Cardioprotective effect of ornitho-kinin in an anesthetized, open-chest chicken model of acute coronary occlusion

The generation of bradykinin (BK; Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg) in blood and kallidin (Lys-BK) in tissues by the action of the kallikrein-kinin system has received little attention in non-mammalian vertebrates. In mammals, kallidin can be generated by the coronary endothelium and myocytes in response to ischemia, mediating cardioprotective events. The plasma of birds lacks two key components of the kallikrein-kinin system: the low molecular weight kininogen and a prekallikrein activator analogous to mammalian factor XII, but treatment with bovine plasma kallikrein generates ornitho-kinin [Thr6,Leu8]-BK. The possible cardioprotective effect of ornitho-kinin infusion was investigated in an anesthetized, open-chest chicken model of acute coronary occlusion. A branch of the left main coronary artery was reversibly ligated to produce ischemia followed by reperfusion, after which the degree of myocardial necrosis (infarct size as a percent of area at risk) was assessed by tetrazolium staining. The iv injection of a low dose of ornitho-kinin (4 µg/kg) reduced mean arterial pressure from 88 ± 12 to 42 ± 7 mmHg and increased heart rate from 335 ± 38 to 402 ± 45 bpm (N = 5). The size of the infarct was reduced by pretreatment with ornitho-kinin (500 µg/kg infused over a period of 5 min) from 35 ± 3 to 10 ± 2 percent of the area at risk. These results suggest that the physiological role of the kallikrein-kinin system is preserved in this animal model in spite of the absence of two key components, i.e., low molecular weight kininogen and factor XII.

Participation of kinins in the inhibitory action of captopril on acute hypertension induced by L-NAME in anesthetized rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of bradykinin in the inhibitory action of captopril in hypertension induced by L-NAME in anesthetized rats. Male Wistar rats (260-320 g) were anesthetized with chloralose and arterial blood pressure was recorded with a polygraph pressure transducer. The hypertensive effect of L-NAME was studied in rats pretreated with saline, captopril or HOE 140 plus captopril. The effect of captopril was also studied during the sustained pressor effect of L-NAME. The acute pressor effect of L-NAME (10 mg/kg, iv) was significantly reduced by iv pretreatment with 2 mg/kg captopril (delta increase of 49 + 4.9 mmHg reduced to 20 + 5.4 mmHg, P=0.01). The pressor effect of L-NAME (delta increase of 38 + 4.8 mmHg) observed in rats pretreated with captopril and HOE 140 (0.1 mg/kg, iv) was not significantly different from that induced by L-NAME in rats pretreated with saline (P=0.09). During the sustained pressor effect induced by L-NAME (delta increase of 49 + 4.9 mmHg) captopril induced a significant (P<0.05) reduction in arterial blood pressure (delta decrease of 22 + 3.0 mmHg). The present results demonstrate that the acute pressor effect of L-NAME is reduced by captopril and this inhibitory effect may be partly dependent on the potentiation of the vasodilator actions of bradykinin.

Riñón e hipertensión arterial / The kidney and high-blood pressure

El riñón interviene en la génesis de la hipertensión arterial mediante alteraciones en 3 mecanismos fundamentales en la regulación de la volemia a través del control de agua y sodio, en el eje renina-angiotensina aldosterona, así como en la liberación de sustancias dilatadoras como las prostaglandinas y cininas. En la hipertensión arterial esencial con renina baja se invoca una susceptibilidad genética que radica en la imposibilidad de excretar sodio por el riñón, en los hiperreninémicos se plantea que hay un trastorno funcional del eje renina-angiotensina aldosterona; y de forma general se señala que existe un hipoprostaglandinismo renal en los hipertensos esenciales. Una nueva modalidad de hipertensos esenciales "no moduladores" los cuales responden de forma inadecuada a la angiotensina II, ha sido observada en enfermos con renina plasmática normal. La hipertensión arterial presente en el curso de las enfermedades renales es consecuencia de situaciones aisladas, o combinadas a la vez, de los 3 mecanismos antes expuestos

Sepsis: citoquinas, radicales libres y óxido nítrico / Sepsis: cytokine, free radicals and nitric oxide

La sepsis y sus complicaciones, el shock séptico y el síndrome de disfunción orgánica múltiple (MODS - multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) mantienen desde hace años el triste privilegio de ser las primeras causas de muerte en las salas de terapia intensiva y postquirúrgica; el aumento de su incidencia está en relación con el desarrollo de procedimientos más invasivos, los tratamientos inmunosupresores, la quimioterapia, la mayor edad de los enfermos, los síndromes de inmunodeficiencia y las floras hospitalarias multirresistentes. Se estima en 400.000 el número de pacientes afectados anualmente en los Estados Unidos y, a pesar de sofisticados y extremadamente caros procedimientos de sostén vital y de los antibióticos, la mortalidad no ha disminuido en los últimos años. Probablemente, esta detención en el progreso terapéutico, se deba a la extrema complejidad de los mecanismos patogénicos en juego y a lo incompleto de su conocimiento y comprensión. El problema de las infecciones graves y de la sepsis (del griego putrefacción), es antiguo y acompaña al hombre desde sus orígenes remotos, como ejemplo de lo cual, basta recordar la peste, la fiebre tifoidea, la gangrena, la peritonitis y las infecciones puerperales. En realidad se trata de un enfrentamiento ancestral entre bacterias y organismos superiores, en el que, desafortunadamente, a menudo triunfan las primeras

Distribution of bradykinin B2 receptors in target cells of kinin action: visualization of the receptor protein in A431 cells, neutrophils and kidney sections

Peptides corresponding to sequences derived from predicted extra- and intracellular loops of the rat bradykinin receptor were analyzed for interspecies homology as well as for matches within the present dataset of protein sequences to provide a theoretical basis for the specific recognition of the native cognate protein by antibodies raised against these antigens. Apllication of polyclonal antibodies raised against the selected peptides allowed the immunocytochemical localization of the native receptor protein in cells of rat and human origin. The detection of the molecule was achieved by different immunohisto- and immunocytochemical methods in combination with light, fluorescence, confocal optical laser and electron microscopy. These results were compared to localization studies by autoradiography. Distribution and subcellular localization were determined in human neutrophils, human epithelial carcinoma cells (A431) and in rat kidney tissue