The effects of potassium and magnesium supplementations on urinary risk factors of renal stone patients.

The effects of potassium and magnesium supplementation on urinary risk factors for renal stone disease were studied in 61 renal stone patients. The subjects were divided into four groups and supplemented for a period of one month with potassium chloride (KCl, Group 1), potassium sodium citrate (K Na citrate, Group 2), magnesium glycine (Mg glycine, Group 3) and potassium magnesium citrate (K Mg citrate, Group 4) with a daily dose of 42 mEq potassium, 21 mEq magnesium or sodium and 63 mEq citrate, accordingly. The results showed that serum potassium and magnesium of all four groups normalized after the supplementation. Though urinary potassium significantly increased in all three groups supplemented with elemental potassium containing solutions [i.e. KCl (p < 0.001), K Na citrate (p < 0.001) and K Mg citrate (p < 0.001)] only K Na citrate and K Mg citrate, caused a significant increase in urinary pH and citrate but decrease in calcium. Supplementation with Mg glycine in Group 3 although caused a significant increase in urinary magnesium, its effects on urinary pH, citrate and calcium, however, were similar to KCl, in that they caused a significant decrease in urinary pH without any change in urinary citrate or calcium. Supplementation with K Mg citrate in Group 4 seems to have given the best results, as far as lowering stone risk factors in that it caused an increase in urinary pH, potassium and citrate and decreased calcium excretions similar to K Na citrate in Group 2. In addition, K Mg citrate also caused the enrichment of urine with magnesium, another inhibitor of calcium-containing stones. Although the four supplements had no effect on urinary saturation of calcium oxalate salt, their effects on the saturations of brushite (CaHPO4 x 2H2O), octacalcium phosphate (Ca8H2 (PO4)6 x 5H2O) and uric acid were clearly associated with changes in urinary pH. Therefore, in Group 1 and 3, subjects having a decrease in urinary pH, also experienced a significant increase in uric acid saturation. Though the saturation of brushite and octacalcium phosphate in Group 2 and 4 and the sodium acid urate in Group 2 were significantly increased, these urinary risk factors could be overcome, however, by the concomitant increase in urinary citrate. The present results demonstrate that for those stone vulnerable subjects having a high risk of potassium and magnesium depletion, to obtain the best therapeutic results, they should be provided supplementations of both potassium and magnesium together and also in the forms that would result in the delivery of an alkali loading effect.

Relación entre las principales alteraciones metabólicas con las cardiovasculares durante el trasplante hepático / Relationship between the main metabolic and cardiovascular alterations during liver transplantation

El principal objetivo fue describir la evolución de las concentraciones de calcio iónico sanguíneo (Ca2+), potasio sanguíneo (K+) y magnesio iónico sérico (Mg2+); y su relación con las alteraciones cardiovasculares durante el trasplante ortotópico de hígado (TOH). Se estudiaron 92 pacientes adultos tratados con TOH. Se encontró una correlación inversa entre las concentraciones Mg2+ y citrato para todos los pacientes. El Mg2+ al igual que el Ca2+, es quelado por el citrato y su evolución es una imagen especular a la del citrato. En estos pacientes, no se observó ninguna disritmia que pueda ser atribuida directamente a la hipomagnesemia iónica. En conclusión, los bajos niveles preoperatorios, junto con las trasfusiones masivas de hemoderivados y el incremento de las pérdidas renales, provocan una progresiva hipomagnesemia iónica en los pacientes tratados con TOH. Se propone que la concentración de Mg2+ sea monitorizada y eventualmente tratada, al igual como se realiza con el Ca2+ y el K=

Valores de referência para a velocidade de sedimentaçäo das hemácias utilizando o etileno-diamino-treta-acético di-sódico (EDTA Na2) como anticoagulante, em Santa Maria, RS / Reference values for the blood sedimentation rate using disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic (Na2 EDTA) as anticoagulant, in Santa Maria, RS.

Foram realizadas 1.000 determinaçöes a Velocidade de Hemossedimentaçäo (VHS), usando sangue venoso com o anticoagulante EDTA Na2, provenientes de pessoas consideradas normais. Estas amostras foram divididas em 4 Grupos, segundo a idade e o sexo: para o Grupo 1, constituído de 250 amostras de mulheres com idade igual ou inferior a 50 anos, o valor máximo obtido para a VHS foi de 40 mm (1ª hora) e para o Grupo 2, com 250 mulheres com idade superior a 50 anos, o valor limite máximo foi de 58 mm (1ª hora); para o Grupo 3, formado por 250 homens com idade superior a 50 anos, o valor encontrado foi de até 45 mm (1ª hora) e, finalmente para o Grupo 4, constituído por 250 amostras do sexo masculino com idade igual ou inferior a 50 anos, o valor obtido foi de 22 mm (1ª hora). Em relaçäo aos valores médios cncontrados para a VHS, nos 4 Grupos estes foram 15,94; 22,87; 14,38 e 7,63 mm na 1ª hora, respectivamente para os Grupos 1, 2, 3 e 4

Regulatory mechanisms of blood lactate production during exercise in man

During cycloergometric exercise at progressively increasing loads, blood lactate concentration increased about 12-fold. Pyruvate concentration decreased initially(for loads of 50-75 W), increased with loads of 75 to 125 W and then decreased again until the end of exercise. the malate concentration increased abruptly between 50 and 75 W, followed by a slow decline; citrate increased about nine-fold as the exercise load was increased to 125 W and then fell sharply. Thus, the production of lactate during low-intensity exercise seems to occur by the "mass-action effect" caused by enhanced glycolysis, whereas with moderate loads the glycolysis rate is very much reduced and most of the lactate production seems to involve the action of the malate-aspartate shuttle. For high-intensity exercise, both mechanisms appear to participate in lactate production

Influência do número de moléculas de água de cristalizaçäo no citrato trissódico empregado como anticoagulante na eritrossedimentaçäo / Influence of the water of crystallization molecules number in the trisodium citrate used as anticoagulant in the erythrosedimentation

Os autores confrontaram os resultados obtidos para a velocidade de sedimentaçäo das hemácias, em 100 amostras de sangue venoso citratado, utilizando diferentes concentraçöes de citrato trissódico segundo o número de moléculas de água presentes na sua estrutura química. Os valores auferidos näo diferiram significativamente quando comaprados os resultados com os sais mono e di-hidratados a 3,8% 4 e nas concentraçöes de 3,13% e de 3,28%, respectivamente para o sal com uma e com duas moléculas de água de cristalizaçäo