Rudimentary horn pregnancy: clinical analysis of 12 cases and literature review / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatments and fertility recovery of rudimentary horn pregnancy (RHP). Methods: The clinical data of 12 cases with RHP diagnosed and treated in Peking University Third Hospital from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical informations, diagnosis and treatments of RHP and the pregnancy status after surgery were analyzed. Results: The median age of 12 RHP patients was 29 years (range: 24-37 years). Eight cases of pregnancy in residual horn of uterus occurred in type Ⅰ residual horn of uterus, 4 cases occurred in type Ⅱ residual horn of uterus; among which 5 cases were misdiagnosed by ultrasound before surgery. All patients underwent excision of residual horn of uterus and affected salpingectomy. After surgery, 9 patients expected future pregnancy, and 3 cases of natural pregnancy, 2 cases of successful pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology. Four pregnancies resulted in live birth with cesarean section, and 1 case resulted in spontaneous abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. No uterine rupture or ectopic pregnancy occurred in subsequent pregnancies. Conclusions: Ultrasonography could aid early diagnosis of RHP while misdiagnosis occurred in certain cases. Thus, a comprehensive judgment and decision ought to be made based on medical history, physical examination and assisted examination. Surgical exploration is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of RHP. For infertile patients, assisted reproductive technology should be applied when necessary. Caution to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy complications such as uterine rupture, and application of cesarean section to terminate pregnancy are recommended.

Association of interpregnancy interval and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in woman by different previous gestational ages / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#With an increasing proportion of multiparas, proper interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) are urgently needed. However, the association between IPIs and adverse perinatal outcomes has always been debated. This study aimed to explore the association between IPIs and adverse outcomes in different fertility policy periods and for different previous gestational ages.@*METHODS@#We used individual data from China's National Maternal Near Miss Surveillance System between 2014 and 2019. Multivariable Poisson models with restricted cubic splines were used. Each adverse outcome was analyzed separately in the overall model and stratified models. The stratified models included different categories of fertility policy periods (2014-2015, 2016-2017, and 2018-2019) and infant gestational age in previous pregnancy (<28 weeks, 28-36 weeks, and ≥37 weeks).@*RESULTS@#There were 781,731 pregnancies enrolled in this study. A short IPI (≤6 months) was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (OR [95% CI]: 1.63 [1.55, 1.71] for vaginal delivery [VD] and 1.10 [1.03, 1.19] for cesarean section [CS]), low Apgar scores and small for gestational age (SGA), and a decreased risk of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, preeclampsia or eclampsia, and gestational hypertension. A long IPI (≥60 months) was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (OR [95% CI]: 1.18 [1.11, 1.26] for VD and 1.39 [1.32, 1.47] for CS), placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, preeclampsia or eclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Fertility policy changes had little effect on the association of IPIs and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The estimated risk of preterm birth, low Apgar scores, SGA, diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, and gestational hypertension was more profound among women with previous term births than among those with preterm births or pregnancy loss.@*CONCLUSION@#For pregnant women with shorter or longer IPIs, more targeted health care measures during pregnancy should be formulated according to infant gestational age in previous pregnancy.

Espectro do acretismo placentário: recomendações atualizadas da perspectiva do profissional de imagem pré-natal / Placenta accreta spectrum disorders: current recommendations from the perspective of antenatal imaging

O parto cesáreo (PC) é o procedimento cirúrgico mais comumente realizado nos Estados Unidos (mais de 1 milhão de cirurgias por ano) e um dos procedimentos mais realizados em todo o mundo.(1) Embora o PC seja um procedimento potencialmente salvador de vidas, quando corretamente indicado, sua frequência aumentou constantemente nas últimas décadas (atualmente 21,1% globalmente, variando de 5%, na África Subsaariana, a 42,8%, na América Latina e no Caribe). Além disso, estudos demonstram tendência continuada de aumento (projeção para 2030: 28,5% globalmente, variando de 7,1%, na África Subsaariana, a 63,4%, no leste da Ásia).(2) República Dominicana, Brasil, Chipre, Egito e Turquia são os líderes mundiais, com taxas de PC variando de 58,1% a 50,8%, respectivamente, o que aponta para uma tendência preocupante de medicalização do parto e indicação excessiva do PC.(2) Outros procedimentos cirúrgicos como dilatação, curetagem, miomectomia e histeroscopia cirúrgica são menos frequentes que o PC. Ainda assim, devido à tendência de maior idade materna, o número de gestantes previamente submetidas a esses procedimentos também tende a aumentar. Esses dados apontam para um número crescente de gestações em úteros manipulados cirurgicamente Gestantes com cicatrizes uterinas prévias correm risco de aumento da morbimortalidade. Complicações como placenta prévia, rotura uterina espontânea, deiscência uterina (com ou sem intrusão placentária), gestação em cicatriz de cesariana (GCC) e distúrbios do espectro do acretismo placentário (EAP) estão associadas a sangramento uterino potencialmente fatal, lesões extrauterinas e parto pré-termo

Conhecimento das puérperas em relação ao parto humanizado e às vias de parto / Knowledge of puerperal women towards humanized delivery and modes of delivery

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento das puérperas em relação ao parto humanizado e às vias de parto. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal com 369 puérperas que realizaram seu parto em um hospital público de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Aplicação de dois questionários que avaliaram características demográficas e socioeconômicas, informações sobre a gestação e o pré-natal, conhecimento de humanização e vias de parto, e atitude em relação às vias de parto. Resultados: Entre as puérperas, 72% afirmaram já terem ouvido falar no termo "parto humanizado", porém, dessas, 52,6% deram uma definição inadequada. E 48,2% obtiveram baixo conhecimento acerca das vias de parto, e 58,2% expressaram atitude positiva em relação à cesárea. Houve associação entre conhecimento prévio sobre parto humanizado e renda (p = 0,001), escolaridade (p < 0,0001), número de consultas de pré-natal (p = 0,023), busca de informações sobre as vias de parto (p < 0,0001) e preferência de parto (p = 0,011). Houve correlação do conhecimento acerca das vias de parto com renda (p = 0,044), escolaridade (p = 0,003), busca de informações sobre as vias de parto (p = 0,007) e atitude em relação à cesárea (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Observou-se baixo conhecimento acerca das vias de parto e parto humanizado, e características como renda, escolaridade, busca por informações de forma independente e número de consultas de pré-natal possuem associação com esses conhecimentos. Um pré-natal com adequada transmissão de conhecimento relaciona-se à preferência pelo parto normal, sendo essa uma estratégia para a redução das taxas de cesárea e, consequentemente, da morbimortalidade materno-fetal.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of postpartum women in relation to humanized del ivery and delivery methods. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study with 369 postpartum women who delivered in a public hospital in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Application of two questionnaires, which evaluated demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, information about pregnancy and prenatal care, knowledge of humanization and delivery methods, attitude towards delivery methods. Results: 72% of postpartum women said they had already heard the term "humanized childbirth", however, of these 52.6% gave an inadequate definition. 48.2% had low knowledge about delivery methods. 58.2% expressed a positive attitude towards cesarean section. There was an association between prior knowledge about humanized childbirth and income (p = 0.001), schooling (p < 0.0001), number of prenatal consultations (p = 0.023), search for information about delivery methods (p < 0 .0001), birth preference (p = 0.011). There was a correlation between knowledge about the modes of delivery with income (p = 0.044), education (p = 0.003), search for information about the modes of delivery (p = 0.007), attitude towards cesarean section (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There was a low knowledge about the ways of delivery and humanized delivery, and characteristics such as income, education, search for information independently and the number of prenatal consultations have an association with this knowledge. A prenatal care with adequate transmission of knowledge is related to the preference for normal delivery, which is a strategy for reducing cesarean rates and, consequently, maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality.

Pregnancy-associated neuromyelitis optical spectrum disorder combined with primary Sjögren's syndrome: A critical illness case report / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Central nervous system involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is less common and usually presents as white matter lesions, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), or transverse myelitis. NMOSD is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a high rate of relapse and significant disability. Studies have shown that patients with pSS combined with NMOSD have more severe symptoms and poorer prognosis. Here, we present a case of critical illness in pregnancy-associated NMOSD combined with Sjögren's syndrome. The patient was a 30-year-old pregnant woman with a history of Sjögren's syndrome who was diagnosed with NMOSD. She received combination therapy with steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy, resulting in partial resolution of numbness below the waist. However, due to irregular medication adherence outside the hospital setting, she developed weakness in her right lower limb accompanied by inability to move it, while her left lower limb still had some mobility but occasional numbness along with urinary and fecal incontinence. Ten days later, she was admitted to the emergency department where an emergency cesarean section was performed to deliver a healthy baby boy. However, her condition worsened postpartum as she developed high fever accompanied by bilateral lower limb paralysis and weakness along with loss of voluntary control over urination and defecation. The patient underwent ano-ther course of treatment consisting of steroids and IVIG; however there was limited improvement in symptoms observed after this intervention. Following administration of rituximab for the first time, the patient developed urinary tract infection which was successfully managed before continuing regular infusions. In later stages the patient could walk slightly with a limp and regained control over urination and defecation, allowing her to resume normal activities. This case suggests that combination therapy with steroids, IVIG, and hydroxychloroquine should be considered for the patients with pregnancy-associated NMOSD combined with Sjögren's syndrome. Rituximab can significantly improve symptoms such as postpartum paralysis in patients with NMOSD, however, there may be a risk of infection associated with its use.

Chinese Medicine Plaster as A New Treatment for Surgical Site Infection in Patients with Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy of Chinese plaster containing rhubarb and mirabilite on surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with cesarean delivery (CD) by performing a randomized controlled trial.@*METHODS@#This randomized controlled trial included 560 patients with CD due to fetal head descent enrolled at a tertiary teaching center between December 31, 2018 and October 31, 2021. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to a Chinese medicine (CM) group (280 cases) or a placebo group (280 cases) by a random number table, and were treated with CM plaster (made by rhubarb and mirabilite) or a placebo plaster, respectively. Both courses of treatment lasted from the day 1 of CD, followed day 2 until discharge. The primary outcome was the total number of patients with superficial, deep and organ/space SSI. The secondary outcome was duration of postoperative hospital stay, antibiotic intake, and unplanned readmission or reoperation due to SSI. All reported efficacy and safety outcomes were confirmed by a central adjudication committee that was unaware of the study-group assignments.@*RESULTS@#During the recovery process after CD, the rates of localized swelling, redness and heat were significantly lower in the CM group than in the placebo group [7.55% (20/265) vs. 17.21% (47/274), P<0.01]. The durution of postoperative antibiotic intake was shorter in the CM group than in the placebo group (P<0.01). The duration of postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the CM group than in the placebo group (5.49 ± 2.68 days vs. 8.96 ± 2.35 days, P<0.01). The rate of postoperative C-reactive protein elevation (≽100 mg/L) was lower in the CM group than in the placebo group [27.6% (73/265) vs. 43.8% (120/274), P<0.01]. However, there was no difference in purulent drainage rate from incision and superficial opening of incision between the two groups. No intestinal reactions and skin allergies were found in the CM group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#CM plaster containing rhubarb and mirabilite had an effect on SSI. It is safe for mothers and imposes lower economic and mental burdens on patients undergoing CD. (Registration No. ChiCTR2100054626).

Assessment of risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia with pulmonary hypertension and construction of a prediction nomogram model / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To explore the risk factors of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and to establish a prediction model for early PH. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Data of 777 BPD preterm infants with the gestational age of <32 weeks were collected from 7 collaborative units of the Su Xinyun Neonatal Perinatal Collaboration Network platform in Jiangsu Province from January 2019 to December 2022. The subjects were randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort at a ratio of 8∶2 by computer, and non-parametric test or χ2 test was used to examine the differences between the two retrospective cohorts. Univariate Logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used in the training cohort to screen the risk factors affecting the PH associated with BPD. A nomogram model was constructed based on the severity of BPD and its risk factors,which was internally validated by the Bootstrap method. Finally, the differential, calibration and clinical applicability of the prediction model were evaluated using the training and verification queues. Results: A total of 130 among the 777 preterm infants with BPD had PH, with an incidence of 16.7%, and the gestational age was 28.7 (27.7, 30.0) weeks, including 454 males (58.4%) and 323 females (41.6%). There were 622 preterm infants in the training cohort, including 105 preterm infants in the PH group. A total of 155 patients were enrolled in the verification cohort, including 25 patients in the PH group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that low 5 min Apgar score (OR=0.87, 95%CI 0.76-0.99), cesarean section (OR=1.97, 95%CI 1.13-3.43), small for gestational age (OR=9.30, 95%CI 4.30-20.13), hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) (OR=4.49, 95%CI 2.58-7.80), late-onset sepsis (LOS) (OR=3.52, 95%CI 1.94-6.38), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (OR=8.67, 95%CI 3.98-18.91) were all independent risk factors for PH (all P<0.05). The independent risk factors and the severity of BPD were combined to construct a nomogram map model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the nomogram model in the training cohort and the validation cohort were 0.83 (95%CI 0.79-0.88) and 0.87 (95%CI 0.79-0.95), respectively, and the calibration curve was close to the ideal diagonal. Conclusions: Risk of PH with BPD increases in preterm infants with low 5 minute Apgar score, cesarean section, small for gestational age, hamodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus, late-onset sepsis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. This nomogram model serves as a useful tool for predicting the risk of PH with BPD in premature infants, which may facilitate individualized early intervention.

Analysis of the maternal and fetal adverse outcomes of 154 pregnant women with cesarean section in the second stage of labor / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse outcomes of cesarean section in the different duration of the second stage of labor. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the clinical data of 154 pregnant women with singleton head pregnancy who underwent cesarean section at different times of the second stage of labor due to maternal and fetal factors in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. According to the duration of the second stage of labor, they were divided into <2 h group (54 cases), 2-<3 h group (61 cases), and ≥3 h group (39 cases). The general data of pregnant women and neonates, preoperative maternal and neonatal conditions related to labor stages, surgical indications, surgical procedures, and perioperative maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes were compared among the three groups. Results: (1) General Information: there were no significant differences in maternal age, gravidity and parity, proportion of primipara, gestational age at delivery, body mass index before delivery, pregnancy complications, labor analgesia rate and the duration of the first stage of labor among the three groups (all P>0.05). The differences of the gender composition, birth weight and incidence of macrosomia of the three groups were also not statistically significant (all P>0.05). (2) Maternal and fetal status and surgical indications: the incidence of intrapartum fever and type Ⅱ and Ⅲ fetal heart rate monitoring in the <2 h group were higher than those in the 2-<3 h group and the ≥3 h group, and the preoperative fetal head position in the ≥3 h group was lower than that in the 2-<3 h group, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The proportion of cesarean section due to "fetal distress" was 40.7% (22/54) in the <2 h group, which was higher than that in the 2-<3 h group (4.9%, 3/61) and the ≥3 h group (2.6%, 1/39). The proportions of surgical indication of "relative cephalo-pelvic disproportion" were 98.4% (60/61) and 94.9% (37/39) in the 2-<3 h group and ≥3 h group, respectively, and the surgical indication of "fetal head descent arrest" were 41.0% (25/61) and 59.0% (23/39), respectively. Compared with <2 h group [63.0% (34/54), 13.0% (7/54)], the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There were no significant difference in surgical indications between 2-<3 h group and ≥3 h group (all P>0.05). (3) Intraoperative conditions and perioperative complications of cesarean section: the puerperal morbidity rate of <2 h group was 37.0% (20/54), which was higher than those of 2-<3 h group (18.0%, 11/61) and ≥3 h group (7.7%, 3/39), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incidence of fetal head inlay, uterine incision tear, modified B-Lynch suture for uterine atony, postpartum hemorrhage, perioperative blood transfusion, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level, perioperative Hb change, and postoperative hospital stay among the three groups (all P>0.05). (4) Adverse neonatal outcomes: non-hemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ≥3 h group was 35.9% (14/39), which was significantly higher than that in <2 h group (13.0%, 7/54; P<0.05). Among the neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within 1 week after birth, the proportion of neonates admitted to NICU due to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ≥3 h group (15/19) was significantly higher than that in <2 h group (9/17) and 2-<3 h group (10/19), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the <2 h group and the 2-<3 h group (P>0.05). There was no perinatal death in the three groups. Conclusions: The rate of puerperal morbidity is higher in patients who were transferred to cesarean section within 2 hours of the second stage of labor. In the early stage of the second stage of labor, the monitoring of fetal heart rate and amniotic fluid characteristics should be strengthened, especially the presence or absence of prenatal fever. In good maternal and neonatal conditions, conversion to cesarean section after 2 hours of the second stage of labor does not significantly increase the incidence of serious adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. For the second stage of labor more than 3 hours before cesarean section, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of neonatal bilirubin.

As dificuldades na amamentação de recém-nascidos: análise quanto à via de parto / Difficulties in newborn breastfeeding: analysis regarding the delivery route

A amamentação é uma prática recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde devido aos seus inúmeros benefícios para mãe e recém-nascido, porém seu estabelecimento e manutenção vêm sendo um grande desafio nos dias atuais. Objetivo: Identificar comportamentos indicativos de dificuldades maternas e neonatais relacionadas à amamentação considerando a via de parto. Casuística e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 240 binômios mãe-bebê, por amostragem aleatória simples e os dados obtidos através da aplicação do instrumento de observação e avaliação da mamada, proposto pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para Infância (Unicef), com realização de entrevista semiestruturada e coleta de dados complementares por análise documental de prontuários. Estes foram analisados pelo programa SPSS versão 3.5 por meio do teste X2, exato de Fisher e aplicada a correção de Yates quando cabível, sendo os resultados estatisticamente significativos quando p<0,05. Resultados: Constatou-se no estudo uma elevada prevalência de participantes com comportamentos indicativos de dificuldades, sendo "posição" e "sucção" os mais prevalentes. Foram encontradas, ainda, significativas associações entre parto normal e comportamentos favoráveis à amamentação relacionados ao aspecto "resposta", assim como entre cesárea e comportamentos favoráveis relacionados à "posição". Conclusão: Foi possível identificar comportamentos sugestivos de dificuldades durante a amamentação, auxiliando a população, oportunizando reflexões e fornecendo subsídios para profissionais da saúde no incentivo e promoção do aleitamento materno

Breastfeeding is a practice recommended by the World Health Organization due to its numerous benefits for mother and newborn, but its establishment and maintenance have been a major challenge nowadays. Objective: To identify behaviors that indicate maternal and neonatal difficulties related to breastfeeding, considering the mode of delivery. Casuistry and Methods: The sample consisted of 240 mother-baby binomials, by simple random sampling and the data obtained through the application of the instrument of observation and evaluation of breastfeeding, proposed by the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef), with the performance of semi-structured interview and collection of complementary data through document analysis of medical records. These were analyzed using the SPSS version 3.5 program using Fisher's exact X2 test and Yates correction was applied when applicable, with statistically significant results when p<0.05. Results: The study found a high prevalence of participants with behaviors indicative of difficulties, with "position" and "sucking" being the most prevalent. Significant associations were also found between vaginal delivery and favorable breastfeeding behaviors related to the "response" aspect, as well as between cesarean sections and favorable behaviors related to "position". Conclusion: It was possible to identify behaviors that suggest difficulties during breastfeeding, helping the population, providing opportunities for reflection and providing subsidies for health professionals in encouraging and promoting breastfeeding

Endometriosis de la pared abdominal en relación con cicatriz de operación cesárea: serie de casos / Abdominal wall endometriosis in relation to cesarean section scar: number of cases

RESUMEN: La endometriosis (E), se define como presencia de glándulas endometriales y estroma fuera del útero. Ocasionalmente se presenta como masa sensible en la pared abdominal (PA), en relación con una cicatriz quirúrgica (EPA). Aunque el tratamiento es quirúrgico, existe poca información respecto de la morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO) y la recurrencia de la EPA. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar MPO y recurrencia en pacientes resecadas quirúrgicamente por EPA. Serie de casos de pacientes con EPA, sometidos a cirugía de forma consecutiva, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor, entre 2011 y 2021. Las variables resultados MPO y recurrencia. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Las pacientes fueron seguidas de forma clínica. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se intervinieron 14 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 33 años. La medianas del tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria; fueron 55 min y 2,5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue 14,2 % (2 casos). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 31 meses, no se verificó recurrencia. Aunque la EPA es poco común, estas lesiones deben sospecharse en mujeres en edad reproductiva con masa palpable en relación con una cicatriz de cirugía ginecológica u obstétrica. Los resultados obtenidos, en términos de MPO y recurrencia, fueron similares a series internacionales.

SUMMARY: Endometriosis (E) is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and endometrial stroma outside the uterus. Occasionally it presents as a sensitive mass in the abdominal wall (AW), in relation to a surgical scar (AWE). Although the treatment is surgical, there is scarce information regarding postoperative morbidity (POM) and recurrence of AWE. The aim of this study was to determine POM and recurrence in patients surgically resected by AWE. Case series of patients with AWE, consecutively submitted to surgery, at RedSalud Mayor Clinic, between 2011 and 2021. Outcome variables were POM and recurrence. Other variables of interest were surgical time, hospital stay and mortality. Patients were followed-up clinically. Descriptive statistics were used, applying central tendency and dispersion measures. 14 patients were intervened, with a median age of 33 years. Median of surgical time and hospital stay were 55 min and 2,5 days respectively. POM was 14.2 % (2 cases). With a median follow-up of 31 months no recurrence was verified. Although AWE is uncommon, these lesions should be suspected in women in fertile age with a palpable mass associated with a scar from gynecologic or obstetric surgery. The results obtained, in terms of POM and recurrence, were like international series.

Opciones e indicaciones en el manejo del istmocele / Options and indications in the management of isthmocele

INTRODUCCIÓN: El istmocele es un defecto en la cicatrización del sitio de una histerotomía, que puede cursar con sangrado posmenstrual, dolor pélvico, dismenorrea, dispareunia e infertilidad secundaria. Esta patología ha ido incrementando su prevalencia dado el aumento de la tasa de cesáreas en todo el mundo. OBJETIVO: Se realizó una revisión sobre el istmocele y su manejo, presentando sus indicaciones específicas y las complicaciones asociadas a esta patología. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en PubMed, Embase, Scopus y Google Scholar, en la que se encontraron 868 artículos, de los cuales se revisaron 30 al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. DISCUSIÓN: El istmocele es cada vez más frecuente. Tiene una prevalencia cercana al 60% posterior a la realización de una cesárea y aumenta hasta valores del 100% con tres de ellas. Los métodos diagnósticos más utilizados son la ecografía transvaginal y la histerosonografía. Su abordaje es habitualmente quirúrgico, aunque existe la posibilidad de intentar tratamiento médico en algunos casos. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario determinar el grosor miometrial para poder establecer un plan de manejo adecuado. Además, se ameritan estudios que realicen un seguimiento a largo plazo y que aporten mayor evidencia para la realización de cada procedimiento. Después de clasificar el tipo de defecto, el tratamiento quirúrgico del istmocele se debe ofrecer a pacientes sintomáticas y a aquellas con defectos grandes y que desean mantener la fertilidad.

INTRODUCTION: The isthmocele is a defect in the healing of the site of a hysterotomy, which can present with post-menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and secondary infertility. This pathology has been increasing its prevalence given the increase in the rate of cesarean sections worldwide. OBJECTIVE: A review will be carried out of the isthmocele and its management, presenting its specific indications and the complications associated with this pathology. METHOD: A search was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar, finding a total of 868 articles, of which 30 of them were reviewed when applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. DISCUSSION: Isthmocele is an increasingly frequent pathology, having a prevalence of 60% after performing a cesarean section and increasing to 100% with 3 of them. There are multiple diagnostic methods, mainly transvaginal ultrasound and sono-hysterosonography. The approach to this pathology is usually surgical, although there is the possibility of trying medical treatment in some cases. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to determine the myometrial thickness in order to establish an adequate management plan. Additionally, long-term follow-up studies are warranted and provide more evidence for the performance of each procedure. After classifying the type of defect, surgical treatment of the isthmocele should be offered to symptomatic patients or those with large defects and who desire future fertility.

Drug utilization study in neonatal intensive care unit at tertiary care hospital

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Neonates are more susceptible to drug interactions and adverse effects, and special care should be taken when prescribing medication to them. This study aimed to investigate drug usage in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted on 98 patients at the Apollo tertiary care hospital (Bannerghatta, Bangalore, India) in a period of 6 months. The most common indications for neonatal intensive care unit admission, average number of drugs per patient, the most frequently used medication, distribution of patients based on the birth procedure, and possible drug interactions were collected from patient profiles. RESULTS: Among the patients, 52% were males and 48% were females. Notably, 38% of patients were preterm, 60% were term, and only 2% were post-term. Also, 80.6% were born by cesarean section and 19.4% were born by normal vaginal delivery. The highest mean of drug use was in the patient of 1,000-1,500 g (8.06 per patient). Preterm was the most frequent indication for admission in neonatal intensive care unit, followed by hyperbilirubinemia and then respiratory distress syndrome. The most frequently used medication was vitamin K (99%) and antibiotics followed by dextrose. In different types of antibiotics, amikacin (41%), cefoperazone+sulbactam (35%), cephalosporin (1%), ceftriaxone (0.7%), and amoxicillin (0.3%) were commonly administered. There were some possible interactions, such as aminoglycoside with furosemide and calcium gluconate. CONCLUSION: Premature birth and resulting low birth weight were the main reasons for drug prescription. High administration of antibiotics is probably an area of concern and should be seriously considered.

Características relacionadas à ocorrência de infecção puerperal em mulheres submetidas ao parto cesáreo / Characteristics related to the occurrence of puerperal infection in women submitted to cesarrel delivery

Objetivo: Este artigo de revisão sistemática tem como objetivo analisar as principais características relacionadas à infeção puerperal em mulheres submetidas ao parto cesáreo. Fonte dos dados: Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados on-line Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e PubMed. Seleção dos estudos: Selecionaram-se artigos publicados nos últimos 11 anos (2010-2021), totalizando 12 artigos analisados. Coleta de dados: Realizou-se a busca dos artigos a partir dos descritores infecção puerperal, mortalidade materna, cesárea, fatores de risco em inglês e português. Em seguida à adequação aos critérios de inclusão (artigos em inglês, português e espanhol, com publicação nos últimos 11 anos, realizados em humanos) e exclusão (artigos duplicados, revisão de literatura, estudos de caso e dissertações), a análise dos títulos e dos resumos dos artigos encontrados permitiu a exclusão daqueles que se afastavam do tema em estudo. Síntese dos dados: Dentre os fatores sociodemográficos, destacam-se mulheres nos extremos de idade, negras, residentes na zona rural, com baixo nível econômico e escolar, primíparas e tabagistas. Em relação aos fatores clínicos, obesidade, HIV, diabetes mellitus, doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, pré-eclâmpsia e eclâmpsia, anemia e infecções geniturinárias apresentaram-se como fatores de risco para infecção puerperal. Fatores obstétricos também foram avaliados, identificando-se como variáveis importantes o parto cesáreo, rotura prematura de membranas, tempo de membrana rota, trabalho de parto maior que 12 horas, parto prematuro e trabalho de parto induzido, hemorragia pós-parto, transfusão prévia e mecônio em líquido amniótico. Por fim, as características assistenciais trazem o baixo número de consultas de pré-natal e número de toques vaginais antes e após a ruptura de membranas como variáveis de risco. Conclusão: Muitos dos fatores identificados são passíveis de controle, e a sua reversão contribui para a redução dos índices de infecção puerperal e, consequentemente, de mortalidade materna.(AU)

Objective: This systematic review article aims to analyze the main characteristics related to puerperal infection in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Source of data: A search was performed in the online databases Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Pub- Med. Selection of studies: Articles published in the last 11 years were selected, totaling 12 analyzed articles. Data collection: Articles were searched based on the keywords puerperal infection, maternal mortality, cesarean section, risk factors in English and Portuguese. Following the adaptation to the inclusion criteria (articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish, publication in the last 11 years, carried out in humans) and exclusion (duplicates, literature review, case studies and dissertations), the analysis of the titles and abstracts of the found articles allowed the exclusion of those who departed from the topic under study. Summary of the findings: Among the sociodemographic factors, women of extreme age, blacks, residents in the rural area, with low economic and educational status, primiparous women and smokers, stand out. Regarding clinical factors, obesity, HIV, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia, Anemia and genitourinary infections were risk factors for puerperal infection. Obstetric factors were also evaluated, identifying as important variables cesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes, ruptured membrane time, labor longer than 12 hours, premature labor and induced labor, postpartum hemorrhage, previous transfusion and meconium in amniotic fluid. Finally, the care characteristics bring the low number of prenatal consultations, the number of vaginal touches before and after rupture of membranes as risk variables. Conclusion: Many of the identified factors are possible to control and their reversion contributes to the reduction of puerperal infection rates and consequently maternal mortality.(AU)

Cesarean section and body mass index in children: is there a causal effect? / Parto cesáreo e índice de massa corporal em crianças: existe um efeito causal? / Operación de cesárea e índice de masa corporal en niños: ¿existe un efecto causal?

Obesity is considered a global public health problem. Cesarean section has been associated with high body mass index (BMI) and increased obesity throughout life. However, this association has been challenged by some studies. This study aims to assess the causal effect of cesarean section on the BMI of children aged 1-3 years. This is a cohort study of 2,181 children aged 1-3 years, born in 2010, obtained from the BRISA Birth Cohort, in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Sociodemographic variables, maternal characteristics, type of childbirth, morbidity, anthropometric measurements, and BMI were assessed. Marginal structural models with a counterfactual approach were used to check the causal effect of the type of childbirth on obesity, weighted by the inverse probability of selection and exposure. Out of the 2,181 children assessed (52% female), 50.6% were born by cesarean section, 5.9% of the newborn infants were large for gestational age, and 10.7% of them had excess weight. No causal effect of cesarean section on BMI was observed (coefficient = -0.004; 95%CI: -0.136; 0.127; p = 0.948). Cesarean section did not have a causal effect on the BMI of children aged 1-3 years.

A obesidade é considerada um problema de saúde pública global. Alguns estudos têm mostrado associação entre índice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado e aumento da obesidade em todas as fases da vida. Entretanto, essa mesma associação tem sido contestada por outros estudos. O objetivo foi de avaliar o efeito causal do parto cesáreo sobre o IMC das crianças entre 1 e 3 anos de idade. O estudo de coorte analisou 2.181 crianças de 1 a 3 anos de idade, nascidas em 2010, com dados obtidos da Coorte de Nascimentos BRISA em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Foram avaliados dados sociodemográficos, características maternas, tipo de parto, morbidades, medidas antropométricas e IMC. Foram usados modelos estruturais marginais com abordagem contrafactual para verificar o efeito causal do tipo de parto sobre a obesidade, ponderado pela probabilidade inversa de seleção e exposição. Entre as 2.181 crianças avaliadas 52% eram do sexo feminino, 50,6% nascidas de parto cesáreo, 5,9% grandes para a idade gestacional e 10,7% com excesso de peso. Não foi observado efeito causal da cesariana sobre o IMC da criança (coeficiente = -0,004; IC95%: -0,136; 0,127; p = 0,948). O parto cesáreo não teve efeito causal sobre o IMC de crianças entre 1 e 3 anos de idade.

La obesidad está considerada un problema global de salud pública. El parto por cesárea ha sido asociado con un alto índice de masa corporal (IMC) y mayor obesidad en todos los estadios de la vida. Esta asociación, sin embargo, ha sido recusada en algunos estudios. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto causal del parto por cesárea en el IMC de niños con edades de 1 a 3 años. Esta es una cohorte de estudio de 2.181 niños con edades de 1 a 3 años, nacidos en 2010, obtenidos de la Cohorte de Nacimientos BRISA, en São Luís, estado de Maranhão, Brasil. Se evaluaron las variables sociodemográficas, características maternales, tipo de parto, morbilidad, medidas antropométricas, e IMC. Se usaron modelos marginales estructurales con un enfoque contrafactual para comprobar el efecto causal del tipo de parto en la obesidad, ponderado por la probabilidad inversa de selección y exposición. Aparte de los 2.181 niños evaluados (52% mujeres), 50,6% nacieron por parto por cesárea, 5,9% de los niños recién nacidos fueron grandes para la edad gestacional, y 10,7% de ellos tenían exceso de peso. No se observó un efecto causal del parto por cesárea en el índice de masa corporal (coeficiente = -0,004; IC95%: -0,136; 0,127; p = 0,948). El parto por cesárea no tuvo un efecto a causal en el IMC de niños con edades entre 1 a 3 años.

Associação entre a técnica de fechamento uterino na cesárea e a istmocele: uma visão global / Association between uterine closure technique after cesarean and isthmocele: an overview

A istmocele (ou "defeito cicatricial de cesariana") é uma alteração anatômica na parede uterina responsável por formar um "nicho", que é visualizado como uma área hipoecoica por histerografia ou por outros métodos de imagem, devido a uma cicatrização inapropriada de uma cesárea anterior. Essa modificação leva a complicações ginecológicas e obstétricas. Este estudo pretendeu analisar, entre os fatores de risco, a relação da istmocele com a técnica de fechamento uterino, comparando a sutura em camada simples com a dupla. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em diferentes bases de dados eletrônicos. Foram encontrados 31 artigos, todavia apenas 13 estudos foram incluídos no presente estudo após avaliação criteriosa. A técnica de fechamento uterino é um dos fatores de risco possível de prevenir, sendo que a sutura em camada simples é associada a maior chance de se desenvolver a istmocele. A sutura de camada simples (ancorada) incluindo o endométrio está relacionada a menor espessura miometrial residual, associada a probabilidade de ruptura uterina e a istmocele, que a camada dupla não ancorada com a exclusão do endométrio.(AU)

The isthmocele is an anatomical alteration in the uterine wall responsible for forming a "niche", which is visualized as a hypoechoic area by hysterography or other imaging methods, due to inappropriate healing of a previous cesarean section. This modification leads to gynecological and obstetric complications. This study aimed to analyze among the risk factors the relation of isthmocele and the uterine closure technique comparing the single- and double-layer suture. It was conducted an electronic based search in different electronic databases. The research led to the retrieval of 31 articles; however only 13 studies were included in the present research after careful reading. The uterine closure technique is one of the possible risk factors to be modified; the single-layer suture is associated with a greater chance of developing isthmocele. The locked single-layer suture including the decidua is related to the decreased residual myometrial thickness, associated with the likelihood of uterine rupture and the isthmocele, than the double-layer unlocked excluding the decidua.(AU)

Risk factors of perinatal complications in patients with pulmonary hypertension underwent cesarean section in 4 Chinese centers / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To identify the risk factors related to perinatal complications in patients with pulmonary hypertension underwent cesarean section. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension hospitalized in 4 different hospitals in Shandong province and underwent cesarean section between May 2010 and May 2020. Patients were divided into perinatal complication group and control group according to the presence or absence of perinatal complications. Perinatal complications included aggravated heart function, new onset arrythmias, sudden cardiac arrest, all-cause death within 42 days post cesarean section, postpartum bleeding and thrombotic events. Risk factors of perinatal complications were analyzed. Results: A total of 167 patients (47 cases in the perinatal complication group and 120 cases in the control group) were included in this study. The average age of this cohort was 28(24, 32) years, and 75(44.9%) patients suffered newly diagnosed pulmonary hypertension during pregnancy. The main cause of pulmonary hypertension was congenital heart disease (137(82.0%)). Age, pregnant weeks, percent of primipara, intra-cardiac shunt, and receiving targeted medication therapy, cardiac dimensions were similar between the two groups. A total of 62 complications were recorded in the complication group including 28 cases of aggravated heart function, 4 cases of new onset arrythmias, 2 cases of cardiac arrest, 11 cases of bleeding or thrombotic events and 17 patients were dead. Prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension and general anesthesia was significantly higher, functional capacity was significantly lower in perinatal complication group than in control group (all P<0.05). The estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure, serum N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide and total bilirubin (TBIL) levels were significantly higher in perinatal complication group than in control group (all P<0.05). Logistic analysis demonstrated WHO Function Class(FC) Ⅲ/Ⅳ (OR=2.416,95%CI 1.016-5.743, P=0.046) and TBIL level (OR=6.874,95%CI 1.643-28.757, P=0.008) were the independent risk factors of perinatal complications. Conclusion: TBIL and WHO FC are independent risk factors of perinatal complications in pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension underwent cesarean section.

Clinical Experience Over 15 Years with the B-Lynch Compression Suture Technique in the Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage / Experiência clínica ao longo de 15 anos com a técnica de sutura compressiva de B-Lynch no manejo da hemorragia pós-parto

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical experience with the B-Lynch technique in the management of postpartum hemorrhage as well as the factors related to the indication of the technique and to present the success rates of the application of the B-Lynch technique. Methods Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and analytical study. Patient data was obtained through the study of medical records. The study population comprised of patients who underwent hemostatic suture using the B-Lynch technique, including 104 patients within the period from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2019. Results Of the total of 104 patients, 82.7% did not present any complications. Blood transfusion and intensive care unit admission were the most prevalent complications, with 13.5% and 15.4%, respectively. Only 1% of the patients had puerperal and surgical site infections. The factors most related to the application of the technique were the presence of previous cesarean section (30.8%), use of oxytocin (16.3%), and pre-eclampsia (11.6%). Puerperal hysterectomy was performed in 4.8% of the patients due to failure of the method. Conclusion The clinical experience with the B-Lynch technique was satisfactory since it presented few complications, with excellent results in hemorrhagic control. Previous cesarean section, the use of oxytocin, and preeclampsia stood out as factors related to the indication of the application of the technique, and the success rate in controlling postpartum hemorrhage was 95.2%.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a experiência clínica com a técnica de B-Lynch no manejo da hemorragia pós-parto e os fatores relacionados à indicação da técnica bem como apresentar as taxas de sucesso da aplicação da técnica de B-lynch. Métodos Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal e analítico. Os dados foram obtidos por estudo de prontuário. A população do estudo foi constituída de pacientes submetidas à sutura hemostática com a técnica de B-Lynch, sendo incluídas 104 pacientes dentro do período de 01 de janeiro de 2005 a 31 de dezembro de 2019. Resultados Do total de 104 pacientes, 82,7% não apresentaram qualquer complicação. A transfusão de sangue e a internação na UTI foram as complicações mais prevalentes, com 13,5% e 15,4%, respectivamente. Apenas 1% teve infecção puerperal e do sítio cirúrgico. Os fatores mais relacionados com a aplicação da técnica foram a presença de cesárea anterior (30,8%), uso de ocitocina (16,3%) e pré-eclâmpsia (11,6%). A histerectomia puerperal foi realizada em 4,8% das pacientes por falha do método. Conclusão A experiência clínica com a técnica de B-Lynch foi satisfatória, pois apresentou poucas complicações, com excelentes resultados no controle hemorrágico. A cesárea anterior, o uso de ocitocina e a pré-eclâmpsia se destacaram como fatores relacionados à indicação da aplicação da técnica. A taxa de sucesso avaliada foi de 95,2%.