Instalación ecoguiada del balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico (BCPIA) vía arteria axilar por abordaje extratorácico en pacientes en espera de trasplante cardíaco / Echo-guided installation of Inta aortic balloon counterpulsation via the extra thoracic axillary artery

Resumen El balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico (BCPIA) es el dispositivo más frecuentemente utilizado para otorgar soporte mecánico en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca terminal y compromiso hemodinámico refractario al soporte inotrópico. Se han utilizado diferentes tipos de abordajes para la instalación del BCPIA a través de las extremidades superiores, ya sea vía arteria subclavia o últimamente vía arteria axilar. Con el objetivo de evitar la inmovilidad física asociada al BCPIA instalado vía arteria femoral, aumentar la comodidad del paciente, simplificar la técnica de instalación del catéter y facilitar los cuidados de enfermería necesarios para su mantención, hemos diseñado y utilizado un abordaje simple y seguro para su inserción. Bajo técnica ecoguiada y utilizando un set de micro punción, se realizó la canulación de la arteria axilar en su porción externa (lateral al borde externo del músculo pectoral menor). Con la ayuda de fluoroscopía, el BCPIA fue avanzado hasta posicionarlo en la aorta descendente bajo la emergencia de la arteria subclavia izquierda. En dos pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca terminal INTERMACS 2, con deambulación restringida debido a la necesidad permanente de soporte inotrópico y BCPIA femoral, bajo visión ecoguiada se realizó la reinstalación de este catéter a través de la arteria axilar izquierda, utilizando anestesia local y fluoroscopía en el laboratorio de hemodinamia. La rehabilitación fue posible rápidamente en ambos pacientes, realizándose el transplante cardíaco ortotópico después de 10 y 69 días de soporte mecánico con BCPIA, sin mayores efectos adversos.

Abstract Intra aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) is the most frequently used procedure to give mechanic support in patients with terminal heart failure and hemodynamic compromise refractory to inotropic support. Different approaches have been utilized to install upper extremity IABP, via either the axillary or subclavian arteries. In order to circumvent the limitations associated to long lasting femoral IABP support, simplify the technique, increase patient comfort and facilitate nursing care, we designed a simplified approach. Using echo guidance, the axillary artery was accessed with a micropuncture set just outside the external margin of the pectoral minor muscle. With the help of fluoroscopy the IABP catheter was advanced and its correct position in the descending aorta was confirmed. Two patients in INTERMACS 2 end stage heart failure, bedridden due to permanent inotropic support and femoral IABP, underwent echo guided axillary IABP placement under local anesthesia and fluoroscopy in the catheterization laboratory. Both patients gained rapid access to rehabilitation and received orthotopic heart transplantation after 10 and 69 days of uneventful IABP support.

Shock cardiogénico en infarto agudo de miocardio y soporte circulatorio puente al trasplante / Ischemic cardiogenic shock and short-term mechanical circulatory support as bridge to Transplantation

Resumen El shock cardiogénico (SC) presenta una elevada mortalidad y puede requerir de terapéuticas avanzadas como la asistencia circulatoria mecánica (ACM) y el trasplante cardíaco (TC). Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva, en un único centro, aquellos pacientes que presentaron un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), SC y requirieron ACM puente al TC. Entre enero 1997 y junio 2020, 524 pacientes recibieron un TC, 203 por cardiopatía isquémica, 103 en lista de emergencia. Se incluyeron once pacientes con los criterios mencionados (edad media 53 ± 11 años; hombres 73%). Se realizaron 5 angioplastias primarias y 2 cirugías de revascularización miocárdica de urgencia. Cuatro pacientes presentaban anatomía coronaria no pasible de revascularización. Todos recibieron tratamiento inotrópico y vasopresor y requirieron soporte con balón de contrapulsación intra aórtico (BCIA). Dos requirieron el implante de bomba centrífuga univentricular izquierda (BioMedicus®, Medtronic) y 2 de oxigenador de membrana extracorpóreo veno-arterial (ECMO-VA) periférico (Maquet®, Getinge Group). La mediana entre IAM y TC fue 15 días (rango 7-21) y la edad de los donantes 28 ± 11 años. Todos presentaron un IAM extenso (monto necrótico 35 ± 5%) con signos histopatológicos de necrosis transmural e injuria de reperfusión. La mediana de seguimiento fue 9 años (rango 1-15). Ninguno falleció en la internación ni durante el primer año post trasplante. La supervivencia a los 5 y 10 años fue 73% y 55%. El TC en situación de emergencia ha demostrado ser, en nuestro medio, la mejor opción en aquellos pacientes con IAM y SC refractario a la terapia convencional.

Abstract Cardiogenic shock (CS) has a high mortality rate and often requires advanced therapies such as mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and heart transplantation (HT). Those patients who presented an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with CS and required support through MCS as bridge to HT were retrospectively analyzed in a single Center. Between January 1997 and June 2020, 524 patients received HT, 203 for ischemic-cardiomyopathy, 103 were in emergency waiting list. Eleven patients met the inclusion criteria (mean age 53 ± 11 years old; men 73%). Five primary angioplasties and 2 emergency myocardial revasculariza tion surgeries were performed. Four patients had coronary anatomy not subject to revascularization. All received inotropic and vasopressor treatment and required intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Subsequently, two required support with a left univentricular centrifugal pump (BioMedicus®, Medtronic) and two with peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (VA-ECMO) (Maquet®, Getinge Group). The median between AMI and HT was 15 days (range 7-21) and the mean age of the donors 28 ± 11 years. All had extensive AMI (necrotic amount 35 ± 5%) with histopathological signs of transmural necrosis and reperfusion injury. The median follow-up was 9 years (range 1-15). None died in hospitalization or during the first year after transplantation. Survival at 5 and 10 years was 73% and 55%. Emergency HT may be the best option for selected patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional therapy.

Desfechos após inserção de balão intra-aórtico em pacientes de cirurgia cardíaca / Outcomes after intra-aortic balloon pump insertion in cardiac surgery patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se o momento de inserção de um balão intra-aórtico pré-operatório em comparação com o intraoperatório se associa com menor mortalidade em 30 dias ou diminuição do tempo de permanência no hospital entre pacientes que passaram por inserção de um balão intra-aórtico para cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Este foi um estudo observacional de pacientes submetidos à inserção de um balão intra-aórtico no período pré-operatório ou intraoperatório de cirurgia cardíaca em nosso departamento entre 2000 e 2012. Avaliamos a associação entre a inserção pré-operatória em comparação com a intraoperatória de um balão intra-aórtico e a mortalidade em 30 dias em uma análise de regressão logística multivariada, incluindo a classificação pré-operatória segundo a New York Heart Association, a presença de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória, a reoperação, a creatinina pós-operatória e a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio isolada como cofatores. Utilizamos um modelo linear multivariado para avaliar se a inserção pré-operatória do balão intra-aórtico, em comparação com a intraoperatória, associou-se com o tempo de permanência no hospital após a cirurgia, com ajuste para reoperação, cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio isolada, cirurgia valvar, sexo, idade, tempo de bypass cardiopulmonar, tempo de oclusão aórtica, condição pré-operatória do paciente (cirurgia eletiva, de urgência ou emergência) e infarto do miocárdio pré-operatório. Resultados: Foram submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca aberta em nosso departamento 7.540 pacientes consecutivos, tendo sido inserido um balão intra-aórtico em momento pré-operatório ou intraoperatório em 322 (4,2%) pacientes. A média de idade foi 67 ± 10,2 anos, e a mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 12,7%. O tempo mediano de permanência no hospital foi de 9 dias (7 - 13). A inserção pré-operatória de balão intra-aórtico, em comparação com a intraoperatória, não afetou a incidência de mortalidade em 30 dias (RC ajustada = 0,69; IC95% 0,15 - 3,12; p = 0,63) e nem o tempo de permanência no hospital após a cirurgia (β = 5,3; IC95% 1,6 - 12,8; p = 0,13). Conclusão: Em comparação com a inserção intraoperatória, a inserção pré-operatória de um balão intra-aórtico não se associou com menor mortalidade em 30 dias nem reduziu o tempo de permanência no hospital.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether preoperative versus intraoperative insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump is associated with lower 30-day mortality or reduced length of hospital stay among patients who had an intra-aortic balloon pump inserted for cardiac surgery. Methods: This was an observational study of patients who had an intra-aortic balloon pump inserted in the preoperative or intraoperative period of cardiac surgery in our department between 2000 and 2012. We assessed the association between preoperative versus intraoperative insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump and 30-day mortality in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, including preoperative New York Heart Association class, postoperative atrial fibrillation, reoperation, postoperative creatinine and isolated coronary bypass grafting as cofactors. We used a multivariate linear model to assess whether a preoperative versus intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump was associated with length of postoperative hospital stay, adjusting for reoperation, isolated coronary bypass grafting, heart valve surgery, sex, age, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, preoperative patients' status (elective, urgency or emergency surgery) and preoperative myocardial infarction. Results: Overall, 7,540 consecutive patients underwent open heart surgery in our department, and an intra-aortic balloon pump was inserted pre- or intraoperatively in 322 (4.2%) patients. The mean age was 67 ± 10.2 years old, the 30-day mortality was 12.7%, and the median length of hospital stay was 9 days (7 - 13). Preoperative versus intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump insertion did not affect the incidence of 30-day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.15 - 3.12; p = 0.63) and length of postoperative hospital stay (β = 5.3; 95%CI, -1.6 to 12.8; p = 0.13). Conclusion: Preoperative insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump was not associated with a lower 30-day mortality or reduced length of postoperative hospital stay compared to intraoperative insertion.

Gender difference in efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump in acute myocardial infarction patients complicating with cardiogenic shock / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of gender on the efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP) applied in patients with cardiogenic shock complicated by acute myocardial infarction(AMI). Methods: A total of 209 patients diagnosed as cardiogenic shock complicated by AMI admitted in Fuwai Hospital from June 2012 to May 2018 were enrolled in our study. We collected the data from medical records and investigated their clinical manifestation and laboratory examination and IABP support, as well as 28-day (from diagnosis of cardiogenic shock) mortality retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the 28-day survival rates of patients of different genders/with or without IABP treatment. Adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, dual antiplatelet, coma, APACHEⅡ score and SAPSⅡ score, Cox regression analysis was used to detect the affect of IABP treatment on the risk of all-cause mortality in different crowd, and using Z test to evaluate the modification effect of gender on IABP treatment efficacy. Results: A total of 209 patients were included in this study, with 148 males (80 (54.05%) cases received IABP support) and 61 females (22 (36.06%) cases received IABP support). A total of 102 patients received IABP treatment. The 28-day survival rate of male patients was higher than that of females (39.2% (58/148) vs. 26.2% (16/61), Log-rank P=0.034). The 28-day survival rate of patients receiving IABP was significantly higher than that of non-IABP groups (46.1% (47/102) vs. 25.2% (27/107), Log-rank P=0.001 7). Among female patients, there was no statistically significant difference in 28-day survival rate between those who received IABP and those who did not receive IABP (P=0.889). While in male patients, the 28-day survival rate of those who received IABP was higher than that of those who did not receive IABP (51.2% (41/80) vs. 25.0% (17/68), P=0.001). The survival rate of male patients treated with IABP was higher than that of male patients who did not receive IABP, female patients who did not receive IABP and female patients who received IABP (all P<0.05). After multiple regression analysis and adjustment of confounding factors, it was found that IABP implantation can significantly reduce the 28-day mortality risk in male patients (HR=0.44, 95%CI 0.25-0.77 P=0.004). While it had no inpact on the death risk in female patients(P= 0.401). The impact of IABP implantation in patients of different genders was significantly different (Z=-2.32, P=0.020). Conclusion: In AMI patients complicating cardiogenic shock, there is a gender difference in the impact of IABP implantation on the 28-day mortality risk, and protective effects are seen only in men.

Assistência de enfermagem na terapia intervencionista: balão intra-aórtico / Nursing assistance in interventionist therapy: intra-aortic balloon

O balão intra-aórtico (BIA) é um dispositivo de contrapulsação utilizado no tratamento de pacientes que sofreram choque cardiogênico secundário ao IAM, insuficiência cardíaca ou pós-cirúrgico. Os pacientes com cateteres cardíacos necessitam de uma assistência de enfermagem individualizada 24 horas por dia. O trabalho objetiva analisar as condutas da assistência de enfermagem nas terapias intervencionistas em cardiologia e assim destacar indicação, contraindicação, complicações do dispositivo intra-aórtico e o cuidado de enfermagem frente a esse dispositivo. Esta é uma pesquisa de revisão de literatura, com busca em referencias bibliográficas, artigos científicos, teses e dissertações. Os resultados mostram suas indicações, contraindicações, complicações e os cuidados da equipe de enfermagem com paciente em uso de BIA, sendo alguns deles orientação ao paciente e familiares sobre o procedimento, manter cabeceira em até 45º e comparar pulso do membro cateterizado com o membro não cateterizado. Conclui-se que a assistência de enfermagem adequada e sistematizada é essencial para assegurar o controle e manutenção do balão intra-aórtico no paciente

The intra-aortic balloon (IAB) is a counterpulsation device used in the treatment of patients who have suffered cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction, cardiac insufficiency or postoperative period. Patients with cardiac catheters require one-to-one nursing care 24 hours a day. The objective of this study is to analyze nursing care behaviors in interventional therapies in cardiology and thus highlight indication, contraindication, complications of the intra-aortic device and the nursing care with this device. This is a literature review research study, with search in bibliographical references, scientific articles, theses and dissertations. The results show the indications, contraindications, complications and care of the nursing team with patients using IAB, including advising patient and family about the procedure, maintaining head rest up to 45º, and comparing the catheterized limb pulse with the non-catheterized limb pulse. It is concluded that adequate and systematized nursing care is essential to ensure the control and maintenance of the intra-aortic balloon in the patient

Miocarditis fulminante en adultos por el virus de la influenza B: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Fulminant myocarditis due to the influenza B virus in adults: Report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del miocardio. Las infecciones virales son la causa más común, aunque también puede deberse a reacciones de hipersensibilidad y de etiología autoinmunitaria, entre otras. El espectro clínico de la enfermedad es variado y comprende desde un curso asintomático, seguido de dolor torácico, arritmias y falla cardiaca aguda, hasta un cuadro fulminante. El término 'fulminante' se refiere al desarrollo de un shock cardiogénico con necesidad de soporte vasopresor e inotrópico o dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Cerca del 10 % de los casos de falla cardiaca por miocarditis corresponde a miocarditis fulminante. La miocarditis por influenza se considera una condición infrecuente; no obstante, su incidencia ha aumentado desde el 2009 a raíz de la pandemia de influenza por el virus AH1N1. Por su parte, la miocarditis por influenza de tipo B sigue siendo una condición infrecuente. Se describen aquí dos casos confirmados de miocarditis fulminante por el virus de la influenza B atendidos en un centro cardiovascular, que requirieron dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria mecánica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Viral infections are the most common cause, although it can also be due to hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune etiology, among other causes. The clinical spectrum of the disease is varied, from an asymptomatic course, followed by chest pain, arrhythmias, and acute heart failure, to a fulminant episode. The term fulminant refers to the development of cardiogenic shock with a need for vasopressor support and inotropic or assisted circulation devices either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. About 10% of cases of heart failure due to myocarditis correspond to fulminant myocarditis. Influenza myocarditis has been considered an infrequent condition. However, its incidence has increased since 2009 as a result of the AH1N1 pandemic; otherwise, myocarditis due to the Influenza type B virus remains an infrequent entity. We describe the experience in a cardiovascular center of two confirmed cases of fulminant myocarditis due to influenza B that required circulatory assistance devices.

Peri-operative application of intra-aortic balloon pumping reduced in-hospital mortality of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#There are few reports of peri-operative application of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and different grades of left ventricular dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze the early outcomes of peri-operative application of IABP in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) among patients with CAD and left ventricular dysfunction, and to provide a clinical basis for the peri-operative use of IABP.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 612 patients who received CABG in the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army between May 1995 and June 2014. Patients were assigned to an IABP or non-IABP group according to their treatments. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the influence of peri-operative IABP implantation on in-hospital mortality. Further subgroup analysis was performed on patients with severe (ejection fraction [EF] ≤ 35%) and mild (EF = 36%-50%) left ventricular dysfunction.@*RESULTS@#Out of 612 included subjects, 78 belonged to the IABP group (12.7%) and 534 to the non-IABP group. Pre-operative left ventricular EF (LVEF) and EuroSCOREII predicted mortality was higher in the IABP group compared with the non-IABP group (P < 0.001 in both cases), yet the two did not differ significantly in terms of post-operative in-hospital mortality (P = 0.833). Regression analysis showed that IABP implantation, recent myocardial infarction, critical status, non-elective operation, and post-operative ventricular fibrillation were risk factors affecting in-hospital mortality (P < 0.01 in all cases). Peri-operative IABP implantation was a protective factor against in-hospital mortality (P = 0.0010). In both the severe and mild left ventricular dysfunction subgroups, peri-operative IABP implantation also exerted a protective role against mortality (P = 0.0303 and P = 0.0101, respectively).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Peri-operative IABP implantation could reduce the in-hospital mortality and improve the surgical outcomes of patients with CAD with both severe and mild left ventricular dysfunction.

Oclusión temporal de la aorta abdominal mediante el uso de balón intraarterial en acretismo placentario: reporte de un caso / Temporal occlusion of the abdominal aorta using an intra-arterial balloon in the placental accreta: a case report

RESUMEN El acretismo placentario es una enfermedad caracterizada por una inserción anómala de la placenta en la pared uterina. La oclusión infra renal de la aorta abdominal es un procedimiento innovador usado para disminuir el flujo vascular a la pelvis y lograr un mejor control del sangrado. Nosotros reportamos el caso de una gestante de 33 años con embarazo de 25 semanas y diagnóstico de placenta percreta, se aplicó el protocolo institucional que incluye: colocación de catéteres ureterales, inserción de balón intra aórtico (BIA) y finalización del embarazo por cesárea (urología, cirugía de trauma y cuidado critico obstétrico). El binomio madre hijo no presentó complicaciones, el sangrado visual estimado fue de 800 cc y la evolución posquirúrgica fue satisfactoria (sin signos de hipoperfusión o hiperlactatemia); no se reportó mortalidad materno-perinatal. Nuestra experiencia abre la posibilidad a los países de medianos y bajos ingresos a la innovación en la aplicación de estrategias para disminuir la pérdida de sangre intraoperatoria y la necesidad de transfusión; el uso del BIA es una estrategia segura para el control vascular en pacientes con percretismo placentario.

ABSTRACT Placenta accreta is characterized by anomalous placental insertion onto the uterine wall. Infra-renal aortic occlusion is an innovative procedure that reduces blood flow to the pelvis, which helps to achieve a better bleeding control. This case report is about a 33-year-old pregnant woman at 25 weeks, diagnosed with placenta percreta. We used our institutional protocol which includes: insertion of two urethral catherters, insertion of intraaortic balloon and pregnancy termination via cesarean section. Neither the mother or the newborn suffered any complications, the estimated visual bleeding was 800 cc. Postoperative evolution was satisfactory (without signs of hypoperfusion or hyperlactatemia) and there was not any reports of materno-perinatal mortality. This experience allows low and middle income countries the possibility to innovate regarding strategies to decrease intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements; intraaortic balloon insertion is a safe strategy to achieve bleeding control in patients with placenta percreta.

Stimulus-response time to alarms of the intra-aortic balloon pump: safe care practices / El tempo estíulo-respuesta de las alarmas del balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico: prácticas para el cuidado seguro / Tempo estímulo-resposta aos alarmes do balão intraórtico: práticas para cuidado seguro

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the sound alarms of the Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) during aortic counterpulsation therapy; to measure the stimulus-response time of the team to these; and to discuss the implications of increasing this time for patient safety from the alarm fatigue perspective. Method: This is an observational and descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative approach, case study type, carried out in a Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Results: The most audible IABP alarm was the one of high priority increased-reduced diastolic blood pressure. The stimulus-response time was 33.9 seconds on average. Conclusion: Managing the alarms of these equipment is essential to minimize the occurrence of the alarm fatigue phenomenon and to offer a safer assistance to patients who rely on this technology.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar las alarmas sonoras disparadas por el balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico (BCIA) durante la terapia de contrapulsaciónaórtica; calcular el tiempo estímulo-respuesta del dispositivo y discutir las implicaciones al extenderse el tiempo para la seguridad del paciente cuando presente fatiga por las alarmas. Método: Estudio descriptivo observacional, con enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo, de tipo estudio de caso, llevado a cabo en una Unidad de Cuidado Cardiontensivo Quirúrgico. Resultados: La alarma sonora más disparada por el BCIA fue la de la diástole aumentada y disminuida, de alta necesidad. El promedio del tiempo estímulo-respuesta fue de 33,9 segundos. Conclusión: La gestión de las alarmas de este dispositivo se hace imprescindible para minimizar su fatiga a los pacientes que lo utilizan y para ofrecerles un cuidado más seguro.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os alarmes sonoros disparados pelo balão intra-aórtico (BIA) durante a terapia de contrapulsação aórtica; medir o tempo estímulo-resposta da equipe a esses e discutir as implicações do alargamento desse tempo para a segurança do paciente na perspectiva da fadiga de alarmes. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo observacional, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Cardiointensiva Cirúrgica. Resultados: O alarme sonoro mais disparado pelo BIA foi o de pressão diastólica aumentada-diminuída, de alta prioridade. O tempo estímulo-resposta foi em média de 33,9 segundos. Conclusão: O gerenciamento dos alarmes desses equipamentos torna-se imprescindível para minimizar a ocorrência do fenômeno fadiga de alarmes e na oferta de uma assistência mais segura ao paciente dependente dessa tecnologia.

Techniques, timing & prognosis of post infarct ventricular septal repair: a re-look at old dogmas

Abstract Objective: The study aimed to identify the factors affecting the prognosis of post myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular septal rupture (VSR) and to develop a protocol for its management. Methods: This was a single center, retrospective-prospective study (2009-2014), involving 55 patients with post MI VSR. The strengths of association between risk factors and prognosis were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The UNM Post MI VSR management and prognosis scoring systems (UPMS & UPPS) were developed. Results: Thirty-day mortality was 52.5% (35% in the last 3 years). Twenty-eight (70%) patients underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Residual ventricular septal defect was found in 3 (7.5%) patients. The multivariate analysis showed low mean blood pressure with intra-aortic balloon pump (OR 11.43, P=0.001), higher EuroSCORE II (OR 7.47, P=0.006), higher Killip class (OR 27.95, P=0.00), and shorter intervals between MI and VSR (OR 7.90, P=0.005) as well as VSR and Surgery (OR 5.76, P=0.016) to be strong predictors of mortality. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.17) and location (P=0.25) of VSR did not affect the outcome. Mean follow-up was 635.8±472.5 days and 17 out of 19 discharged patients were in NYHA class I-II. Conclusion: The UNM Post-MI VSR Scoring Systems (UPMS & UPPS) help in management and prognosis, respectively. They divide patients into 3 groups: 1) Immediate Surgery - Patients with scores of <25 require immediate surgery, preferably with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, and have poor prognosis; 2) Those with scores of 25-75 should be managed with "Optimal Delay" and they have intermediate outcomes; 3) Patients with scores of >75 can undergo Elective Repair and they are likely to have good outcomes.

Effects of low-dose recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide on anterior myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The mortality due to cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is high even in patients with early revascularization. Infusion of low dose recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (rhBNP) at the time of AMI is well tolerated and could improve cardiac function. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of rhBNP in AMI patients revascularized by emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who developed cardiogenic shock. METHODS: A total of 48 patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock and whose hemodynamic status was improved following emergency PCI were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to rhBNP (n=25) and control (n=23) groups. In addition to standard therapy, study group individuals received rhBNP by continuous infusion at 0.005 µg kg−1 min−1 for 72 hours. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics, medications, and peak of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were similar between both groups. rhBNP treatment resulted in consistently improved pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) compared to the control group. Respectively, 7 and 9 patients died in experimental and control groups. No drug-related serious adverse events occurred in either group. CONCLUSION: When added to standard care in stable patients with cardiogenic shock complicating anterior STEMI, low dose rhBNP improves PCWP and is well tolerated.

Intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock: state of the art / Balão intra-aórtico no choque cardiogênico: o estado da arte

ABSTRACT The clinical definition of cardiogenic shock is that of a low cardiac output and evidence of tissue hypoxia in the presence of adequate blood volume. Cardiogenic shock is the main cause of death related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with a mortality rate of 45-70% in the absence of aggressive and highly specialized technical care. The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is one of the most widely used mechanical assisting devices. During the last two decades, about 42% of patients with AMI who evolved with cardiogenic shock received mechanical circulatory assistance with IABP. Its clinical indication has been based on non-randomized studies and registry data. Recent studies have shown that the use of IABP did not reduce 30-day mortality in patients with AMI and cardiogenic shock treated with the strategy of early myocardial revascularization as the planned primary objective. The guidelines of the American Heart Association and of the European Society of Cardiology have reassessed their recommendations based on the results of meta-analyzes, including the IABP-SCHOCK II Trial study, which did not evidence an increase in survival of patients who received mechanical support with IABP. This review article addresses the clinical impact of IABP use in the cardiogenic shock caused by AMI.

RESUMO A definição clínica de choque cardiogênico é a de um quadro de baixo débito cardíaco e evidência de hipóxia tecidual, na presença de volemia adequada. O choque cardiogênico representa a principal causa de óbito relacionada ao infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), com índice de mortalidade em torno de 45% a 70%, na ausência de cuidados técnicos agressivos e altamente especializados. O balão intra-aórtico (BIA) é um dos dispositivos de assistência mecânica mais utilizados no mundo. Nas duas últimas décadas, cerca de 42% dos pacientes com IAM, que evoluíram com choque cardiogênico, receberam assistência circulatória mecânica com BIA. Sua indicação clínica tem sido baseada em estudos não randomizados e dados de registro. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que o uso do BIA não reduziu a mortalidade hospitalar (30 dias) em pacientes com IAM e choque cardiogênico, tratados com a estratégia de revascularização precoce do miocárdio como objetivo primário planejado. As diretrizes da Associação Americana de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia reavaliaram suas recomendações, baseadas nos resultados de metanálises, incluindo o estudo IABP-SCHOCK II Trial, que não evidenciou aumento na sobrevida de pacientes que receberam suporte mecânico com BIA. Este artigo de revisão aborda o impacto clínico do uso do BIA no choque cardiogênico ocasionado pelo IAM.

Mild hypothermia may offer some improvement to patients with MODS after CBP surgery

ABSTRACT Objective: To summarize the effect of mild hypothermia on function of the organs in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Methods: The patients were randomly divided into two groups, northermia group (n=71) and hypothermia group (n=89). We immediately began cooling the hypothermia group when test results showed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, meanwhile all patients of two groups were drawn blood to test blood gas, liver and kidney function, blood coagulation function, and evaluated the cardiac function using echocardiography from 12 to 36 hours. We compared the difference of intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation rate and mortality within one month after intensive care unit admission. Results: Among the 160 patients, 36 died, 10 (11.24%) patients were from the hypothermia group and 26 (36.6%) from the northermia group (P <0.05). In northermia group, 45 (63.38%) patients used intra-aortic balloon pump and 4 (5.63%), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; in hypothermia group, 35 (39.32%) patients used intra-aortic balloon pump and 2 (2.25%), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation（ P <0.05). The patients' heart rate decreased significantly in the hypothermia group. The heart rate of hypothermia group is significantly slower than the northermia group at the 36th hour (P <0.05). But the mean arterial pressure of hypothermia group is significantly higher than the northermia group at the 36th hour (P <0.05). In hypothermia group, PO2, SvO2 and lactate were improved significantly compared to pre-cooling (P <0.05), and they were significantly better than the northermia group at the 36th hour (P <0.05%). Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time have no significantly difference between the two groups (P >0.05). But the platelet count has significantly difference between the two groups at the 36th hour (P <0.05). The aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and creatinine were improved significantly in the hypothermia group, and they were significantly better than the northermia group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Mild hypothermia is feasible and safe for patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

Prática clínica do enfermeiro em assistência circulatória mecânica: busca de evidências / La práctica clínica de enfermería en soporte circulatorio mecánico: búsqueda de pruebas / Nursing practice in mechanical circulatory support: search for evidence

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura científica a prática clínica do enfermeiro ao paciente em uso de assistência circulatória mecânica. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, Cochrane Library, PubMed e LILACS, de abril a agosto de 2014. Resultados: Embora haja avanço em pesquisas sobre o tema, ainda há poucos estudos, haja vista oito artigos selecionados. Três artigos apontam para a necessidade do enfermeiro deter o conhecimento sobre assistência circulatória mecânica, para uma assistência eficiente e com qualidade. Dois artigos trouxeram a assistência de enfermagem a pacientes em uso de dispositivos. Três relataram complicações devido ao uso do balão intra-aórtico e mostraram que as complicações podem ser minimizadas a partir da capacitação e da avaliação clínica periódica do enfermeiro. Conclusão: Há poucos estudos direcionados à assistência de enfermagem, havendo a necessidade de maior exploração do tema para subsidiar a prática baseada em evidências cientificas.

Objetivo: Analizar en la literatura científica la práctica clínica de las enfermeras a los pacientes utilizándose del soporte circulatorio mecánico. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura conducida en las bases de datos SciELO, Cochrane Library, PubMed y LILACS, desde abril hasta agosto de 2014. Resultados: Aunque hay avances en la investigación sobre el tema, hay pocos estudios, con solo ocho artículos seleccionados. Tres artículos apuntan a la necesidad de las enfermeras detener los conocimientos sobre soporte circulatorio mecánico para el servicio eficiente y de calidad. Dos artículos presentaron la atención de la enfermería a los pacientes que utilizan dispositivos. Tres estudios informaron complicaciones por la utilización de balón intra-aórtico y mostraron que las complicaciones pueden reducirse al mínimo basándose en la formación y la evaluación clínica periódica de la enfermera. Conclusión: Hay pocos estudios con foco en la atención de la enfermería, y una necesidad de una mayor exploración del tema, para subsidiar la práctica basada en evidencias científicas.

Objective: To analyze in the scientific literature the clinical practice of nurses with patients in use of mechanical circulatory support. Method: Integrative literature review conducted in the databases SciELO, Cochrane Library, PubMed and LILACS, from April to August 2014. Results: Although there is progress in research on the topic, there are few studies, given the eight articles selected. Three articles point to the need for nurses to detain knowledge about mechanical circulatory support for efficient service and quality. Two articles brought the nursing care to patients using devices. Three studies reported complications due to the use of intra-aortic balloon and showed that complications can be minimized through training and periodic clinical assessment of the nurse. Conclusion: There were few articles found, highlighting the need for further exploration of the subject, especially with regard to nursing care.

Aortic Counterpulsation Therapy in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Analysis of the TBRIDGE Registry / Terapia de Contrapulsação Aórtica em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada: Análise do Registro TBRIDGE

Abstract Background: The use of aortic counterpulsation therapy in advanced heart failure is controversial. Objectives: To evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and its impact on 30-day mortality in patients with heart failure. Methods: Historical prospective, unicentric study to evaluate all patients treated with IABP betwen August/2008 and July/2013, included in an institutional registry named TBRIDGE (The Brazilian Registry of Intra-aortic balloon pump in Decompensated heart failure - Global Evaluation). We analyzed changes in oxygen central venous saturation (ScvO2), arterial lactate, and use of vasoactive drugs at 48 hours after IABP insertion. The 30-day mortality was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and diferences in subgroups were evaluated by the Log-rank test. Results: A total of 223 patients (mean age 49 ± 14 years) were included. Mean left ventricle ejection fraction was 24 ± 10%, and 30% of patients had Chagas disease. Compared with pre-IABP insertion, we observed an increase in ScvO2 (50.5% vs. 65.5%, p < 0.001) and use of nitroprusside (33.6% vs. 47.5%, p < 0.001), and a decrease in lactate levels (31.4 vs. 16.7 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and use of vasopressors (36.3% vs. 25.6%, p = 0.003) after IABP insertion. Thirty-day survival was 69%, with lower mortality in Chagas disease patients compared without the disease (p = 0.008). Conclusion: After 48 hours of use, IABP promoted changes in the use of vasoactive drugs, improved tissue perfusion. Chagas etiology was associated with lower 30-day mortality. Aortic counterpulsation therapy is an effective method of circulatory support for patients waiting for heart transplantation.

Resumo Fundamento: A utilização da terapia de contrapulsação aórtica na insuficiência cardíaca avançada é controversa. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito hemodinâmico e metabólico do balão intra-aórtico (BIA) e seu impacto sobre a mortalidade em 30 dias em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo histórico, unicêntrico, avaliando todos os pacientes tratados com BIA entre agosto/2008 e julho/2013, incluídos em registro institucional denominado TBRIDGE (The Brazilian Registry of Intra-aortic balloon pump in Decompensated heart failure - Global Evaluation). Analisaram-se variações na saturação venosa central de oxigênio (SVO2), lactato arterial e uso de fármacos vasoativos 48 horas após instalação do dispositivo. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi estimada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier e diferenças entre subgrupos foram avaliadas pelo teste de Log-rank. Resultados: Foram incluídos 223 pacientes com idade média de 49 ± 14 anos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo média de 24 ± 10%, sendo 30% acometidos por Doença de Chagas. Em comparação à pré-instalação do BIA, após a instalação, houve aumento da SVO2 (51% vs. 66%, p < 0,001) e no uso de nitroprussiato (34% vs. 48%, p < 0,001), além de redução do lactato (31 vs. 17 mg/dL, p < 0,001) e no uso de vasopressores (36% vs. 26%, p = 0,003). A sobrevida em 30 dias foi de 69%, com menor mortalidade nos pacientes chagásicos comparativamente aos não chagásicos (p = 0,008). Conclusão: Nas primeiras 48 horas de utilização, o BIA promoveu mudança no uso de fármacos vasoativos e melhora da perfusão tecidual. A etiologia chagásica associou-se a menor mortalidade em 30 dias. A terapia de contrapulsação aórtica mostrou-se opção eficaz de suporte circulatório em pacientes candidatos a transplante cardíaco.

Common factors for ischemic cerebral stroke in coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery severe stenosis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To analyze two common factors for perioperative ischemic stroke in patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery severe stenosis and to improve the therapeutic effect.
 Methods: A total of 44 patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease combined with carotid stenosis, who admitted to the Department of Cardiac Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from 2008 to 2014, were enrolled in this study. Among them, 32 cases were male, 12 cases was female. All patients received coronary artery bypass grafting after treatment of neck diseases. The surgical outcomes and follow-up results were analyzed retrospectively.
 Results: One patient received carotid endarterectomy suffered hemiplegia, whose symptoms were improved after positive clinical treatment. One patient suffered transient ischemic attack, and 5 patients displayed the cerebrovascular syndromes a week later after surgery. Twelve patients suffered nerve function damage 48 hours later after surgery. Nine patients received intra-aortic ballon pump, 1 patient received thoracotomy hemostasis, 3 patients suffered sternal dehiscence; 27 patients showed atrial fibrillation. Two patients died after surgery. The follow-up duration ranged from 1-7 years and the follow-up rate was 90%. The ischemic symptoms were improved in 44 patients. Six patients complained the recurrence of angina, but no abnormalities were found in coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography. One patient died of malignant tumor during the follow-up duration.
 Conclusion: For patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery severe stenosis, it is more likely to suffer ischemic cerebral stroke. However, carotid stenosis is not the only factor, other key factors relevant to ischemic cerebral stroke shouldn't be ignored either.

Usefulness of Neurtiophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Prognosis Predictor in Heart Failure Patients in Emergency Department

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the clinical use of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the emergency department (ED), especially for predicting the prognosis of heart failure. METHODS: In a retrospective study, patient selection was based on those who visited the ED between January 2015 and September 2015 and were diagnosed with heart failure and underwent laboratory tests, including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NGAL. They were divided in two groups, according to the presence or absence of the following events: one or more intubations, admission of intensive care unit (ICU), coronary angiography, renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, intra-aortic balloon pumping, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), or death. RESULTS: We studied 63 patients with heart failure. The absence group consisted of 29 subjects, and the presence group consisted of 34 subjects. Patients who were younger, had a history of diabetes mellitus, had high level of serum creatinine, low estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR), high creatine kinase (CK) or high NGAL were associated with higher incidence of events and were statistically significant (p<0.001, 0.02, 0.005, 0.035, 0.03, 0.003). In the case of BNP, the presence group showed a higher value compared with the absence group, but was not statistically significant. In a multivariated logistic regression, age (OR=0.868, 95% confidence interval 0.788-0.956, p=0.004) and NGAL (OR=1.004, 95%CI 1.001-1.007, p=0.021) were considered as meaningful factors for predicting the event. CONCLUSION: NGAL elevation in this study showed to be a meaningful factor, indicating a prognosis to those patients who visited the ED and were diagnosed as heart failure.

Efficacy of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump before versus after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock from ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Previous studies showed that patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) from ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) supported by intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) decreased the risk of in-hospital mortality than patients who received IABP after PCI. However, little evidence is available on the optimal order of IABP insertion and primary PCI. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the sequence of IABP support and PCI and its association with major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were obtained from 218 consecutive patients with CS due to STEMI in Beijing Anzhen Hospital between 2008 and 2014, who were treated with IABP and PCI. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A in whom IABP received before PCI (n = 106) and Group B in whom IABP received after PCI (n = 112). We evaluated the myocardial perfusion using myocardial blush grade and resolution of ST-segment elevation. The primary endpoint was 12-month risk of MACCE.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Most baseline characteristics were similar in patients between the two groups. However, patients received IABP before PCI were associated with a delay of door-to-balloon time (DBT) and higher troponin I level (P < 0.05). However, myocardial perfusion was significantly improved in patients treated with IABP before PCI (P < 0.05). Overall, IABP support before PCI was not associated with significantly lower risk of MACCE (P > 0.05). In addition, risk of all-cause mortality, bleeding, and acute kidney injury (AKI) was similar between two groups (P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that DBT (odds ratio [OR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-4.8, P = 0.04), IABP support after PCI (OR 5.7, 95% CI 2.7-8.4, P = 0.01), and AKI (OR 7.4, 95% CI 4.9-10.8, P = 0.01) were the independent predictors of mortality at 12-month follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Early IABP insertion before primary PCI is associated with improved myocardial perfusion although DBT increases. IABP support before PCI does not confer a 12-month clinical benefit when used for STEMI with CS.</p>