Comparison of volatile organic compounds between cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and extract (CSE) samples

Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for several diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The toxicity of the cigarette smoke can be determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity test of the cigarette smoke is commonly conducted using the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The CSC and CSE methods are well known for sampling of the particles and water-soluble compounds in the cigarette smoke, respectively. In this study, the CSC and CSE were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system equipped with a wax column for separation of the volatile organic compounds. The cytotoxic effect of the CSC and CSE were evaluated thoroughly by comparing the analytical results of the CSC and CSE samples. The total concentration of the volatile organic compounds detected in the CSC sample was similar to that in the CSE sample based on the peak area. Except for the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, nicotine had the highest concentration in the CSC sample, while acetonitrile had the highest concentration in the CSE sample. The compositions were as follows: (1) CSC sample: 55.8% nicotine, 18.0% nicotyrine, 3.20% 1,2,3-propanetriol, triacetate, 1.28% ethyl chloride, 1.22% phenol, etc. and (2) CSE sample: 18.7% acetonitrile, 18.0% acetone, 12.5% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile, 8.98% nicotine, 5.86% nicotyrine, etc. In this manner, to accurately examine the cytotoxicity of the cigarette smoke using CSC or CSE, the components and their concentrations in the CSC and CSE samples should be considered.

Comparison of volatile organic compounds between cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and extract (CSE) samples

Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for several diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The toxicity of the cigarette smoke can be determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity test of the cigarette smoke is commonly conducted using the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The CSC and CSE methods are well known for sampling of the particles and water-soluble compounds in the cigarette smoke, respectively. In this study, the CSC and CSE were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system equipped with a wax column for separation of the volatile organic compounds. The cytotoxic effect of the CSC and CSE were evaluated thoroughly by comparing the analytical results of the CSC and CSE samples. The total concentration of the volatile organic compounds detected in the CSC sample was similar to that in the CSE sample based on the peak area. Except for the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, nicotine had the highest concentration in the CSC sample, while acetonitrile had the highest concentration in the CSE sample. The compositions were as follows: (1) CSC sample: 55.8% nicotine, 18.0% nicotyrine, 3.20% 1,2,3-propanetriol, triacetate, 1.28% ethyl chloride, 1.22% phenol, etc. and (2) CSE sample: 18.7% acetonitrile, 18.0% acetone, 12.5% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile, 8.98% nicotine, 5.86% nicotyrine, etc. In this manner, to accurately examine the cytotoxicity of the cigarette smoke using CSC or CSE, the components and their concentrations in the CSC and CSE samples should be considered.

[ Comparison of the stretching with ethyl chloride spray and stretching after injection of the lidocaine in the treatment of the trigger points: single blind randomized clinical trial [RCT]]

Trigger points have been described as a cause of pain in clinical practice and an extremely source of musculoskeletal pain. Stretching can effectively inactive trigger points and provide symptomatic relief. This study compares muscle stretching immediately after inject of lidocaine vs. stretching with the ethyl chloride spray in the treatment of the trigger points. patients with trigger point in gluteal muscles were recruited using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria from Shiraz medical school clinics. Subjects under went 2 office visits and 2 phones follow up. In group A stretching was with spray of ethyl chloride and in group B stretching of muscle injected oone immediately after injection was done immediately after injection. Evaluation measure tools were 0-10 NRS, VAS and BPI. In respect to VAS and NRS there was statistical significance difference between both groups 1 month and 2 month after treatment. There was statistical significance difference between both groups in all measuremant aspect of BPI except [general activity and walking] one month after treatment. muscle stretching immediately after injection of lidocaine was more effective [at least up 2 month] than stretching after spray of the ethyl chloride in the symptomatic treatment of gluteal trigger points and improvement of functional activity of the patients

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study about Crush Injured Vasospasm after Freezing Therapy

The histologically confirmed endothelial damage (HCED) may lead to vasospasm, which increases the failure rate of microvascular anastomosis. Recently, vascular freezing has been reported to be the most effective and lasting method of alleviating or preventing vessel constriction in virgin microvessels. We question whether the application of freezing designed to relieve vasospasm is possible in microvessels accompanying with underlying acute endothelial damages without any harmful effects. We produced an experimental model with histologically confirmed endothelial damage and vasospasm in Sprague-Dawley rat. In crush injury group(group I, n = 15), the determined crushing load (0.07 J) was applied to femoral artery. In crush injury-freezing group(group II, n = 15), crushed arteries was frozen with ethyl chloride at 30 minutes after applying the crush injury. Gross and scanning electron microscopic appearances were inspected in both experimental groups on the 2nd, 14th and 30th day after the operation. In group I, vasospasm around the crushed segments were continued but in group II, the vasospasm disappeared immediately after vascular freezing, maintained its expansion even at postoperative 2, 14 and 30 days. On scanning electron microscopic examination, endothelium in group II showed slightly slower regeneration velocity but near complete regeneration was achieved at postoperative day 30. Regenerated endothelial cell in group II was more atypically shaped but arranged longitudinally at postoperative day 30. In conclusion, freezing with ethyl chloride could be a useful tool to reliably revert vasospasm without inducing thrombus even in acute endothelial damaged vessels after crush injury.

Freezing Therapy for Relief of Vasospasm on Microvascular Anastomosis with Damaged Endothelium: An Experimental and Clinical Application

The histologically confirmed endothelial damage, which appears as a normal vessel under the operative microscope, may lead to thrombus formation or vasospasm, and ultimately result in the anastomotic failure. Vascular freezing has been reported to be an effective method of relieving spasm. This study examined if the freezing therapy could safely relieve the vasospasm accompanying microvascular anastomosis of vessels, which had histologically confirmed endothelial damage, but with no other harmful effects. In the experimental model, Microvascular anastomoses of the femoral arteries(n = 80) of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were performed after producing crush injuries on both femoral arteries with energy to cause vasospasm and histologically confirmed endothelial damage. Freezing was achieved with ethyl chloride for 4 seconds before the anastomosis and the vascular spasm was disappeared immediately after freezing and maintained its expansion for 2,10 and 30 days after the operation. No significant difference was observed in the patency rates of the crush-freezing group and the crush group (p > 0.05). In the clinical model, a case was presented in which ethyl chloride in vivo freezing was used to relieve a refractory spasm in the recpient vessels of free latissimus dorsi muscle transfer in a soft tissue defect of dorsum of foot. The spasm was relieved and the flap survived. This study found that the vascular freezing relieved the spasm in the microvascular repair, which was accompanied by histologically confirmed endothelial damaged vessels, and that no harmful effects of vascular freezing were observed when the technique was used to prevent or elieve vascular spasm in case of microvascular repair.

Origen miofascial del dolor lumbar / Miofascial backache origin

La corriente más importante del pensamiento médico sobre el origen del dolor lumbar gira alrededor de los transtornos degenerativos (espondiloartrosis), las desviaciones posturales o estructurales de columna, la patología discal con o sin compresión radicular, las malformaciones congénitas vertebrales, etc. Sin embargo, la mayoría de personas aquejadas de lumbalgia, presentan un proceso benigno, localizado en partes blandas, con un componente psicosomático. Proceso particularmente reversible al que se conoce con Síndrome Miofascial, para el cual existe tratamiento en base a medidas conservadoras, como la Digitopresión, estiramiento muscular, electropuntura galvánica, además de la infiltración en `puntos gatillo'. En el presente trabajo realizado sobre 102 pacientes que consultan por dolor lumbar, se demuestra error en el diagnóstico de entrada en el 96 por ciento. Además comprobamos las bondades del tratamiento conservador mencionado, al conseguir la regresión de los síntomas en forma total o significativa, en el 86 por ciento de los pacientes tratados

Evaluation of ethyl chloride, ice and skin refrigerant in pulp testing of clinically sound and crowned teeth

Ethyl chloride ice and skin. The advantage of the suggested method of using a cotton wool roll for the application of skin refrigerant had discussed. The in vitro effect of skin regrigerant on human enamel and dental porcelain was investigated with the stereo light microscope. Cracking occured in only one tooth out of 18 teeth. The 6 porcelain fused to metal crowns showed no change. In conclusion, skin refrigerant is the agent of choice for routine testing of the pulp of both posterior, anterior, and crowned teeth. It is easy to use, no preparation of the teeth is necessary, and in spite of its low temperature, it has no effect on the tooth enamel or the porcelain of ceramic crowns, refrigerant, three cold tests, were compared for their ability to test the pulp vitality of total of 588 clinically sound and 26 crowned teeth. Of the cold tests studied, skin refrigerant proved to be a faster, a valid and a more reliable method of testing for thermal sensitivity to cold. It is evident that ethyl chloride and ice, pulp testing materials, are so hit-and-miss that they are not really acceptable as diagnostic methods

Application of Dermabrasion in Several Dermatoses / 대한피부과학회지

Dermabrasion involves the removal of the epidermis and the upper dermis by means of a motor-driven rotary abrasive instrument or a brush using ethyl chloride or dichlorotetrafluoroethane(Freon) as the evaporative refrigerant-anesthetic. Kurtin(1952) developed this refrigeration-abrasion method and named it skin planing. The technique of skin planing was introduced to Korea in early 1960s and it was extensively used for corrective surgery of scar induced by small pox until early 1970s. The indication for dermabrasion includes correction of scars, prophylaxis and correction of aging of the skin, removal of congenital nevoid anomalies, malignant and benign skin tumors, tattoos and others. The authors dermabased the cutaneous lesions of xeroderma pigmentosum, angiofibroma (adenoma sebaseum), nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, epidermal verrucous nevus and linear porokeratosis, using Stryker' pneumatic powered dermabrader, with successful results. The technique of dermabrasion and the literature were briefly reviewed.