Invivo and invitro evaluation of antitumor effects of iron oxide and folate core shell-iron oxide nanoparticles / Avaliação in vivo e in vitro dos efeitos antitumorais de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e óxido de ferro com núcleo de folato

Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.

Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis ​​no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.

Surface modification of multifunctional ferrite magnetic nanoparticles and progress in biomedicine / 生物医学工程学杂志

Magnetic ferrite nanoparticles (MFNPs) have great application potential in biomedical fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, targeted drugs, magnetothermal therapy and gene delivery. MFNPs can migrate under the action of a magnetic field and target specific cells or tissues. However, to apply MFNPs to organisms, further modifications on the surface of MFNPs are required. In this paper, the common modification methods of MFNPs are reviewed, their applications in medical fields such as bioimaging, medical detection, and biotherapy are summarized, and the future application directions of MFNPs are further prospected.

The efficacy and safety of intravenous sucrose iron therapy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with recurrent iron deficiency anemia (IDA) . Methods: This retrospective analysis of 90 patients with recurrent IDA from May 2012 to December 2021 was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of the intravenous iron therapy group and the oral iron therapy group. Results: Among the 90 patients with recurrent IDA, 20 were males and 70 were females, with a median age of 40 (range: 14-85) years. A total of 60 patients received intravenous iron supplementation and 30 received oral iron supplementation. The hematologic response rates in the intravenous iron group were significantly higher than those in the oral iron group at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment [80.0% (48/60) vs 3.3% (1/30) and 96.7% (58/60) vs 46.7% (14/30), all P<0.001, respectively]. The median increase in hemoglobin levels was also significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group [38 (4, 66) g/L vs 7 (1, 22) g/L at week 4 and 44.5 (18, 80) g/L vs 19 (3, 53) g/L at week 8, all P<0.001]. The intravenous iron group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved normal hemoglobin levels than the oral iron group (55.0% vs 0 and 90% vs 43.3%, all P<0.001, respectively). Iron metabolism indicators were tested before and after 8 weeks of treatment in 26 and 7 patients in the intravenous and oral iron groups, respectively. The median increase in serum ferritin (SF) levels in the intravenous iron group 8 weeks after treatment was 113.7 (49.7, 413.5) μg/L, and 54% (14/26) of these patients had SF levels of ≥100 μg/L, which was significantly higher than the median increase in SF levels in the oral iron group [14.0 (5.8, 84.2) μg/L, t=4.760, P<0.001] and the proportion of patients with SF levels of ≥100 μg/L (P=0.013). The incidence of adverse reactions was 3.3% (2/60) in the intravenous iron group, which was significantly lower than that in the oral iron group [20.0% (6/30), P=0.015]. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation is more effective for hematologic response, faster hemoglobin increase, and higher iron storage replenishment rates compared with oral iron supplementation in patients with recurrent IDA, and it is well tolerated by patients.

Study on quality status of mineral medicine Calamina / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, some quality problems of mineral medicine Calamina and calcined Calamina have been discussed after determination and analysis of the quality parameters of a large number of market samples, and the countermeasures are put forward. According to the XRD results, as well as the results of tests included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition), the authenticity of Calamina and calcined Calamina samples were identified. The content of zinc oxide in samples were determined by the method of determination in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Individually, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS) methods were used for the determination of impurity elements and harmful elements in Calamina and calcined Calamina samples. Four kinds of impurity elements of magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), aluminum(Al), calcium(Ca) and five harmful elements such as lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), arsenic(As), copper(Cu), mercury(Hg) were measured. The study showed that: ① Fake Calamina products on the market were overflowing; ② The mineral origin of the mainstream Calamina in the market is inconsistent with that stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition); ③ The contents of harmful elements Pb and Cd in Calamina and calcined Calamina are generally higher, while the contents of harmful elements As and Cu in some inferior Calaminae are higher; ④ Parts of calcined Calamina were improperly or inadequately processed. In view of these quality problems, the countermeasures are put forward as follows: ① It is suggested that hydrozincite should be approved as the mineral source of Calamina, and be included by Chinese Pharmacopoeia; ② Strengthen the research on the specificity of Calamina identification methods to improve the quality control level; ③ Strengthen the research on the processing of Calamina, and formulate the limit standards for the content of Pb and Cd in Calamina; ④ Carry out research on the artificial synthesis of Calamina and calcined Calamina, in order to cope with the current shortage of Calamina resources and ensure the sustainable development of Calamina medicinal materials.

Endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with moyamoya disease labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide in vitro for MRI detection

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is currently thought to involve endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). We investigated whether superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) can be used to label EPCs. Mononuclear cells from 10 moyamoya disease patients were isolated, and cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133) positive cells sorted by magnetic-activated cell sorting were cultured in vitro. The positive rates of CD133, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, and cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) were detected by flow cytometry. The cells were co-cultured with fluorescence labeled Dil-acetylated-low-density lipoprotein (Dil-ac-LDL) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1) to observe the endocytosis of Dil-ac-LDL and binding to UEA-1. Prussian blue staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the endocytosis of different SPIO concentrations in EPCs, and CCK-8 was used to detect proliferation of cells transfected with different concentrations of SPIO. T2 weighted imaging (T2WI) signals from magnetic resonance imaging after SPIO endocytosis were compared. Positive rates of CD133, VEGFR-2, and CD34 on sorted mononuclear cells were 68.2±3.8, 57.5±4.2, and 36.8±6.5%, respectively. The double-positive expression rate of CD34 and VEGFR-2 was 19.6±4.7%, and 83.1±10.4% of cells, which showed the uptake of Dil-ac-LDL and binding with UEA-1. The labeling efficiencies of SPIO at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/mL were higher than for 12.5 μg/mL. The proliferation of cells was not influenced by SPIO concentrations of 12.5 and 25 μg/mL. After labeling, the T2WI of EPCs was reduced. The concentration of 25 μg/mL SPIO had high labeling efficiency detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without decreased EPCs viability.

Antioxidant effect and chemical composition of Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. peels from Peruvian northern / Efecto antioxidante y composición química de las cascaras de Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. del norte peruano

Pineapple peels has several beneficial properties including antioxidant activity. We investigated the antioxidant effect of five different peels of pineapple lyophilized extracts, not adsorbed and adsorbed onto Amberlite. They were examined using total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant effect by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, we analyzed the chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The main constituents of pineapple peels were tentatively identified as quercetin glycosides and N,N'-diferuloylspermidine. We conclude that the antioxidant activity in pineapple peels from District of Poroto, Province of Trujillo, Region of La Libertad, can be associated with the presence of flavonoid and spermidines.

Las cáscaras de piña tienen varias propiedades beneficiosas, incluida la actividad antioxidante. Investigamos el efecto antioxidante de cinco exfoliaciones diferentes de extracto liofilizado de piña, no adsorbidas y adsorbidas en Amberlita. Se examinaron utilizando los contenidos fenólicos totales (TPC), el efecto antioxidante mediante la eliminación del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH) y el poder férrico antioxidante reductor (FRAP). Además, analizamos la composición química por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Los principales constituyentes de las cáscaras de piña se identificaron tentativamente como glucósidos de quercetina y N,N'- diferuloylspermidina. Concluimos que la actividad antioxidante en las cáscaras de piña del Distrito de Poroto, Provincia de Trujillo, Región de La Libertad, puede estar asociada con la presencia de flavonoides y espermidinas.

Effectiveness of sucroferric oxyhydroxide in patients on on-line hemodiafiltration in real-world clinical practice: A retrospective study / Eficácia do oxihidróxido sucroférrico em pacientes em hemodiafiltração on-line na realidade da prática clínica: um estudo retrospectivo

Abstract Introduction: Hyperphosphatemia is a serious consequence of chronic kidney disease and has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Controlling serum phosphorus levels in patients on dialysis is a challenge for the clinicians and implies, in most cases, the use of phosphate binders (PB). Part of the reason for this challenge is poor adherence to treatment because of the high pill burden in this patient group. Objective: To assess the real-world effectiveness of sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SO) in controlling serum phosphorus levels and determine the associated pill burden. Methods: A multicenter, quantitative, retrospective, before-after study was conducted with patients receiving online hemodiafiltration. Patients who switched to SO as a part of routine care were included in the study. PB treatment, number of pills, serum phosphorus levels, and intravenous iron medication and dosage were collected monthly during the six months of treatment with either PB or SO. Results: A total of 42 patients were included in the study. After switching from a PB to SO, the prescribed pills/day was reduced 67% from 6 pills/day to 2 pills/day (p < 0.001) and the frequency of pill intake was lowered from 3 times/day to 2 times/day (p < 0.001). During the treatment with SO, the proportion of patients with serum phosphorus ≤ 5.5 mg/dL increased from 33.3% at baseline to 45% after six months of treatment. Conclusion: During the six-month follow-up with SO, serum phosphorus levels were controlled with one third of the pills/day compared to other PB.

Resumo Introdução: A hiperfosfatemia é uma grave consequência da doença renal crônica associada a risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular. O controle dos níveis séricos de fósforo dos pacientes em diálise é um desafio que requer, na maioria dos casos, o uso de quelantes de fosfato (QF). Parte da dificuldade se deve à baixa adesão ao tratamento oriunda do grande número de medicamentos receitados para esse grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a real eficácia do oxihidróxido sucroférrico (OHS) no controle dos níveis séricos de fósforo e determinar a carga de comprimidos associada. Métodos: Estudo multicêntrico, quantitativo, retrospectivo, antes e depois conduzido com pacientes em hemodiafiltração on-line. Pacientes remanejados para OHS como parte dos cuidados de rotina foram incluídos no estudo. Tratamento com QF, número de comprimidos, níveis séricos de fósforo, reposição férrica endovenosa e dosagens foram registrados mensalmente durante seis meses de tratamento com QF ou OHS. Resultados: Foram incluídos 42 pacientes no estudo. Após a mudança de QF para OHS, o número de comprimidos prescritos por dia caiu em 67%, de seis para duas unidades diárias (p < 0,001). A frequência de ingestão de comprimidos caiu de três para duas vezes ao dia (p < 0,001). Durante o tratamento com OHS, o percentual de pacientes com fósforo sérico ≤ 5,5 mg/dL aumentou de 33,3% no início para 45% após seis meses de tratamento. Conclusão: Durante os seis meses de seguimento com OHS, os níveis séricos de fósforo foram controlados com um terço dos comprimidos por dia em relação aos tratamentos com outros QF.

Therapeutic evaluation of magnetic hyperthermia using Fe3O4-aminosilane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in glioblastoma animal model / Avaliação terapêutica da técnica de magneto-hipertermia utilizando nanopartículas de Fe3O4 recobertas com aminosilana em modelo animal de glioblastoma

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the potential of magnetic hyperthermia using aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in glioblastoma tumor model. Methods: The aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were analyzed as to their stability in aqueous medium and their heating potential through specific absorption rate, when submitted to magnetic hyperthermia with different frequencies and intensities of alternating magnetic field. In magnetic hyperthermia in vitro assays, the C6 cells cultured and transduced with luciferase were analyzed by bioluminescence in the absence/presence of alternating magnetic field, and also with and without aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In the in vivo study, the measurement of bioluminescence was performed 21 days after glioblastoma induction with C6 cells in rats. After 24 hours, the aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were implanted in animals, and magnetic hyperthermia was performed for 40 minutes, using the best conditions of frequency and intensity of alternating magnetic field tested in the in vitro study (the highest specific absorption rate value) and verified the difference of bioluminescence before and after magnetic hyperthermia. Results: The aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were stable, and their heating capacity increased along with higher frequency and intensity of alternating magnetic field. The magnetic hyperthermia application with 874kHz and 200 Gauss of alternating magnetic field determined the best value of specific absorption rate (194.917W/g). When these magnetic hyperthermia parameters were used in in vitro and in vivo analysis, resulted in cell death of 52.0% and 32.8%, respectively, detected by bioluminescence. Conclusion: The magnetic hyperthermia was promissing for the therapeutical process of glioblastoma tumors in animal model, using aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which presented high specific absorption rate.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial da técnica de magneto-hipertermia utilizando nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana em modelo de tumores de glioblastoma. Métodos: As nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana foram avaliadas quanto à sua estabilidade em meio aquoso e a seu potencial de aquecimento pela taxa de absorção específica, quando submetidas à magneto-hipertermia, com diferentes frequências e intensidades de campo magnético alternado. Nos ensaios de magneto-hipertermia in vitro, as células C6 cultivadas e transduzidas com luciferase foram avaliadas por bioluminescência na presença/ausência do campo magnético alternado, como também com e sem nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana. No estudo in vivo, a medida de bioluminescência foi adquirida no 21º dia após indução do glioblastoma com células C6 nos ratos. Após 24 horas, as nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana foram implantadas no animal, tendo sido realizada a magneto-hipertermia por 40 minutos, nas melhores condições de frequência e intensidade de campo magnético alternado testado no estudo in vitro (maior valor da taxa de absorção específica); foi verificada a diferença do bioluminescência antes e após a magneto-hipertermia. Resultados: As nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana se mostraram estáveis, e sua capacidade de aquecimento aumentou com o incremento da frequência e da intensidade de campo magnético alternado. A aplicação da magneto-hipertermia, com 874kHz e 200 Gauss do campo magnético alternado, determinou o melhor valor da taxa de absorção específica (194,917W/g). Quando utilizados, estes parâmetros de magneto-hipertermia in vitro resultaram em morte celular de 52,0% e in vivo de 32,8% por bioluminescência. Conclusão: A técnica de magneto-hipertermia foi promissora para o processo terapêutico de tumores de glioblastoma no modelo animal utilizando as nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana recobertas com aminosilana, que apresentaram alta taxa de absorção específica.

Initial inflammatory response after the pulpotomy of rat molars with MTA or ferric sulfate

Abstract Purpose To compare, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the inflammatory cells, vascular density and IL-6 immunolabeled cells present in the pulp after pulpotomy with white MTA versus 15.5% ferric sulfate (FS). Methodology Forty-eight mandibular first molars from 24 Wistar rats were divided into MTA or FS groups and subdivided according to the period after pulpotomy procedure (24, 48 and 72 hours). Four teeth (sound and untreated) were used as controls. Histological sections were obtained and assessed through the descriptive analysis of morphological aspects of pulp tissue and the quantification of inflammatory cells, vascular density and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. Data were statistically analyzed (p<0.05). Results The number of inflammatory cells was similar in both groups, being predominantly localized at the cervical radicular third. In the MTA group, increased inflammation was observed at 48 hours. Vascular density was similar in both groups and over time, being predominant in the medium radicular third. No correlation was found between the number of inflammatory cells and the vascular density. Pulp tissue was more organized in MTA-treated teeth. In both groups, a weak to moderate IL-6 expression was detected in odontoblasts and inflammatory cells. Comparing both groups, there was a greater IL-6 expression in the cervical radicular third of teeth treated with MTA at 24 hours and in the medium and apical thirds at 72 hours, while in the FS group a greater IL-6 expression was found in the apical third at 24 hours. Conclusion The MTA group presented better histological features and greater IL-6 expression than the FS group. However, no difference was observed between the groups regarding the inflammatory status and vascularization, suggesting the usefulness of FS as a low-cost alternative to MTA.

Clinical, radiographic and histological evaluation of primary teeth pulpotomy using mta and ferric sulfate

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, radiographic and histological outcomes of the dentin-pulp complex from primary molars after pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and 15.5% ferric sulfate (FS). Thirty-one primary molars were randomly allocated into MTA or FS groups. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were recorded at 3-, 6-, 12- and 18-month follow-up. Teeth at the regular exfoliation period were extracted and processed for histological analysis. Clinical and radiographic data were tested by statistical analysis (p≤0.01). Histological outcomes were analyzed descriptively. All of the treated teeth presented clinical success over the experimental periods. Both groups exhibited 100% of radiographic success at 3, 6 and 12 months. At the 18-month follow-up, one tooth from FS group presented inter-radicular radiolucency (p>0.01). Histologically, the treated teeth presented pulp vitality and absence of inflammatory infiltrate into the connective tissue. Only MTA group showed hard tissue barrier surrounded by odontoblasts over the pulp stumps. Both MTA and 15.5% FS are effective for pulpotomies of primary teeth. Although MTA is considered the first-choice material, FS may be a suitable alternative when treatment cost is an issue.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos do complexo dentino-pulpar de molares decíduos após pulpotomia com agregado trióxido mineral (MTA) e sulfato férrico (SF) 15,5%. Trinta e um molares decíduos foram alocados aleatoriamente nos grupos MTA ou SF. As avaliações clínicas e radiográficas foram realizadas aos 3, 6, 12 e 18 meses de acompanhamento. Os dentes no período regular de esfoliação foram extraídos e processados ​​para análise histológica. Os dados clínicos e radiográficos foram analisados estatisticamente (p≤0,01). O resultados histológicos foram analisados ​​descritivamente. Todos os dentes tratados apresentaram sucesso clínico ao longo dos períodos experimentais. Ambos os grupos exibiram 100% de sucesso radiográfico aos 3, 6 e 12 meses. Aos 18 meses de acompanhamento, um dente do grupo SF apresentou radiolucidez interradicular (p>0,01). Histologicamente, os dentes tratados apresentaram vitalidade pulpar e ausência de infiltrado inflamatório no tecido conjuntivo. Somente o grupo MTA mostrou barreira de tecido duro rodeada por odontoblastos sobre os cotos pulpares. MTA e SF 15,5% são eficazes para pulpotomias de dentes decíduos. Embora o MTA seja considerado o material de primeira escolha, o SF pode ser uma alternativa adequada quando o custo do tratamento é um problema.

Total antioxidant capacity of commonly used fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices of Pakistan

The current study was aimed at investigating the total antioxidant activity [TAG] of various fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices habitat in Pakistan. The ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP] assay was used to measure the TAG of various extracts [aqueous, ethanolic and aqueous-ethanolic]. Following is the potency order for fruits [guava >strawberry >Pomegranate >apple >kinnow >melon >lemon >banana], vegetables [spinach >Cabbage [Purple] >Jalapeno >Radish >Brinjal >Bell Pepper >Lettuce >Carrot >Cabbage [White] >Onion >Potato >Tomato >Cucumber] and herbs/spices [clove >Rosemary >Thyme >Oregano >Cinnamon >Cumin >Kalonji >Paprika >Neem [Flower] >Fennel >Black Cardamom >Turmeric >Coriander >Ginger >Garlic]. In conclusion, the guava, spinach and clove provide the best natural dietary option for treatment / prevention of oxidative stress and thus could alleviate several associated ailments

Enduring amnesia induced by ICV scopolamine is reversed by sesame oil in male rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluated the long-term effect of scopolamine and sesame oil on spatial memory. METHODS: Memory impairment induced by Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of scopolamine hydrochloride (10 μg/ rat). Animals were gavaged for 4 weeks with saline, sesame oil (0.5, 1, or 2 mL/kg/day), or 3 weeks with memantine (30 mg/kg/day) in advance to induction of amnesia. Morris water maze (MWM) test was conducted 6 days after microinjection of scopolamine. Then, blood and brain samples were collected and evaluated for the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, and total antioxidant status (TAS) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). RESULTS: Scopolamine significantly decreased traveled distance and time spent in target quadrant in probe test. Pretreatment of rats with sesame oil (0.5 mg/kg) mitigated scopolamine-induced behavioral alterations. Measurement of MDA, SOD, and GPX in brain tissue, and FRAP and TAS in blood showed little changes in animals which had received scopolamine or sesame oil. CONCLUSIONS: Intracerebroventricular injection of scopolamine has a residual effect on memory after six days. Sesame oil has an improving effect on spatial memory; however this effect is possibly mediated by mechanisms other than antioxidant effect of sesame oil.

Effect of ferric carboxymaltose in the management of postpartum iron deficiency anemia

Background: Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, around the world, with postpartum hemorrhage one of the reasons. Different treatment options are available for correction of iron deficiency, ferric carboxymaltose being the most recent

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of ferric carboxymaltose in the management of iron deficiency anemia in the postpartum period

Methodology: An experimental study was conducted at Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital Rahim Yar Khan. 30 female patients, with documented iron deficiency anemia within 10 days of post partum period and with no history of renal or hepatic disease, infection, anemia due to any other causes, severe anemia requiring blood transfusion and no parenteral iron therapy in last 20 days, were included in the study. All the patient were given ferric carboxymaltose 15mg/kg body weight [max 1000mg] intravenous infusion. Pre and post therapy complete blood picture including hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels were compared after 1 week. The data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version15

Results: Significant increase in both hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels was noted in patients with mean rise being 2.4g/dl and 338.3 ng/ml in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, respectively. Mild rash and fever were the only adverse events noted, in only one patient, each

Conclusion: Ferric carboxymaltose appears to be a very effective drug for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia both in terms of rise in hematological indices and low adverse event profile

Intranenous ferric carboxymaltose for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia

Nutritional iron deficiency anemia is the most common deficiency disorder, affecting more than two billion people worldwide. Oral iron supplementation is usually the first choice for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, but in many conditions, oral iron is less than ideal mainly because of gastrointestinal adverse events and the long course needed to treat the disease and replenish body iron stores. Intravenous iron compounds consist of an iron oxyhydroxide core, which is surrounded by a carbohydrate shell made of polymers such as dextran, sucrose or gluconate. The first iron product for intravenous use was the high molecular weight iron dextran. However, dextran-containing intravenous iron preparations are associated with an elevated risk of anaphylactic reactions, which made physicians reluctant to use intravenous iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia over many years. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is a stable complex with the advantage of being non- dextran-containing and a very low immunogenic potential and therefore not predisposed to anaphylactic reactions. Its properties permit the administration of large doses (15 mg/kg; maximum of 1000 mg/infusion) in a single and rapid session (15-minute infusion) without the requirement of a test dose. The purpose of this review is to discuss some pertinent issues in relation to the history, pharmacology, administration, efficacy, and safety profile of ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of patients with iron deficiency anemia.

TREATMENT OF ANEMIA AND IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE: experience using ferric carboxymaltose

Objectives - Anemia is the most common hematological alteration in patients with Crohn's disease, and is frequently related to intestinal inflammatory activity. Its cause is multifactorial and mostly associated with absolute iron deficiency (iron deficiency anemia) and/or functional iron deficiency (inflammation anemia or anemia of chronic disease). It may also be identified through other causes, such as folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency and secondary to adverse effects from medications (salicylic derivatives and immunosuppressive drugs). In the present study, patients with active Crohn's disease and anemia were evaluated and treated with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. We discuss the therapeutic schemes (doses), safety, results and improvement of quality of life. Methods - In the present prospective study, 10 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease, with moderate to severe activity, with anemia (Hb: 6.7 to 10 g/dL), who were attended between March 2014 and March 2015, were evaluated. Six (60%) were men and four were women, all with moderate or severe anemia (hemoglobin <10 g/dL). They were treated with a maximum of three intravenous infusions of 1000 mg of ferric carboxymaltose, of at least 15 minutes in duration. It was also sought to correlate the inflammatory Crohn's disease activity degree (measured using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, CDAI) and C-reactive protein level with the severity of anemia. The primary outcome was an increase in Hb of ≥2 g/dL and the secondary outcome was the normalization of anemia (Hb ≥12 g/dL for women and ≥13 g/dL for men) and the improvement in quality of life seen 12 weeks after the last application of carboxymaltose. Results - Among the 10 patients studied, parenteral iron supplementation was administered in three cases during hospitalization and the others received this on an outpatient basis. The total iron dose ranged from 1,000 to 2,000 mg, with an average of 1,650 mg. Crohn's disease activity measured using CDAI and C-reactive protein correlated with the intensity of anemia. An increase of 2 g/dL occurred in eight (80%) patients after 12 weeks and normalization of anemia was found in seven (70%) patients. Improvements in quality-of-life scores were found for all (100%) patients after 12 weeks. Carboxymaltose was well tolerated. Three patients presented adverse reactions (two with nausea and one with headache) of mild intensity. Conclusions - Anemia is a frequent complication for Crohn's disease patients. Intravenous iron therapy has been recommended for Crohn's disease patients, because for these patients, oral iron absorption is very limited. This is because of the inflammatory state and "blocking" of iron entry into enterocytes through hepcidin action on ferroportin, along with the elevated rates of gastrointestinal adverse events that compromise adherence to treatment and possibly aggravate the intestinal inflammatory state. The degree of Crohn's disease activity, as measured using CDAI and C-reactive protein, correlates with the severity of anemia. Carboxymaltose is a safe drug, which can be administrated in high doses (up to 1,000 mg per application per week) and corrects anemia and iron stocks over a short period of time, with consequent improvement in quality of life.

Objetivos - Anemia é a alteração hematológica mais comum em portadores de doença de Crohn, estando frequentemente relacionada à atividade inflamatória intestinal. Sua causa é multifatorial, está associada na maioria das vezes com deficiência absoluta de ferro (anemia ferropriva) e/ou deficiência funcional de ferro (anemia da inflamação ou anemia de doença crônica), podendo também ser identificada outras causas como deficiência de ácido fólico ou vitamina B12 e secundária a efeitos adversos de medicamentos (derivados salicílicos e imunossupressores). Neste trabalho, avaliamos portadores de doença de Crohn em atividade com anemia que foram tratados com carboximaltose férrica endovenosa, e discutimos os esquemas terapêuticos (doses), a segurança e os resultados, assim como a melhora da qualidade de vida. Métodos - Neste estudo prospectivo, avaliamos 10 consecutivos pacientes portadores de doença de Crohn de moderada a grave atividade com anemia (Hb: 6,7 a 10 g/dL) que foram atendidos no período de março de 2014 a março de 2015. Eram seis (60%) do sexo masculino e quatro do sexo feminino, todos com anemia moderada ou grave (hemoglobina <10g/dL), tratados com no máximo três infusões de 1000 mg de carboximaltose férrica por via endovenosa em, pelo menos, 15 minutos. Procurou-se também correlacionar o grau de atividade inflamatória da doença de Crohn (mensuração realizada com o IADC-índice de atividade da doença de Crohn) e dosagem da proteína C reativa com a gravidade da anemia. O desfecho primário foi aumento da Hb de ≥2 g/dL e desfecho secundário a normalização da anemia (Hb ≥12 g/dL para mulheres e ≥13 g/dL para homens) e melhora na qualidade de vida após 12 semanas da aplicação da última dose de carboximaltose férrica. Resultados - Dos 10 pacientes estudados, em 3 a suplementação parenteral de ferro foi realizada durante internação hospitalar, o restante em regime ambulatorial. A dose total de ferro administrada variou de 1.000 a 2.000 mg, sendo a média de 1.650 mg. A atividade da doença de Crohn mensurada pelo IADC e pelo PCR se correlacionou com a intensidade da anemia. O aumento de 2 g/dL ocorreu em oito (80%) pacientes após 12 semanas e a normalização da anemia foi observada em sete (70%). Melhora do escore de qualidade de vida foi observada em todos (100%) após 12 semanas. A carboximaltose férrica foi bem tolerada, três pacientes apresentaram reações adversas (2 - náusea e 1 - cefaléia) de leve intensidade. Conclusões - Anemia é uma complicação frequente em portadores de doença de Crohn. A terapia com ferro por via endovenosa tem sido a recomendada em portadores de doença de Crohn, pois nestes pacientes a absorção do ferro oral é bastante limitada devido ao estado inflamatório e "bloqueio" da entrada de ferro nos enterócitos por ação da hepcidina sobre a ferroportina, além das elevadas taxas de eventos adversos gastrointestinais que comprometem a adesão ao tratamento e podem agravar o estado inflamatório intestinal. O grau de atividade da doença de Crohn mensurado pelo IADC e PCR se correlaciona com a severidade da anemia. A carboximaltose férrica é uma droga segura, pode ser administrada em altas doses (até 1.000 mg por aplicação por semana), corrige a anemia e os estoques de ferro em curto espaço de tempo, com consequente melhora da qualidade de vida.

Evaluation of clinical and laboratory variables associated with anemia in pediatric patients on hemodialysis / Avaliação de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais associadas à anemia em pacientes pediátricos em hemodiálise

OBJECTIVE: To identify the occurrence of anemia in pediatric patients on hemodialysis and the association between hemoglobin levels and anemia in CKD-related variables. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Patients aged up to 18 years with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis at this service between January of 2009 and December of 2010 were selected. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Statistical analysis was performed with chi-squared test, Student's t-test and general estimating equations (GEE) using SPSS 20.0, assuming a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: A total of 357 medical records depicting the monthly evolution of 29 patients were analyzed. The most common etiology for chronic kidney disease was malformations of the genitourinary tract (28%). Hemoglobin showed a mean (standard deviation) value of 9.20 (1.8) g/dL, with the occurrence of anemia in 65.3% of cases. Anemia was associated with hospitalization; antibiotic use; transfusion; use of intravenous iron hydroxide; low values of creatinine, hematocrit, and albumin; and high values of ferritin, aluminum, and equilibrated Kt/V (p < 0.05). The odds ratio for anemia with the use of intravenous iron hydroxide was 0.36 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.89), i.e., a 2.78-fold higher chance of developing anemia without the use of this medication. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia predominated in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease; intravenous iron hydroxide use was a protective factor. .

OBJETIVO: Identificar a ocorrência de anemia entre pacientes pediátricos em hemodiálise e a associação entre os valores de hemoglobina e variáveis relacionadas à anemia na DRC. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo. Selecionados pacientes até 18 anos com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise no serviço entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010. Verificados prontuários para coleta de dados clínicos e laboratoriais. Análise estatística com testes de qui-quadrado, t de Student e General Estimating Equations (GEE) em programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0, assumindo-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Analisadas 357 fichas de evolução médica mensal de 29 pacientes. A etiologia mais frequente para a doença renal crônica foram as malformações do trato genito-urinário (28%). Hemoglobina apresentou valor médio (desvio padrão) de 9,20 (1,8) g/dL, com ocorrência de anemia em 65,3% das consultas. Anemia associou-se a internação, uso de antibiótico, transfusão, uso de hidróxido de ferro endovenoso, valores baixos de creatinina, hematócrito e albumina e valores altos de ferritina, alumínio e Kt/V equilibrado (p < 0,05). A odds ratio para anemia com uso de hidróxido de ferro endovenoso foi 0,36 (95% IC 0,25-0,89), ou seja, uma chance 2,78 vezes maior de desenvolver anemia sem o uso dessa medicação. CONCLUSÕES: A anemia predominou em crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica, tendo como fator protetor o uso de hidróxido de ferro endovenoso. .

Actividad antioxidante de extractos de diferente polaridad de Ageratum conyzoides L / Antioxidant activity of different polarity extracts from Ageratum conyzoides L

The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity of extracts of different polarity of the species Ageratum conyzoides L., evaluating by different spectrophotometric methods: ABTS•+, DPPH•, FRAP and ORAC. Extracts of A. conyzoides L., showed good antioxidant activity in the methodologies evaluated. The extract was the most active of ethyl acetate (ACExtA) which showed the best evaluated values techniques with higher power as determined by the assay values of TEAC ORAC = 494048.95 +/- 29695.80 uMol Trolox/100g sample. Measurements of antioxidant activity by different techniques offer advantages in terms of predicting the in vitro antioxidant capacity of this plant, it is also recommended to explore the structural characteristics of the compounds present in the ethyl acetate extract of the plant with to explore the potential benefits and possible mechanisms of action of new antioxidants...

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar la actividad antioxidante de extractos de diferente polaridad de la especie Ageratum conyzoides L., mediante la evaluación por diferentes métodos espectrofotométricos: ABTS•+, DPPH•, FRAP y ORAC. Los extractos de A. conyzoides L., presentaron una buena actividad antioxidante en las metodologías evaluadas. El extracto más activo fue el de acetato de etilo (ACExtA), que presentó los mejores valores por las técnicas evaluadas con la mayor potencia determinada por el ensayo ORAC con valores de TEAC = 494048,95 +/- 29695,80 uMol Trolox/100g muestra. Las mediciones de la actividad antioxidante por diferentes técnicas, ofrecen ventajas en términos de la predicción de la capacidad antioxidante in vitro de esta planta, además se recomienda explorar las características estructurales de los compuestos presentes en el extracto de acetato de etilo de esta planta con el fin de investigar los beneficios potenciales y los mecanismos de acción de posibles nuevos antioxidantes...

Efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose infusion in children with iron deficiency anemia: experience at children hospital and ICH Multan

To describe the efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose in children with iron deficiency anemia who did not respond to /tolerate oral iron therapy. Quasi experimental interventional study. A prospective study was performed in 100 children, aged between 08 months and 15 years, 66% male and 33% female, diagnosed as iron deficiency anemia with predefined criteriaexcluding other causes. The children who did not respond to /tolerate oral iron therapy were treated with injectable ironin a day care hematology center. Dose of iron sucrose was calculated by a formula. Total dose was divided in three equal aliquots, each one was diluted in 0.9% normal saline and infused over a period of 120 minutes onthree consecutive days. The efficacy of iron sucrose was analyzed by comparing baseline mean hemoglobin at initiation of therapy and mean hemoglobin level two weeks after iron infusion. Mean age was 4.18 +/- 3.68 years.At start of treatment,baseline meanHb was 6.09 +/- 1.37 g/dl, mean MCV 51.5 +/- 9.03 fl and mean ferritin 7.76 +/- 7.6232 ng/ml. At day 14, mean Hb was 9.21 +/- 1.134 g/dl [P < 0.05], mean MCV 66.5 +/- 7.19 fl and mean ferritin 52.47 +/- 29.6828 ng/ml . Mean hemoglobin rise was 3.12 +/- 1.081 gm/dl [P < 0.05]. During infusion, only one patient had hypotensionwho was treated. Iron sucrose infusion is a safe and effective way of raising hemoglobin in iron deficiency anemia in pediatric age group in special set up with minimal side effects

Recent advances in the imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma

The role of imaging is crucial for the surveillance, diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Over the past few years, considerable technical advances were made in imaging of HCCs. New imaging technology, however, has introduced new challenges in our clinical practice. In this article, the current status of clinical imaging techniques for HCC is addressed. The diagnostic performance of imaging techniques in the context of recent clinical guidelines is also presented.