Perfil sociodemográfico e etiológico de pacientes internados em um centro de referência para tratamento de queimados em Mato Grosso do Sul / Demographic and etiologic profiles of patients hospitalized in a reference center for burn treatment in Mato Grosso do Sul

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo abordou a questão da hospitalização de 13 pacientes, crianças e adolescentes, enfocando especificamente o paciente queimado internado em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimaduras. O objetivo foi o de observar e analisar a percepção dos envolvidos no processo de tratamento, para compreender a relação desse paciente com a dor, com o processo de tratamento, com a qualidade de vida no ambiente hospitalar e com sua autoimagem. Levantar informações que revelem a importância de um trabalho profilático do trauma térmico. MÉTODO: Para atender os objetivos da pesquisa, foi utilizado o método de investigação de Estudo de Caso com abordagem qualitativa. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontaram uma maioria dos pacientes do sexo masculino. O agente etiológico predominante foi o etanol. Os acidentes causaram queimaduras de gravidades diversas, sendo 1 de 1º e 2º graus, 7 de 2º e 3º graus e 5 de 3º grau. O tempo de internação variou de 15 a 75 dias. As idades dos pacientes variaram entre 1 ano e oito meses a 18 anos. Quanto à escolarização, com exceção do paciente mais novo, todos frequentavam a rede de ensino. Quanto ao nível socioeconômico, a maioria tem uma renda familiar de até dois salários mínimos, que não são suficientes. De modo geral, encontra-se apenas uma pessoa trabalhando, por família. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados pesquisados demonstram a necessidade de orientação aos pais, com programas educativos e campanhas de prevenção.

INTRODUCTION: The present study addressed the issue of hospitalization in 13 patients, children and adolescents, specifically focusing on burn patients admitted to a center for burn treatment. The objective of this study was to observe and analyze the perception of those involved in the treatment process in order to understand the relationship of the patient with pain and the treatment process with the quality of life in the hospital environment and with their self-image, and to collect information on the importance of prophylactic treatment on thermal trauma. METHODS: To meet the objectives of the research, we used the case study method with a qualitative approach. RESULTS: The results showed that most of the patients were male. The predominant etiologic agent was ethanol. The accidents caused burns of various severities, first- and second-degree burns in 1 patient, second- and third-degree burns in 7 patients, and third-degree burns in 5 patients. The length of hospitalization ranged from 15 to 75 days. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 year 8 months to 18 years. As to education, with the exception of the youngest patient, all attended the school network. Regarding socioeconomic level, most had a family income of up to 2 minimum wages, which was not sufficient. In general, only one person worked per family. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the need to provide guidance to parents, with educational programs and campaigns.

La curación de las heridas de gran superficie y la medicina regenerativa / Wound healing of large surface and regenerative medicine

La medicina regenerativa, con los conocimientos de la biología celular y molecular, llegó a las especialidades quirúrgicas y así a la atención del paciente. Se describen los fundamentos teóricos de un nuevo concepto de curación de las superficies cruentas. Se explica un nuevo procedimiento de curación de las heridas no infectadas a través del uso de un epitelio transitorio que al evitar la evaporación protege a las señales electromagnéticas de información entre célula y célula, así como la regeneración de un nuevo tejido mediante el uso de ADM. Se presentan cinco pacientes críticos, cuatro de ellos con indicación de amputación por la gravedad del traumatismo.

Regenerative medicine with knowledge of cell and molecular biology, reached the surgical specialities and thereby patient care. It describes the theoretical basis of a new concept of wound healing and a new procedure for healing of uninfected wounds through the use of a transitional epithelium to prevent evaporation that protects information of the electromagnetic signals between the cells, and regeneration of a new tissue using ADM. We present five critical patients, four of them with an indication of amputation due to the severity of the injury.

Rabbit model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock and hypotensive resuscitation

Clinically relevant animal models capable of simulating traumatic hemorrhagic shock are needed. We developed a hemorrhagic shock model with male New Zealand rabbits (2200-2800 g, 60-70 days old) that simulates the pre-hospital and acute care of a penetrating trauma victim in an urban scenario using current resuscitation strategies. A laparotomy was performed to reproduce tissue trauma and an aortic injury was created using a standardized single puncture to the left side of the infrarenal aorta to induce hemorrhagic shock similar to a penetrating mechanism. A 15-min interval was used to simulate the arrival of pre-hospital care. Fluid resuscitation was then applied using two regimens: normotensive resuscitation to achieve baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, 10 animals) and hypotensive resuscitation at 60 percent of baseline MAP (10 animals). Another 10 animals were sham operated. The total time of the experiment was 85 min, reproducing scene, transport and emergency room times. Intra-abdominal blood loss was significantly greater in animals that underwent normotensive resuscitation compared to hypotensive resuscitation (17.1 ± 2.0 vs 8.0 ± 1.5 mL/kg). Antithrombin levels decreased significantly in normotensive resuscitated animals compared to baseline (102 ± 2.0 vs 59 ± 4.1 percent), sham (95 ± 2.8 vs 59 ± 4.1 percent), and hypotensive resuscitated animals (98 ± 7.8 vs 59 ± 4.1 percent). Evidence of re-bleeding was also noted in the normotensive resuscitation group. A hypotensive resuscitation regimen resulted in decreased blood loss in a clinically relevant small animal model capable of reproducing hemorrhagic shock caused by a penetrating mechanism.

Manejo de líquidos en el shock traumático / Liquid management in traumatic shock

La injuria traumática puede alterar de muchas maneras la relación transporte de oxígeno/consumo de oxígeno, pudiendo conducir a una situación de shock. El uso de fluidos de reanimación intravenosa durante el tratamiento inicial puede restablecer la perfusión a nivel tisular, mejorando el transporte de oxígeno arterial. Luego de la evaluación inicial debe iniciarse la resucitación con la infusión de 2000 ml de soluciones cristaloides en el adulto, y/o de 20 ml/kg en el paciente pediátrico. En muchos casos debe adicionarse sangre y/o soluciones coloidales para mantener la hemodinamia. El cuidadoso monitoreo del paciente, incluso con la medición de PVC, PWCP, TAM, etc., permite brindarle la mejor opción de tratamiento.

Perspectives on clinical trials for hypertonic saline/dextran solutions for the treatment of traumatic shock

Animal studies with hypertonic solutins suggest that they can achieve resuscitation of hypovolemic shock with extremely small volumes. Such small volume ressuscitation might be ideal in the field treatment of injured patients. Our studies to date, with 60 patients enterd into a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind clinical trial, suggest that the use of a 7.5% NaCl/Dextran 70 solution increases blood pressures during transport. The solutions have been safe, and we have encoutered no adverse side effects from their use. Survival rates to date favor use of the solutions, but we do not have convincing statistical significance yet in that regard