Youth homicide: a study of homicide predictor factors in adolescent offenders in custody in the south of Brazil / Homicídio juvenil: fatores preditores em adolescentes privados de liberdade no sul do Brasil

Abstract Objectives To assess the sociodemographic, psychiatric and criminal profile of adolescent offenders complying with temporary custody for homicide/homicide attempt and to compare it to that of the population of adolescents in custody for other crimes. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on the review of the medical records of 74 juvenile offenders in temporary custody at socioeducational agency Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, variables that presented p < 0.2 were included in multivariate adjustment through logistic regression. Results The sample comprised males only, mostly with white skin color (55.6 vs. 57.9% for homicidal and non-homicidal, respectively) and with a high prevalence of school failure (77.8 vs. 91.2%). There was a high prevalence of family history of delinquency (88 vs. 81%). Only years of study and belonging or not to a criminal organization remained statistically significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion The results show that having fewer years of study and denying belonging to a criminal organization are predictive factors of homicidal behavior in adolescent offenders (both with statistical relevance). The other variables were not statistically significant for this outcome. The present study may serve as a basis for further research, which may improve our understanding of risk factors for juvenile homicide.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico, psiquiátrico e criminal de adolescentes infratores que cumprem internação provisória por homicídio ou tentativa de homicídio e compará-los aos adolescentes privados de liberdade por outros atos infracionais. Métodos Este estudo transversal baseou-se na revisão dos prontuários médicos de 74 adolescentes infratores em internação provisória na Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a análise, variáveis que apresentaram p <0,2 foram incluídas no ajuste multivariado por meio de regressão logística. Resultados A amostra foi composta apenas por homens, a maioria de pele branca (55,6 versus 57,9% para homicidas e não-homicidas, respectivamente) e com alta prevalência de reprovações escolares (77,8 vs. 91,2%). Houve alta prevalência de antecedentes familiares de delinquência (88 versus 81%). Apenas anos de estudo e pertencimento ou não a uma organização criminosa permaneceram estatisticamente significantes no modelo multivariado. Conclusão Os resultados mostram que ter menos anos de estudo e negar pertencer a uma organização criminosa foram fatores preditivos de comportamento homicida em adolescentes infratores (ambos com relevância estatística). As demais variáveis não foram estatisticamente significativas para esse desfecho. O presente estudo pode servir como base para futuras pesquisas, o que pode melhorar nossa compreensão dos fatores de risco para o homicídio juvenil.

Exploring the effect of time and sex in family and community violence from 2008 to 2014

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the time and the sex of victims and perpetrators on the rates of family and community physical violence in a Brazilian municipality over seven years (2008-2014). METHODS We made a census analysis from non-fatal victims attended in the Forensic Institute of the Scientific Civil Police. The monthly and annual violence rates were calculated based on the population size of the municipality. Time series was evaluated by negative binomial regression models, based on the number of cases with population offset and considering the effect of the sex of victims and perpetrators. RESULTS A total of 3,324 cases of family and 4,634 cases of community violence were analyzed. There was a significant increase in family violence rates for female victims and male perpetrators. Family violence rates were always higher for female victims than for male and it was always lower for female perpetrators than for male (p < 0.001). There was a lower risk of community violence for male victims after 2013 and a decrease of aggression perpetrated by men over time. Men and women were similarly affected by community violence; however, the perpetrators were more frequently men. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a trend of increasing female victims in the family violence, mainly perpetrated by men. The reduction in community violence rates could be the result of policies to reduce crime.

Fatores associados à depressão em homens e mulheres presos / Correlated factors of depression among male and female inmates

RESUMO: Introdução: As prevalências de depressão em presídios são altas, porém não há clareza sobre os fatores de risco entre os sexos. Analisamos os fatores associados à depressão entre homens e mulheres presos no estado de São Paulo. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, de 2006 a 2007, com amostra probabilística estratificada e em múltiplos estágios. Aplicaram-se o Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) para diagnóstico psiquiátrico e questionário sobre histórico criminal em 1.192 homens e 617 mulheres. As prevalências foram calculadas para vida e fatores associados, para cada sexo, analisadas por meio da regressão logística multinomial. A variável dependente foi categorizada em: depressão, outro transtorno e sem transtorno mental. Resultados: A prevalência de depressão em mulheres foi de 33,3% (30,3 - 36,5) e em homens de 12,9% (11,1 - 15,0). Entre homens, foram associados à depressão falta disciplinar no presídio, histórico infracional na adolescência, ter companheira e problemas de saúde. Associados a outros transtornos: histórico infracional na adolescência e reincidência. Entre mulheres, as associações com depressão foram: problemas de saúde, crime de drogas e violência, estar presa em penitenciária e reincidência. Outros transtornos foram com problemas de saúde, reincidência, histórico infracional e crime violento. Discussão: Resultados confirmam estudos sobre diferenças entre os sexos para fatores associados à depressão. Conclusão: Há diferenças no perfil de homens e mulheres, que demandam distintas estratégias de enfrentamento, como coping e reabilitação em saúde para as mulheres com depressão.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The prevalence of depression is high in the prison system, and the differences between sex regarding associated risk factors are still not clear. We analyzed the correlated factors of depression among incarcerated men and women in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology: A cross-sectional study with stratified and multi-stage probabilistic sample was performed. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was applied for psychiatric diagnostic classification, as well as a questionnaire on criminal history with 1,192 men and 617 women. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorder was calculated, and association analysis performed by multinomial logistic regression stratified by sex. A dependent variable was categorized into depression, any other mental disorder and no mental disorder (reference). Results: The prevalence of depression was of 33.3% ­(30.3 - 36.5) in women and 12.9% (11.1 - 15.0) in men. Depression was associated with disciplinary penalty, being in a stable relationship, physical health problems and history of infringement in adolescence in men. Regarding other mental illnesses, the correlated factors were historical transgression during adolescence and re-offense. Among women, depression was associated with physical health problems, drug crimes, violent crimes and being imprisoned. Discussion: Results confirmed the differences between associated factors with depression regarding sex. Conclusion: Differences in the profile between men and women require effective specialized programs, considering the need for coping strategies for incarcerated men and health-related rehabilitation for women with depression.

Incidência de violência sexual em crianças e adolescentes em Recife/Pernambuco no biênio 2012- 2013 / The incidence of sexual violence among children and adolescents in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2012 and 2013

Resumo Este estudo objetivou identificar a incidência da violência sexual em crianças e adolescentes em Recife/Pernambuco, no período 2012-2013. Os dados foram obtidos a partir dos registros de exames sexológicos, realizados no ĩnstituto de Medicina Legal do Recife. Identificaram-se 867 registros no período e foi de 328 o total de crianças e adolescentes vitimadas, com incidência de 3,67/10.000 habitantes, na faixa etária de 0 a 18 anos. A maioria das vítimas era do sexo feminino (92,1%), e estava na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos (59,2%). A violência sexual do tipo conjunção carnal predominou em 2/3 dos casos, sendo uma pessoa conhecida da vítima o agressor mais frequente (57,8%). Foram significantes (p < 0,001) as associações entre o tipo de violência e as variáveis idade e sexo da vítima, e agressor. Os resultados do presente estudo evidenciaram que ainda há notificação deste tipo de violência, que ainda são indicativos de violência sexual tipo conjunção carnal, e que vitimou com maior frequência os adolescentes, além de atos libidinosos diversos com crianças. A elevada frequência de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes evidenciada neste estudo amplia a visibilidade desse grave problema de saúde e é indicativa da necessidade de políticas públicas preventivas.

Abstract The scope of this study was to establish the incidence of sexual violence against children and adolescents in Recife, State of Pernambuco (Brazil) between 2012 and 2013. Data was collected from the records of rape examination reports carried out at the Recife Institute of Forensic Medicine. Of the 867 cases recorded, 328 of the victims were children and adolescents. An incidence of 3.67 cases per 10,000 inhabitants in the 0 to 18 age range was identified. The majority of the victims were female (92.1%) between 10 and 14 years of age (59.2%). In two thirds of the cases, rape was the most frequent type of sexual abuse and the majority of perpetrators were known to the victim (57.8%). An association between the type of sexual violence and the age and sex of the victim and perpetrator (p < 0.001) was determined. The most common type of sexual violence was rape among adolescents and sexual abuse not involving rape among children. The cases of sexual violence against children and adolescents shown in this study increase the visibility of this serious health problem and the need for preventive public policies.

Violência sexual contra crianças: autores, vítimas e consequências / Sexual violence against children: authors, victims and consequences

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar características do abuso sexual contra crianças, como perfil da vítima, do autor da agressão e fatores associados, notificadas em um serviço de referência, utilizando o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, em todos os casos suspeitos ou confirmados de abuso sexual infantil, de 2008 a 2014, em Florianópolis/SC. As variáveis foram: características da vítima, do agressor, da ocorrência, tipologia da violência, consequências, encaminhamentos e procedimentos realizados. Variáveis categóricas são apresentadas em prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Houve 489 notificações, predominando vítimas do sexo feminino, maior recorrência no masculino e ocorrendo em residências. Estupro foi duas vezes mais frequente no sexo feminino e em mais da metade dos casos o autor era homem conhecido da vítima. Doze vítimas contraíram infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, houve seis gestações, cinco delas interrompidas legalmente. Mesmo sendo inédito para a região estudada, se observou características semelhantes às encontradas em outros estudos brasileiros, mostrando ser possível ações coordenadas nacionalmente para prevenir esse agravo.

Abstract The scope of this study was to identify the characteristics of sexual abuse against children including the profiles of the victims and the perpetrators, and associated factors notified in a health service of reference with the database of the Brazilian Case Registry Database, in a city in the south of Brazil. Categorical variables are presented in prevalence with 95% confidence intervals. There were 489 notifications from 2008 to 2014 of confirmed or suspected child sexual abuse. The majority was related to female victims, but the repeated abuse was reported mainly with male victims. In most cases, the abuse took place at the victims' or perpetrators' homes and the main perpetrators of abuse were male and acquainted with the victims. Twelve victims have contracted sexually transmitted infections; pregnancies were six, five of them legally terminated. This study highlights that the child sexual abuse profiles were similar in almost all of Brazilian regions, showing that it is possible to have a coordinated national action to prevent this offence.

Forensic analysis of 24 dismembered homicide cases in Shanghai / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the characteristics of the dismembered homicide cases in Shanghai and to provide the valuable guidance for forensic pathological practices.@*METHODS@#Twenty-four cases of dismembered homicides were selected from 2005 to 2012 in Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau. The general information of the victims and suspects, cause of death, criminal motive, postmortem body parts, tools and information of discarding body parts were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 24 dismembered homicide cases, victims were female in 16 cases, and suspects were male in 23 cases and were acquaintances in 22 cases. The main causes of death were mechanical asphyxia and traumatic brain injury. Most of the criminal motives were emotional disputes. The number of postmortem body parts was commonly from 20 to 30. The tools were mainly sharp instruments, including kitchen knives used in 20 cases. The postmortem body parts were discarded to different transregional areas, mainly using vehicles.@*CONCLUSION@#The dismembered homicide cases in Shanghai show the following characteristics: the number of postmortem body parts is in large quantity; the methods of dismembered corpse are complex and different; the job characteristics of suspects are difficult to determine; the distance from homicide scene is far and the vehicles are commonly used.

[Offensive and criminal acts in schizophrenia: comparative study according to gender]

Schizophrenia does not involve the same risk of violence among women than men. The offensive and criminal acts were less studied in women. To raise the sex ratio of the criminal acts and to seek the characteristics and the risk factors of this female violence. We carried out a comparative descriptive retrospective study, including 107 patients having schizophrenia according to criteria's of the DSM IV, hospitalized due to insanity according to article 38 of the Tunisian Penal Code. The sex ratio was 1 woman for 10 men. The women were older at the time of the offence or criminal act [46 years, 39 years], men were more often unmarried or divorced [50% vs 89.7%] and had more psychiatric family history [30% vs 40,2%]. The duration of untreated psychoses was longer among women [65.3 months vs 22.4 months]. The women more often made homicides or attempts of homicides [70%, 33%], the infanticides were raised only among women and arsons were noted only among men. The hospitalization was significantly longer among women [18.8 monthsvs 11.2 months]. The preventive of offence and criminal acts in schizophrenia is also necessary among women as men