Analysis of Post-Concussion Syndrome Disability Re-appraisal / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To understand the current status of appraisal of post-concussion syndrome disability and the reasons for the changes in re-appraisal opinions.@*METHODS@#The cases that were judged as "post-concussion syndrome and ten-level disability" in the first appraisal and re-appraised for psychiatric impairment by the Academy of Forensic Science in 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#There were 75 cases, including 58 cases with pre-hospital emergency medical records, among which 39 cases were clearly recorded to be without a history of coma; 74 cases had emergency medical records, among which 44 cases were recorded of having a history of coma; 43 cases had follow-up medical records, among which 24 cases had a history of psychiatric follow-up. The most complained symptoms of the appraisee in appraisal and examination include headache, dizziness, poor sleep at night, irritability, memory loss, fatigue and inattention. The main reasons for the re-appraisal application include doubts about the history of coma, doubts about the credibility of mental symptoms, post-concussion syndrome didn't meet the disability criteria, and objections to the original appraisal procedure or the original appraisal agency. The appraisal opinions of a total of 47 cases were changed. Seven of them did not meet the disability criteria, and the main reason was that there was no clear history of coma and no head injury was admitted; the coma history of the 40 other cases had to be confirmed by the court before they can be clearly identified as disabilities. The reason was that the records about the history of coma were inconsistent or there were alterations and additional information.@*CONCLUSIONS@#In the past, the conditions for appraisal of post-concussion syndrome disability were too lax and must be further standardized and strictly controlled.

Brain Concussion: New Classifications and Current Physiopathological Knowledge of the Disease

The present review paper aims to update the definition and classification of cerebral concussion, highlighting its pathophysiological mechanisms. The high prevalence of cerebral concussion in emergency rooms around the world makes it necessary to know its proper management to avoid its late sequelae, which traditionally compromise cognitive aspects of behavior. New evidence on potential neuroprotective treatments is being investigated.

Conmoción cerebral asociado a un traumatismo craneoencefálico en los deportistas / Concussion associated with head trauma in athletes

Recientemente se ha puesto más atención en todo el mundo a las conmociones cerebrales que ocurren durante la práctica del deporte, a nivel escolar, amateur o profesional. La conmoción cerebral se define como una alteración repentina y transitoria en la conciencia inducida por fuerzas biomecánicas traumáticas de transmisión directa o indirectamente al cerebro. Este tipo de lesiones ocurren más comúnmente en deportes de contacto, como el boxeo, el fútbol americano y el soccer, luchas, hockey, entre otros. Se debe sospechar conmoción cerebral en cualquier deportista que sufra un traumatismo craneoencefálico, haya perdido o no el estado de conciencia. Estos deportistas, no deben regresar a la práctica deportiva de manera inmediata, y se recomiendan unos días de descanso mental y físico, para su total recuperación. Se deben evitar los traumatismos en la cabeza de manera repetitiva, ya que existe evidencia que en algunos deportistas puede producir un estado de encefalopatía traumática crónica. En la presente revisión se abordan las diferentes definiciones de conmoción cerebral, su manejo y sus consecuencias a largo plazo. Asimismo, se anexa la versión en español de la herramienta de evaluación de conmoción, Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2).

Recently, there has been increased attention to concussions that occur during sports activities, both at school level or amateur and professional level. Concussion is defined as a sudden and transient alteration of consciousness induced by traumatic biomechanical forces transmitted directly or indirectly to the brain. Such injuries most commonly occur in contact sports such as boxing, football, soccer, wrestling, hockey, among others. Concussion should be suspected in any athlete who suffers a head injury, whether or not it is associated to loss of consciousness. These athletes should not return to their sports activities immediately, and a few days of mental and physical leave are recommended in order to ensure full recovery. Repeat head injuries should be avoided, since there is evidence that in some athletes they can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The present review focuses on the different definitions of concussion, management and long-term consequences. It also contains the Spanish version of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2).

Analysis of 54 mental disability reappraisal cases due to brain damage / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the different kinds of controversial cases of mental disability after brain damage, to analysis the problems in the first appraisal, and to explore solutions of the problems.@*METHODS@#The reappraisals of mental disorders after traumatic brain damage were collected from 2007-2011 in Shanghai forensic center, and the first appraisal and reappraisal cases were analyzed and compared.@*RESULTS@#The changes of conclusion in reappraisal cases showed the following major reasons: inappropriate appraisal time, not comprehensive and object investigation of mental state of patients in first appraisal, misunderstanding the standards, etc.@*CONCLUSION@#The quality improvement of appraisal should adopt the following measures: regulating the practice, improvement of the professional skills of experts, choosing appropriate appraisal time, improvement of appraisal standards, etc.

Consequências da evolução no conhecimento da síndrome pósðconcussional e da síndrome do estresse pósðtraumático / Consequences of the evolution of the knowledge about postconcussive syndrome and posttraumatic stress syndrome

Objetivo: Evidenciar a evolução processada no conhecimento sobre as síndromes pósðconcussionais (SPC) e do estresse pósðtraumático (SEPT) nos últimos anos e procurar identificar suas conseqüências em vários planos da atividade médica. Metodologia: Para atingir seus objetivos, os autores pesquisaram, em vários sites da web, os registros existentes entre 1990 e 2002 (12 anos), incluindo as bibliotecas da Medline, sobre o assunto. Resultados: São destacados os significativos avanços no conhecimento dessas síndromes, especialmente a partir de 1995, que apontam por imprescindíveis revisões nos conceitos do que seja psíquico e orgânico, e também no entendimento psicopatológico dessas síndromes, sua evolução nos últimos anos e as conseqüências que se abrem em face desses novos conhecimentos. Conclusão: O estudo atingiu seus objetivos por evidenciar como os novos conhecimentos trazem importantes conteúdos à prática médica no que tange ao diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento, assim como para outras conseqüências psicossociais, implicadas nas perícias previdenciárias, nos planos de saúde e nas perícias judiciais

Sports related mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents.

While head injuries are not common in youth sports, they may have catastrophic results. Concussion is also referred to as mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Although the occurrence of head injuries has been studied more extensively in American football, the findings have wider application for any MTBI. Recently, more attention has been directed at other sports in which both boys and girls participate. The diagnosis of MTBI is based on subjective findings and subtle changes in mental status. Other cerebral injuries requiring emergent or urgent neurosurgical attention should be ruled out. Objective tests such as CT scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are usually without significant findings in MTBI. Neuropsychological testing may demonstrate areas of deficiencies, however, results may be difficult to interpret because of confounding factors. Complications following MTBI have been known to occur. The most catastrophic of these is second impact syndrome. There are a variety of guidelines for return to play following a concussion, which have been designed in an effort to avoid problems such as second impact syndrome. These guidelines are based more on clinical experience than on scientific evidence. Education, good training and coaching techniques, improved equipment, and rule changes and enforcement, can all help in curbing the sports related head injuries in adolescents.

O tratamento e a recuperaçäo de pacientes com traumatismos cranianos leves / Treatment and recovery of patients with mild traumatic brain injury

Os autores, neste trabalho, discutem o tratamento e a reabilitaçäo de pacientes que sofreram traumatismos cranianos leves. Em virtude de seus efeitos - um amplo leque de sintomas primários com manifestaçöes somáticas, cognitivas, sensoperceptivas, emocionais ou psíquicas e comportamentais - várias medidas terapêuticas poderäo ser necessárias caso a caso. Por outro lado, face a ocorrência de sintomas psíquicos e psicossociais secundários que também necessitam ser considerados, os autores enfatizam a importância da informaçäo e da educaçäo precoces de pacientes e familiares como fatores indispensáveis à reduçäo da gravidade desses sintomas. Os autores ressaltam ainda que as medidas terapêuticas a serem utilizadas säo limitadas uma vez que näo atingem o fator causal, o qual possui um substrato orgânico (o trauma ou lesäo cerebral), embora haja esperança em relaçäo a novas substâncias em estudo que procuram restabelecer o equilíbrio cerebral anterior