Fundamentos moleculares de la exclusión competitiva durante la coinfección de virus respiratorios: a propósito del COVID-19 / Molecular foundations of competitive exclusion during coinfection of respiratory viruses: about COVID-19

Introducción: La idea de exclusión competitiva es indiscutible cuando se trata de animales y bacterias que intentan ocupar el mismo nicho ecológico, pero su aplicación a la coinfección viral no es tan sencilla de interpretar. La interferencia viral es un fenómeno en el que un virus suprime competitivamente la replicación de otros virus coinfectantes y es el resultado más común de las coinfecciones virales. Objetivo: Comprender mejor el comportamiento de las infecciones respiratorias concomitantes en escenarios de brotes comunitarios y de forma individual en entornos hospitalarios e individuos con comorbilidades. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de información en las bases de datos MEDLINE / PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. También se consideraron artículos publicados en el repositorio de preimpresión medRxiv y los informes de los Centros para el Control y Prevención de enfermedades de los Estados Unidos de América. Mediante el gestor de referencias Mendeley, se eliminaron los duplicados y aquellos que no se ajustaban al objetivo del estudio, seleccionando 48 artículos para la revisión. Análisis y síntesis de la in formación: En la literatura científica se encontró evidencia que sustenta la exclusión competitiva viral entre virus relacionados que comparten células susceptibles y permisivas. Conclusión: La exclusión competitiva impide que dos virus que comparten rutas de transmisión similares y el mismo órgano diana, infecten no sólo al mismo tiempo, sino que también se propaguen con éxito. Por lo tanto, la sindemia producida por virus que comparten estas características podría ser un evento improbable(AU)

Introduction: The idea of competitive exclusion is undisputed when it comes to animals and bacteria trying to occupy the same ecological niche, but its application to viral coinfection is not so simple to interpret. Viral interference is a phenomenon in which one virus competitively suppresses the replication of other co-infecting viruses and is the most common outcome of viral co-infections. Objective: To better understand the behavior of concomitant respiratory infections in community outbreak settings and individually in hospital settings and individuals with comorbidities. Methods: A search for information was performed in the MEDLINE / PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases. Articles published in the preprint repository medRxiv and reports from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were also considered. Using the Mendeley reference manager, duplicates and those that did not fit the study objective were eliminated, selecting 48 articles for the review. Analysis and synthesis of information: Evidence supporting viral competitive exclusion between related viruses sharing susceptible and permissive cells was found in the scientific literature. Conclusion: Competitive exclusion prevents two viruses that share similar transmission routes and the same target organ from infecting not only at the same time, but also from spreading successfully. Therefore, syndemia produced by viruses sharing these characteristics could be an unlikely event(AU)

Aprimoramento cognitivo farmacológico: motivações contemporâneas / Perfeccionamiento cognitivo farmacológico: motivaciones contemporáneas / Pharmacological cognitive enhancement: contemporary motivations

RESUMO. O objetivo deste artigo, de caráter teórico descritivo, foi analisar as principais motivações para o aprimoramento cognitivo farmacológico na contemporaneidade, mediante o diálogo com autores que investigaram alguns fenômenos da denominada pós-modernidade, tais como Deleuze (1992), Foucault (2000), Bauman (2001) e Han (2015), além de autores do campo psicanalítico (Bezerra Júnior, 2010; Ferraz, 2014; Birman, 2014) que tecem críticas à questão da medicalização da educação e seus desdobramentos. Constatou-se que, na atualidade, a busca pelo aprimoramento cognitivo farmacológico está intimamente ligada ao estilo de vida e ao de sociedade construídos nas últimas décadas. Independentemente da palavra utilizada para nomear o momento histórico vivido, está cada vez mais difícil lidar com a realidade e, nesse contexto, o aprimoramento cognitivo farmacológico revela-se como uma das facetas do fenômeno recente conhecido como psiquiatrização da normalidade. Como resultado, nota-se também que o uso não médico e indiscriminado de medicamentos para 'turbinar' o cérebro tem tornado uma prática comum entre os estudantes universitários; por esse motivo, não se trata meramente de uma questão educacional relacionada à interferência nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem, mas de um problema de saúde pública. Conclui-se que esse fenômeno suscita, na sociedade atual, desafios de diferentes ordens, razão pela qual merece atenção especial da comunidade científica.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo, de carácter teórico descriptivo, ha sido el de analizar las principales motivaciones para el perfeccionamiento cognitivo farmacológico en la contemporaneidad, el diálogo con autores que investigaron algunos fenómenos de la llamada posmodernidad, tales como Deleuze (1991), Foucault (2000), Bauman (2001) y Han (2015), además de autores del campo psicoanalítico (Bezerra Júnior, 2010; Ferraz, 2014; Birman, 2014) que lanzan críticas a la cuestión de la medicalización de la educación y sus desdoblamientos. Se constató que actualmente, la búsqueda por el perfeccionamiento cognitivo farmacológico está íntimamente conectada al estilo de vida y de la sociedad construido em las últimas décadas. Independientemente de la palabra utilizada para nombrar el momento histórico vivido, está cada día más difícil lidiar con la realidad y, en ese contexto, el perfeccionamiento cognitivo farmacológico se revela cómo a una de las facetas del fenómeno reciente conocido como psiquiatrización de la normalidad. Como resultado, se nota también que el uso no medico e indiscriminado de medicinas para potencializar el cerebro se ha tornado una práctica común entre los estudiantes universitarios; por ese motivo, no se trata meramente de una cuestión educacional relacionada a la interferencia en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, pero de un problema da salud pública, se concluye que ese fenómeno suscita, en la sociedad actual, desafíos de diferentes órdenes, razón por la cual merece atención especial de la comunidad científica.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this theoretical descriptive study was to analyze the main motivations for pharmacological cognitive enhancement in contemporary times through the dialogue with authors who investigated some phenomena of the so-called post-modernity, such as Deleuze (1992), Foucault (2000), Bauman (2001) and Han (2015), in addition to authors of the psychoanalytic field (Bezerra Júnior, 2010; Ferraz, 2014; Birman, 2014) that criticize the issue of medicalization of education and its consequences. It was found that, currently, the search for pharmacological cognitive enhancement is closely linked to the lifestyle and society built in the last decades. Regardless of the name given to the historical moment the society is, it is increasingly difficult to deal with reality and, in this context, the pharmacological cognitive enhancement is revealed as one of the facets of the recent phenomenon known as 'psychiatrization of normality'. As a result, it is also noted that the non-medical and indiscriminate use of drugs to boost brainpower has become a common practice among college students; for this reason, it is not merely an educational issue that may interfere with the teaching-learning process, but also a public health problem. It is concluded that this phenomenon raises, in today's society, challenges of different orders, which is why it deserves special attention from the scientific community.

Effects of sodium valproate and carbamazepine on food competition aggression in pigeons

Valproate and carbamazepine (CAR) have been proposed as adjunct alternatives for the control of aggression in psychiatric patients, although no definite conclusions have been reached. We examined the effects of these drugs on food competition offensive aggression and other behaviors in high- and low-aggression food-restricted pigeons. These were divided into pairs containing previously ranked high-aggression (N = 10 pairs) and low-aggression females (N = 10 pairs). In Experiment 1, a pigeon in each pair of high- and low-aggression subjects was treated daily with an oral dose of sodium valproate (50 mg kg-1 mL saline-1) for 15 days. The other animal received the vehicle. On days 1, 7, and 15, food competition trials (10 min) were performed 60 min after treatment. In Experiment 2, one pigeon in each pair was treated daily with an oral dose of CAR (20 mg kg-1 mL saline-1) for 15 days. Each pair was submitted to a food competition trial on days 1, 7, and 15 of treatment. Valproate (15 days of treatment) selectively decreased the time spent in offensive aggression (control: 102.7 ± 9.3 vs valproate: 32.7 ± 9.2 s; P < 0.001, ANOVA-2-TAU) of high-aggression pigeons. This was also the case for 7 and 15 days of CAR treatment (control: 131.5 ± 8.9 vs CAR: 60.4 ± 5.3, P < 0.01, and control: 122.7 ± 7.1 vs CAR: 39.1 ± 5.2; P < 0.001, ANOVA-2-TAU, respectively). Thus, the two anticonvulsive drugs have a similar effect on food competition aggression in pigeons.