética, o estudo foi proposto para comparar, in vitro, o potencial clastogênico de dois modelos de origem embrionárias distintas frente a diferentes estímulos. Dois grupos, MDPC-23 e células da medula óssea de camundongos, foram cultivados e tratados com LPS ou 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 (calcitriol). No sexto dia, o ensaio de metiltiazolil-tetrazólio (MTT) foi realizado para observar a viabilidade celular diante dos tratamentos. Em seguida, o ensaio citoquímico foi executado para identificar células positivas para TRAP. Adicionalmente foi feito estudo da expressão gênica dos marcadores da clastogênese, OPG, RANK, RANKL, Csf1r, M-Csf1 e catepsina K, através da PCRq. No ensaio de MTT, a viabilidade celular não foi alterada com os tratamentos em comparação com os subgrupos controle. Células TRAP positivas estavam presentes apenas nos subgrupos medula óssea, induzidos com LPS ou calcitriol. O grupo medula óssea apresentou amplificação para todos os genes alvos mencionados. Já para os subgrupos do grupo MDPC-23 apresentaram expressão gênica significativa, diante dos tratamentos, apenas para os genes Csf1r e catepsina K. Concluiu-se, portanto, que embora apresente expressão relativa para os genes Csf1r e catepsina K, sob tratamento, as células MDPC-23 não foram capazes de se diferenciar em células clásticas.

Vitamina D: Apontamentos históricos e sua importância para manutenção da saúde / Vitamin D: Historical notes and its importance for health maintenance / Vitamina D: apuntes históricos y su importancia para el mantenimiento de la salud

Heródoto, do grego Ἡρόδοτος, viveu até onde se conhece entre 485 a 425 a.C., perseverando seu interesse intelectual junto as atividades de historiador e de geógrafo, sendo reconhecido enquanto "pai da história" e, tendo analisado e escrito sobre a invasão da Pérsia ao estado da Grécia.1,2,3 Em seus escritos, Heródoto pode observar que os guerreiros persas possuíam os seus "crânios moles", por conta dos mesmos, segundo suas observações, "utilizarem turbante" e, desta forma, não tendo acesso a exposição aos raios solares.

Vitamina D: Brevíssimas considerações sobre sua bioquímica, patologias relacionadas e saúde pública / Vitamin D: Very brief considerations on its biochemistry, related pathologies and public health / Vitamina D: Breves consideraciones sobre su bioquímica, patologías relacionadas y salud pública

Na atualidade, vasta são as produções e pesquisas, que analisam os inúmeros benefícios emanados pela vitamina D no organismo humano, se constituindo enquanto uma das principais questões na atualidade, geradora de reflexões e análises sistemáticas, em relação a este verdadeiro hormônio corporal, necessário à nossa existência e sobrevivência, com qualidade.1-10 Nesse sentido, a vitamina D se compõem enquanto constituinte, do que conhecemos enquanto "secosteroides", ou seja, compostos do tipo químico, que são derivados de um tipo de esteroide, que são provenientes de estruturas que tiveram a sua separação, desenvolvidas em suas outras ligações.

Efetividade de vitamina D para rinite alérgica: sinopse baseada em evidências / Vitamin D effectiveness for allergic rhinitis: evidence-based synopsis

Contexto: A suplementação de vitamina é considerada na prevenção de muitas doenças, incluindo a rinite alérgica, cuja prevalência tem aumentado nos últimos anos, impactando a saúde pública. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da suplementação de vitamina D para a prevenção e o tratamento da rinite alérgica. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de sinopse baseada em evidências. Procedeu-se à busca por estudos que associavam a vitamina D à rinite alérgica em três bases eletrônicas de dados: Cochrane - Central de Registros de Ensaios Clínicos - CENTRAL (2022), PubMed (1966-2022) e Portal BVS (1982-2022) e no megabuscador de evidências TRIPDATABASE (2022). Dois pesquisadores independentemente extraíram os dados e avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos para a síntese. O desfecho primário de análise envolveu a redução de crises de rinite. Resultados: Foram encontrados 125 estudos. Cinco estudos (três ensaios clínicos randomizados e dois coortes) foram incluídos. Discussão: A literatura apresenta poucos estudos relacionando vitamina D e rinite alérgica. Os estudos em humanos são ensaios clínicos de baixa amostragem e elevada heterogeneidade, que avaliaram efetividade da suplementação de vitamina D para redução de sintomas da rinite. Os dois estudos coorte encontrados não estabeleceram relação entre a exposição à vitamina D e menor manifestação de doença alérgica. O nível de evidência é muito baixo e não permite, nesse momento, aferir a efetividade da vitamina D para essa finalidade. Conclusões: Não há evidência de efetividade da suplementação de vitamina D para tratamento e prevenção da rinite alérgica, sendo recomendada a realização de novos estudos de boa qualidade metodológica.

Estudo comparativo da clastogênese entre células MDPC-23 e células da medula óssea de camundongos / Effects of lipopolysaccharide and calcitriol on mdpc-23 differentiation into osteoclasts

Reabsorções internas das paredes dentinárias levantam dúvidas sobre a origem de células clásticas na polpa dentária em casos idiopáticos. Estudos recentes sugeriram que as células MDPC-23 (odontoblast-like) podem se diferenciar em células clásticas, contrariando estudos anteriores. O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar a influência do calcitriol (1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3) e do lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) na indução da diferenciação de células MDPC-23 (semelhantes a odontoblastos) em células semelhantes a clastos. Como as células MDPC-23 têm origem ectomesenquimal e células clásticas possuem origem hematopoiética, o estudo foi proposto para comparar, in vitro, o potencial clastogênico de dois modelos de origem embrionárias distintas frente a diferentes estímulos. Dois grupos, MDPC-23 e células da medula óssea de camundongos, foram cultivados e tratados com LPS ou 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 (calcitriol). No sexto dia, o ensaio de metiltiazolil-tetrazólio (MTT) foi realizado para observar a viabilidade celular diante dos tratamentos. Em seguida, o ensaio citoquímico foi executado para identificar células positivas para TRAP. Adicionalmente foi feito estudo da expressão gênica dos marcadores da clastogênese, OPG, RANK, RANKL, Csf1r, M-Csf1 e catepsina K, através da PCRq. No ensaio de MTT, a viabilidade celular não foi alterada com os tratamentos em comparação com os subgrupos controle. Células TRAP positivas estavam presentes apenas nos subgrupos medula óssea, induzidos com LPS ou calcitriol. O grupo medula óssea apresentou amplificação para todos os genes alvos mencionados. Já para os subgrupos do grupo MDPC-23 apresentaram expressão gênica significativa, diante dos tratamentos, apenas para os genes Csf1r e catepsina K. Concluiu-se, portanto, que embora apresente expressão relativa para os genes Csf1r e catepsina K, sob tratamento, as células MDPC-23 não foram capazes de se diferenciar em células clásticas.

Hipocalcemia posterior a tiroidectomía total: Análisis de dosis para suplemento rutinario profiláctico / Hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy: Dose analysis for routine prophylactic supplementation

Introducción. La hipocalcemia es la complicación más frecuente de la tiroidectomía. La profilaxis con calcio/calcitriol es una alternativa costo-efectiva, sencilla y expedita para disminuir esta situación, sin alterar la función paratiroidea residual. Lo que no está claro es si hay superioridad de una dosis frente a otra, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento entre diferentes esquemas de profilaxis para hipocalcemia. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de adultos operados en un hospital de cuarto nivel, entre febrero de 2017 y diciembre de 2020. Se calculó la tasa de síntomas, la hipocalcemia e hipercalcemia bioquímica en el control postquirúrgico durante las siguientes dos semanas. Se hizo análisis bivariado y multivariado entre dosis de calcio/calcitriol, otros factores asociados y los desenlaces mencionados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 967 pacientes. El 10 % presentaron síntomas. No hubo diferencias significativas en el calcio sérico del control posquirúrgico entre los grupos con distintas dosis de calcio. La dosis de carbonato de calcio >3600 mg/día y el calcio en las primeras 24 horas de cirugía se asociaron a la presencia de síntomas. La dosis de calcitriol <1 mcg/día y el bocio aumentaron el riesgo de hipocalcemia bioquímica, mientras que la dosis de 1,5 mcg/día lo disminuyó. Ninguna variable evaluada se asoció a hipercalcemia bioquímica. Conclusiones. Podemos establecer que dosis altas de carbonato de calcio no se asocian con menos hipocalcemia bioquímica, lo cual está a favor de usar dosis intermedias (3600 mg/día). De forma similar, la dosis de calcitriol de 1,5 mcg/día disminuye el riesgo de este desenlace. La identificación de variables que aumentan o disminuyen el riesgo de hipocalcemia posterior a tiroidectomía, como bocio o el nivel de calcio en las primeras 24 horas para este estudio, pueden determinar ajustes individuales en la dosis rutinaria profiláctica de calcio/calcitriol.

Introduction. Hypocalcemia is the most frequent complication of thyroidectomy. Calcium/calcitriol prophylaxis is a cost-effective, simple and expeditious alternative to reduce this situation, without altering residual parathyroid function. It is not clear whether there is superiority of one dose over another, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior between prophylaxis doses for hypocalcemia. Methods. Retrospective cohort study of adults operated in a fourth level hospital, between February 2017 and December 2020. The rate of symptoms, biochemical hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia was calculated in the post-surgical control during the following two weeks. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed between calcium/calcitriol dose, other associated factors, and the mentioned outcomes. Results. Out of the 967 patients included, 10% presented symptoms. There were no significant differences in postoperative control serum calcium between the groups with different doses of calcium. The dose of calcium carbonate > 3600 mg/day and calcium in the first 24 hours of surgery were associated with the presence of symptoms. The dose of calcitriol <1 mcg/day and goiter increased the risk of biochemical hypocalcemia, while the dose of 1.5 mcg / day decreased it. No variable evaluated was associated with biochemical hypercalcemia. Conclusion. We can establish that high doses of calcium are not less associated with biochemical hypocalcemia, which is in favor of intermediate doses (i.e. 3600mg/day). In a similar way, the calcitriol dose of 1.5mcg/day decreases the risk of this outcome. The identification of variables that increase or decrease the risk of this complication (goiter or the 24h serum calcium in this study) can decide settings in the rutinary prophylactic dose of calcium/calcitriol.

Case reports of hypercalcemia and chronic renal disease due to cosmetic injections of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) / Relatos de casos de hipercalcemia e doença renal crônica devidas a injeções de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) por razões estéticas

Abstract Cosmetic injections of fillers are common plastic surgery procedures worldwide. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a filler approved only for minimally invasive procedures in facial tissue and is among the most frequently used injectable substances for cosmetic purposes. Injection of a large volume of PMMA may lead to the development of severe hypercalcemia and chronic kidney damage in a probably underestimated frequency. In such cases, hypercalcemia develops due to a granulomatous foreign body reaction with extrarenal production of calcitriol. In the present report, we describe the cases of two patients who received injections of large volumes of PMMA and developed severe hypercalcemia and advanced chronic kidney disease. These reports highlight the importance of adhering to regulations regarding the use of PMMA and properly informing patients of the possibility of complications before undertaking such procedures.

Resumo Injeções de preenchimento de caráter estético são procedimentos comuns em cirurgia plástica em todo o mundo. O polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) é um material de preenchimento aprovado apenas para procedimentos minimamente invasivos no tecido facial, e está entre as substâncias injetáveis mais frequentemente usadas para fins estéticos. A injeção de um grande volume de PMMA pode levar ao desenvolvimento de hipercalcemia grave e lesão renal crônica em uma frequência provavelmente subestimada. Nesses casos, a hipercalcemia se desenvolve devido a uma reação granulomatosa de corpo estranho, secundária à produção extrarenal de calcitriol. No presente artigo, descrevemos os casos de dois pacientes que receberam injeções de grandes volumes de PMMA e desenvolveram hipercalcemia grave e doença renal crônica avançada. Esses relatos destacam a importância de seguir as regulamentações sobre o uso do PMMA e informar adequadamente os pacientes sobre a possibilidade de complicações antes de realizar tais procedimentos.

Clinical Study on Calcitriol Combined with Sirolimus in the Treatment of Chronic Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Patients / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of calcitriol combined with sirolimus in the treatment of chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia (cITP) patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 146 adult cITP patients reated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from March 2017 to March 2020 were randomly divided into observation group (73 cases) and control group (73 cases) according to random number table. The control group was treated with oral sirolimus capsule, the observation group was treated with oral calcitriol capsule combined with sirolimus capsule, and the curative effect of the 2 groups was evaluated after continuous treatment for 6 weeks. The changes of World Health Organization (WHO) bleeding grade, laboratory related index, including peripheral blood regulatory T cell (Treg), serum 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D@*RESULTS@#The total effective rate of the observation group was 79.5% (58/73), which was significantly higher than 64.4% (47/73) of the control group (P<0.05). The revised WHO bleeding grades after treatment were significantly better than those before treatment in the 2 groups (P<0.05), but the observation group was improved more significantly than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, platelet count (PLT), peripheral blood Treg cell ratio, and serum 1,25(OH)@*CONCLUSION@#The overall efficacy of calcitriol combined with sirolimus in the treatment of cITP in adults is satisfactory, which can effectively alleviate patient's condition, improve the quality of life, further increase the platelet level and decrease the expression of VDR in peripheral blood lymphocyte, the mechanism may be related to increasing the level of serum 1,25(OH)

Hiperparatiroidismo primario por carcinoma paratiroideo: caso problema y revisión / Primary hyperparathyroidism by parathyroid cancer: case report and review

El carcinoma paratiroideo (CP) es una neoplasia maligna con una incidencia de 0,015 cada 100.000 habitantes por año. Representa el 1% de los diagnósticos de hiperparatiroidismo primario y se manifiesta entre la 4.a y 5.a década de la vida, con una incidencia similar entre hombres y mujeres. La etiología del CP es incierta, ha sido asociada a formas esporádicas o familiares. Está caracterizado por altos niveles séricos de calcio y PTH y el desafío clínico-quirúrgico es el diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades benignas como el adenoma o la hiperplasia de paratiroides. Aunque el diagnóstico de certeza es anatomopatológico, la sospecha clínica y el uso de métodos de baja complejidad (ecografía) con operadores avezados permite una correcta localización y abordaje pertinente del paciente para dirigir el tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado (resección en bloque) evitando persistencias y recurrencias de enfermedad. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino que ingresa por síndrome de impregnación asociado a hipercalcemia, su abordaje diagnóstico, tratamiento y manejo interdisciplinario con discusión y revisión bibliográfica. (AU)

Parathyroid carcinoma (CP) is a malignant disease with an incidence of 0.015 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. It accounts for 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism diagnoses and occurs between the 4th and 5th decade of life, with a similar incidence between men and women. The etiology of CP is uncertain and has been associated with sporadic or family forms. CP is characterized by high serum calcium and PTH levels and the clinical-surgical challenge is the differential diagnosis with other benign entities such as parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Although the diagnosis of certainty is achieved by pathological anatomy examination, the clinical suspicion and the use of low complexity methods (ultrasound) by experienced operators allows a correct localization and a patient-specific approach to direct the appropriate surgical treatment (block resection), avoiding persistence and recurrences of disease. The clinical case of a male patient admitted for severe hypercalcemia with multiple organ disfunction, the diagnostic approaches, treatment, and interdisciplinary management, together with review and discussion of the current literature are presented. (AU)

Tratamiento de hipoparatiroidismo con parathormona recombinante humana [rhPTH(1-84)] / Hypoparathyroidism treated with recombinant human parathyroid hormone [rhPTH(1-84)]

El hipoparatiroidismo (hipoPTH) es una enfermedad infrecuente caracterizada por hipocalcemia y niveles inapropiadamente bajos o ausentes de parathormona. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 25 años, deportista de alto rendimiento, con antecedente de hipoPTH secundario a tiroidectomía total dos años antes por cáncer papilar multifocal bilateral tiroideo, estadificado como T3 N1b M0, derivado por hipocalcemia sintomática. Presentaba calcemias promedio de 7mg%, síntomas de hipocalcemia en reposo y múltiples internaciones. Inicialmente, se optimizó tratamiento convencional con aporte de calcio vía oral hasta 12g/día, vitamina D y calcitriol, sin mejoría clínica ni bioquímica. Se descartaron malabsorción y complicaciones crónicas de hipoPTH. Se evidenció a través de cuestionario de salud SF-36 disminución de la calidad de vida. Se indicó sustitución con parathormona recombinante humana [rhPTH(1-84)] 50μg/día subcutánea con posterior ascenso a 75μg y reducción progresiva de la medicación por vía oral. Actualmente se encuentra asintomático, sin requerimiento de calcio ni vitamina D, mantiene calcemias de 9mg%, realiza actividad deportiva y demuestra marcada mejoría en la calidad de vida según cuestionario SF-36 (36-Item Short Form Health Survey).

Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) is a rare disease characterized by low calcium and inappropriately low circulating parathormone levels. We present the case of a 25-year-old high-performance athlete male, with history of HypoPT after total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (T3 N1b M0) two years before, who was referred to our clinic for symptomatic hypocalcemia. The patient reported serum calcium average levels of 7mg%, presented symptoms of hypocalcemia at rest and had multiple hospital admissions. First, standard treatment was optimized by calcium supplementation up to 12g/d and active vitamin D, not showing clinical or biochemical improvement. Malabsorption and complications of chronic HypoPT were ruled out. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) demonstrated an impaired quality of life (QoL). Full-length recombinant human parathyroid hormone [rhPTH(1-84)] therapy was started with 50μg/d subcutaneous, and later adjusted to 75μg/d and the oral treatment gradually decreased. Currently, he is asymptomatic, with serum calcium levels above 9mg%, without receiving oral medication. He performs sports activity and shows marked improvement in quality of life according to SF-36 questionnaire.

Circulating level of 25(OH)D3 with risk factors of asymptomatic adenoma and proximal non-adenoma colorectal polyps / Níveis circulantes de 25(OH)D3 com fatores de risco de adenoma assintomático e pólipos colorretais proximais sem adenoma

ABSTRACT Background: An inverse association between circulating vitamin D and adenoma risk hasbeen reported, but less is known about proximal inflammatory-hyperplastic polyps.Purpose: To investigate circulating 25(OH)D3and risk factors of proximal inflammatory-hyperplastic and adenoma colorectal polyps.Methods: From January 2017 to June 2019, consecutive asymptomatic average-risk partic-ipants undergoing initial screening colonoscopy. Questionnaires provided information oncolorectal polyp risk factors, and plasma samples were assayed for 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D ­25(OH)D3. The colorectal polyps were assessed, and medical history and demographic datawere obtained from each patient.Results: Of the 220 asymptomatic subjects, the prevalence of proximal inflammatory-hyperplastic polyps and adenoma polyps were 16.8%; 18.1% and 22.2%, respectively.Multivariate analysis revealed that low vitamin D (25(OH)D3< 18 ng/mL, OR = 3.94; 95%CI: 1.81­9.51) and current/former smoking (OR = 6.85; 95% CI: 2.98­15.70), high bodymass index (BMI > 24, OR = 5.32, 95% CI: 2.62­4.71) were independent predictors forproximal inflammatory-hyperplastic colorectal polyps (non-adenoma). Low vitamin D(25(OH)D3< 18 ng/mL, OR = 7.75; 95% CI: 3.19­18.80) and current/former smoking (OR = 3.75;95% CI: 1.30­10.81), age over 60 years old (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02­5.57), were independentpredictors for adenoma colorectal polyps.Conclusion: Low vitamin D and smoking are common risk factors for both adenomatous andproximal inflammatory hyperplastic polyps. Old age and BMI are additional risk factors forthe development of adenomatous and non-adenomatous colorectal polyps.

RESUMO Background: An inverse association between circulating vitamin D and adenoma risk hasbeen reported, but less is known about proximal inflammatory-hyperplastic polyps.Purpose: To investigate circulating 25(OH)D3and risk factors of proximal inflammatory-hyperplastic and adenoma colorectal polyps.Methods: From January 2017 to June 2019, consecutive asymptomatic average-risk partic-ipants undergoing initial screening colonoscopy. Questionnaires provided information oncolorectal polyp risk factors, and plasma samples were assayed for 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D ­25(OH)D3. The colorectal polyps were assessed, and medical history and demographic datawere obtained from each patient.Results: Of the 220 asymptomatic subjects, the prevalence of proximal inflammatory-hyperplastic polyps and adenoma polyps were 16.8%; 18.1% and 22.2%, respectively.Multivariate analysis revealed that low vitamin D (25(OH)D3< 18 ng/mL, OR = 3.94; 95%CI: 1.81­9.51) and current/former smoking (OR = 6.85; 95% CI: 2.98­15.70), high bodymass index (BMI > 24, OR = 5.32, 95% CI: 2.62­4.71) were independent predictors forproximal inflammatory-hyperplastic colorectal polyps (non-adenoma). Low vitamin D(25(OH)D3< 18 ng/mL, OR = 7.75; 95% CI: 3.19­18.80) and current/former smoking (OR = 3.75;95% CI: 1.30­10.81), age over 60 years old (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02­5.57), were independentpredictors for adenoma colorectal polyps.Conclusion: Low vitamin D and smoking are common risk factors for both adenomatous andproximal inflammatory hyperplastic polyps. Old age and BMI are additional risk factors forthe development of adenomatous and non-adenomatous colorectal polyps.

Hipoparatiroidismo y calcificaciones cerebrales: reporte de caso / Hypoparathyroidism and brain calcifications: a case report

Introducción. El hipoparatiroidismo es una enfermedad caracterizada por la ausencia o concentraciones inadecuadamente bajas de hormona paratiroidea (PTH), que conduce a hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia y excreción fraccional elevada de calcio en la orina. Las calcificaciones del sistema nervioso central son un hallazgo frecuente en estos pacientes. Caso clínico. Mujer de 56 años con antecedente de hipotiroidismo, que ingresó por un cuadro de 6 días de evolución caracterizado por astenia, parestesias periorales y movimientos anormales de manos y pies. Las pruebas de laboratorio demostraron hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia y niveles bajos de hormona paratiroidea. Se realizó una tomografía computarizada de cráneo que mostró áreas bilaterales y simétricas de calcificaciones en hemisferios cerebelosos, ganglios basales y corona radiata. No se evidenciaron trastornos en el metabolismo del cobre y hierro. Se estableció el diagnóstico del síndrome de Fahr secundario a hipoparatiroidismo y se inició tratamiento con suplementos de calcio y vitamina D con evolución satisfactoria. Discusión. El síndrome de Fahr es un trastorno neurológico caracterizado por el depósito anormal de calcio en áreas del cerebro que controlan la actividad motora. Se asocia a varias enfermedades, especialmente, hipoparatiroidismo. La suplementación con calcio y vitamina D con el objetivo de normalizar los niveles plasmáticos de estos cationes es el tratamiento convencional. (AU)

Introduction. Hypoparathyroidism is a disease characterized by absence or inappropriately low concentrations of circulating parathyroid hormone, leading to hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated fractional excretion of calcium in the urine. Central nervous system calcifications are a common finding in these patients. Case report. 56-year-old woman with a history of hypothyroidism who was admitted for a 6-day course of illness characterized by asthenia, perioral paresthesias, and abnormal movements of the hands and feet. Laboratory tests showed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and low parathyroid hormone levels. A cranial computed tomography was performed. It showed bilateral and symmetrical areas of calcifications in the cerebellar hemispheres, basal ganglia, and radiata crown. No disorders of copper or iron metabolism were evident. The diagnosis of Fahr syndrome secondary to hypoparathyroidism was established and treatment with calcium and vitamin D supplements was started with satisfactory evolution. Discussion. Fahr's syndrome is a neurological disorder associated with abnormal calcium deposition in areas of the brain that control motor activity. It is associated with various diseases, especially hypoparathyroidism. The conventional treatment is supplementation with calcium and vitamin D, with the aim of normalizing their plasma levels. (AU)

Recidiva del hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis luego de la paratiroidectomía / Recurrence of secondary hyper¬parathyroidism in dialysis patients after parathyroidectomy

La paratiroidectomía (PTX) es la terapia de elección en el hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica (HPT-ERC) resistente al tratamiento médico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el resultado de la PTX a largo plazo y sus factores predictores. Métodos: estudio unicéntrico retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron 92 pacientes con HPT-ERC en diálisis, en quienes se realizó la primera PTX en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires entre 2006 y 2015 con seguimiento ≥ 6 meses. Se consideró persistencia del HPTERC con PTH > 300 pg/ml en el semestre posoperatorio, y recidiva con PTH > 500 pg/ml luego. Resultados: edad: 43,6±12,8 años, 50% mujeres, mediana 4,6 años de diálisis, PTH preoperatoria mediana 1639 pg/ml. A 39 se les realizó PTX subtotal (PTXS) y a 53 total con autoimplante (PTXT+AI). Se observó persistencia en 16 pacientes (17,4%). Presentaron recidiva 30 de 76 pacientes con adecuada respuesta inicial (39,5%; IC 95 28,5-50,5). La mediana de tiempo hasta la recidiva fue de 4,7 años (RIC 2,3-7,5). Los pacientes con recidiva presentaron mayor calcemia preoperatoria (mediana 9,9 vs. 9,3 mg/dl, p=0,035; OR ajustado 2,79) y menor elevación de fosfatasa alcalina en el posoperatorio (333 vs. 436 UI/l, p=0,031; OR ajustado 0,99). La recidiva se presentó más frecuentemente luego de la PTXT+AI (48,9%; OR ajustado 4,66), que en la PTXS (25,8%). Conclusiones: el tiempo en diálisis con inadecuado control metabólico constituye el principal factor para la recurrencia del HPT. Se postula que la mayor calcemia preoperatoria está relacionada con un HPT más severo y se asocia a recurrencia. Llamativamente, hallamos menores elevaciones de la fosfatasa alcalina durante el posoperatorio en pacientes con recurrencia. Hipotetizamos que esto pueda asociarse con menor mineralización en el posoperatorio e hiperfosfatemia sostenida, con consecuente estímulo paratiroideo. La menor recurrencia del HPT luego de la PTXS se vincula al sesgo generado en la selección del tipo de cirugía. (AU)

Parathyroidectomy is an effective therapy for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). Continued dialysis represents risk for recurrent sHPT. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of recurrence and determine its predictors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 92 adults in chronic dialysis, who underwent their first parathyroidectomy in this center between 2006 and 2015. We considered persistence of sHPT if PTH was > 300 pg/ml during the first postoperative semester, and recurrence if it was > 500 pg/ml afterwards. Results: Age 43.6+-12 y/o, 50% female, 4.6 years on dialysis, median preoperative PTH 1636 pg/ml (IQR 1226-2098). Subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) was performed in 39, Total with autotransplantation (TA-PTX) in 53 patients. Persistence of sHPT occurred in 16 patients; relapse in 30 out of 76 with adequate initially response (39.5%; 95CI 28,5-50,5). Median time to recurrence: 4.7 y. Recurring patients had higher preoperative calcemia (9.9 vs 9.3 mg/dl; adj OR 2.79) and lower postoperative elevation of ALP (333 vs 436 UI/ml; adj OR 0.99). Recurrence presented more frequently in TA-PTX (48.9%; adj OR 4.66) than sPTX (25.8%). Conclusions: Time on dialysis with inadequate metabolic control remains the most important risk factor for sHPT recurrence. Higher preoperative levels of calcemia, related to sHPT severity, are associated with recurrence. Lower elevations of ALP during postoperative period in recurring patients are an interesting finding. We hypothesize that patients with less significant postoperative mineralization may have chronically higher levels of phosphatemia, stimulating parathyroid glands. Fewer recurrence in sPTX is associated to a bias in the procedure selection. (AU)

Therapeutic effects of vitamin D on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats

Abstract Purpose To analyze the effect of calcitriol treatment on acute colitis in an experimental rat model. Methods A total of 24 adult Sprague Dawley albino rats were randomly separated into 3 equal groups: control group (n:8), colitis group (n:8), calcitriol administered group (n:8). A single dose of acetic acid (1 ml of 4% solution) was administered intrarectally to induce colitis. Group 1 was given 1 ml/kg 0.9% NaCl intraperitoneally; rats belonging to Group 2 were administered calcitriol 1 µg/kg for 5 days. Results Plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha, Pentraxin 3, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the calcitriol administered colitis group than in the standard colitis group (p<0.01). In the Calcitriol group, there was a significant histological improvement in hyperemia, hemorrhage and necrotic areas in the epithelium compared to the placebo group (p <0.000). Conclusion The findings suggest that calcitriol may be an agent that could be used in acute colitis treatment.

The outcomes of dexmedetomidine and calcitriol on flap viability

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate protective effects of dexmedetomidine, calcitriol and their combination. Methods: Forty Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups; group of Sham (Group Sham); group of dexmedetomidine (Group DEX); group of calcitriol (Group CAL) and group of dexmedetomidineandcalcitriol (Group DEX-CAL). Photographic analysis was used for macroscopic analysis and perfusion analyses were evaluated by scintigraphy. Additionally, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant activity (TAS) were recorded and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Each flap was assessed by histopathology. Results: Compared to Group Sham, the viable flap areas were higher in all treatment groups both by photographic image analyses and perfusion analyses (p<0.05). Group DEX-CAL had the highest viable flap percentage both in scintigraphic and photographic analyses; whereas Group Sham had the lowest viable flap percentage. Similarly, TAS and MDA levels were elevated and TOS levels were declined in all treatment groups compared to Group Sham (p<0.005). Histopathological analysis at flap demarcation zone confirmed neovascularization was significantly higher and edema, necrosis and inflammation were significantly lower in all treatment groups compared to Group Sham. Conclusion: The outcomes show that additional premedication with either dexmedetomidine or calcitriol or their combination reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury of flap area and show significant increase in the percentage of viable flap tissue.

Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on experimental periodontitis and AhR/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a mouse model

Abstract Vitamin D has been known to have important regulatory functions in inflammation and immune response and shows inhibitory effects on experimental periodontitis in animal models. However, the potential mechanism has yet to be clarified. Recent studies have highlighted Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its downstream signaling as a crucial regulator of immune homeostasis and inflammatory regulation. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) on experimental periodontitis and AhR/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in the gingival epithelium in a murine model. Methodology: We induced periodontitis in male C57BL/6 wild-type mice by oral inoculation of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), and subsequently gave intraperitoneal VD3 injection to the mice every other day for 8 weeks. Afterwards, we examined the alveolar bone using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and detected the gingival epithelial protein using western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Results: SEM images demonstrated that alveolar bone loss was reduced in the periodontitis mouse model after VD3 supplementation. Western blot analyses and immunohistochemical staining of the gingival epithelium showed that the expression of vitamin D receptor, AhR and its downstream cytochrome P450 1A1 were enhanced upon VD3 application. Additionally, VD3 decreased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 protein expression. Conclusions: These results implicate the alleviation of periodontitis and the alteration of AhR/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by VD3 in the mouse model. The attenuation of this periodontal disease may correlate with the regulation of AhR/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by VD3.

Impact on Bisphosphonate Persistence and Compliance: Daily Postprandial Administration

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonate (BP) is an effective drug for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, gastrointestinal distress caused by BP is a well-known side effect for low compliance. The aim of our study was to compare the 1-year persistence, compliance and T-scores between the aperitif medication group and the postprandial medication group. METHODS: Three hundred patients were included in this study to determine their persistence and compliance with the prescribed daily BP (Maxmarvil®, alendronate 5 mg and calcitriol 0.5 µg; YuYu Pharm) following distal radius fractures. Patients in Group 1 (aperitif medication) were asked to adhere to the general guidelines for BPs before breakfast. Patients in Group 2 (postprandial medication) were recommended medication after breakfast. We compared the persistence and compliance of this daily BP therapy using the medication possession ratio (MPR) and T-scores between the 2 groups after 1 year. RESULTS: Bone mineral density in hip and lumbar spine was improved significantly in 2 groups (P < 0.001). Significant differences existed between 2 groups, including 73 of 150 patients (48.7%) in Group 1, and 111 of 150 patients (73.3%) in Group 2 for 1-year persistence (P=0.001). The mean MPR is 0.66 in Group 1 (range, 0.50–0.86) and 0.71 in Group 2 (range, 0.54–0.87). A significant difference was detected between the 2 groups (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Postprandial administration improved persistence and compliance with daily BP therapy, resulting in better clinical outcomes.

A Case Report: Total Parathyroidectomy with Autotransplantation for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) usually result from parathyroid gland hyperplasia that produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH). Decreased renal function leads to elevate serum phosphate levels and reduce vitamin D production, which results in hypocalcemia. Skeletal resistance to PTH results in persistently and frequently extremely elevated PTH levels and renal osteopathy. Treatment of choice for secondary HPT is medical management including calcitriol and vitamin D. However, for some cases in calciphylaxis and the failure including PTH >800 pg/mL or osteoporosis under maximal medical management surgical intervention could be an alternative option. We described a case of 47-year-old woman with surgical intervention for secondary hyperparathyroidism.