Linfomas cutáneos primarios: Parte I / Primary cutaneous lymphomas: Part I

Realizamos una revisión de la bibliografía sobre los linfomas cutáneos primarios tomando como base la nueva clasificación donde EORTC y OMS aunaron conceptos y criterios para ella. Destacamos que los linfomas cutáneos de células T tienen una mayor agresividad, tienen tendencia a lesiones más generalizadas y agresivas, y dentro de los más frecuentes del grupo se encuentran la micosis fungoide con todas sus variantes y el síndrome de Sézary. El linfoma T paniculítico con fenotipo alfa/beta debe ser considerado como tal, siendo la forma gamma/delta CD4- y CD8- con coexpresión CD56 incluido en la categoría de linfoma T gamma/delta. Los linfomas cutáneos de células B son menos agresivos y sus lesiones tienen preferencia por la zona de cabeza y cuello. En ellos se debe investigar por serología, infecciones previas, en especial por Borrelia burgdorferi. Las nuevas aclaraciones sobre los diferentes linfomas B, principalmente en los primarios difusos y en los perifoliculares, facilita la elección de una terapéutica más o menos agresiva. Se avanza cada día más en el estudio de estas patologías, debiéndose realizar un estudio exhaustivo clínico y laboratorial donde se incluya el estudio inmunohistoquímico e inmunogenético, sin los cuales no se llega a realizar un acertado diagnóstico. Cada entidad definida como linfoma tiene como característica el hecho de presentar un inmunofenotipo, un inmunogenotipo y un conjunto de anormalidades moleculares que la hacen diferenciable de otro tipo de linfoma, lo que permite diagnosticarlo, estadificarlo y predecir su comportamiento biológico. Múltiples terapéuticas en uso y/o en fase de investigación cambiarán en un futuro cercano la evolución de los linfomas cutáneos primarios. Podemos mencionar los anticuerpos monoclonales. Los anti CD20 (rituximab) son los más efectivos y los más estudiados. Dentro de otros se encuentran ya en estudios avanzados alemtuzumab (anti CD52), epratuzumab (anti CD22), apolizumab (anti HLA-DR) y galiximab...

We have a bibliographic revision of primary cutaneous limphomas using the EORTC and WHO new classification in order to unify concepts. Cutaneous T cell like lymphomas (C+CL) have a higher aggressiveness with a generalized and aggressive tendency; being the most frecuents all varieties of micosys fungoide (MF) and Sézary sindrome. Those lymphomas with a/ß phenotype must be estrictly considered as a subcutaneous panniculiticlike + cell lymphoma; and those with ?/d phenotype as +/NK cell lymphoma; wich has a very agressive clinical course. Cutaneous B cell lymphomas are less aggressive and its lesions are preferably situated in head and neck, in this cases previous infections must be investigated, specially Borrelia burgdoferi infections. The new classifications of diferents B lymphomas, principally betwen primary cutaneous and folliculars, facilitates the selection of a correct therapy. The study of these pathologies advances every day. It is very important to include immunihistochemical, immunogenetic and immunophenotype studies so as rech bo the correct diagnosis and classification of the lymphomas. New therapies and new combination of therapies will offer a promising future.

A Case of Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic syndrome and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Following High-Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (t-AML) are now well established as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We experienced a 28-yr-old female patient who developed t-MDS/t-AML with characteristic chromosomal abnormalities including 11q23 chromosomal rearrangement following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient was admitted with bulky abdominal masses of B cell lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. After 2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy of the Vanderbilt regimen, the patient underwent ASCT with high dose chemotherapy of the BEAC regimen. She also received radiation of 48 Gy for the residual periportal lymphadenopathy. The initial cytogenetic analysis of the infused mononuclear cells revealed a normal karyotype. Twenty two months after the ASCT, pancytopenia was noted and her bone marrow aspirate showed dysplastic hemopoiesis with myeloblasts up to 12% of nonerythroid nucleated cells. The patient was diagnosed as t-MDS (refractory anemia with an excess of blasts). Cytogenetic analysis showed complex chromosomal abnormalities including 11q23 rearrangement, which is frequently found in topoisomerase II inhibitor-related hematologic malignancies. Four months later, it was noted that the t-MDS had evolved into an overt t-AML. Cytogenetic analysis showed an evolving pattern with more complex abnormalities. The patient was treated with combination che-motherapy, but her leukemic cells were resistant to the therapy.