Ostracoda and foraminifera from Paleocene (Olinda well), Paraíba Basin, Brazilian Northeast

ABSTRACT Paleocene ostracods and planktonic foraminifera from the Maria Farinha Formation, Paraíba Basin, are herein presented. Eleven ostracod species were identified in the genera Cytherella Jones, Cytherelloidea Alexander, Eocytheropteron Alexander, Semicytherura Wagner, Paracosta Siddiqui, Buntonia Howe, Soudanella Apostolescu, Leguminocythereis Howe and, probably, Pataviella Liebau. The planktonic foraminifera are represented by the genera Guembelitria Cushman, Parvularugoglobigerina Hofker, Woodringina Loeblich and Tappan, Heterohelix Ehrenberg, Zeauvigerina Finlay, Muricohedbergella Huber and Leckie, and Praemurica Olsson, Hemleben, Berggren and Liu. The ostracods and foraminifera analyzed indicate an inner shelf paleoenvironment for the studied section. Blooms of Guembelitria spp., which indicate either shallow environments or upwelling zones, were also recorded reinforcing previous paleoenvironmental interpretations based on other fossil groups for this basin.

Trends in freshwater microcrustaceans studies in Brazil between 1990 and 2014 / Tendências nos estudos de microcrustáceos de água doce no Brasil entre 1990 e 2014

Abstract This study presents a review of scientiometric data about freshwater microcrustaceans (Copepoda, Ostracoda, Branchiopoda: Cladocera, Anostraca, Notostraca and Conchostraca) in Brazil from 1990-2014. This review is based on 179 papers published across four databases, using the following keywords in the search: microcrustaceans, Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Harpacticoida, Ergasilidae, Daphniidae, Moinidae, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Conchostraca, zooplankton, reservoir, river, ponds, reservoirs, wetlands, caves, lakes, limnology, ecology, aquatic, taxonomy, systematics, morphology and biogeography. No studies were identified that addressed freshwater microcrustaceans in four (Amapá, Roraima, Alagoas and Espírito Santo) of the 27 Brazilian Federative States. Forty-five percent of the included studies were concentrated within three of the most populous states (São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná), which also have a long tradition of limnological study. The included studies mostly addressed reservoirs for hydropower generation (22%), multiple environments (22%), rivers (14%) and small artificial reservoirs (11%). Pools, ponds, small lakes, wetlands and phytothelma were not widely studied. Cladocera (48%) and Copepoda (48%) were the most studied groups. No studies were identified that addressed Notostraca, Anostraca or Conchostraca. The sharp increase in the number of published freshwater studies after 2000 is likely a result of increased internet facilities and the implementation of the Scielo platform. Ecology was most frequently the study focus (~50%), followed by taxonomy. Three journals (two Brazilian and one international) accounted for the publication of 44% of the Brazilian studies on microcrustaceans. We expect the frequency of studies employing newer technologies to increase in the coming years. Based on our findings, we propose that future studies should focus on the least well-studied states and should integrate biogeography and systematic approaches. Further data on the fauna within environmental sub-types in Brazil is required.

Resumo Esse estudo apresenta uma revisão cienciométrica para trabalhos com microcrustáceos de água doce (Copepoda, Ostracoda, Branchiopoda: Cladocera, Anostraca Notostraca e Conchostraca) no Brasil entre 1990-2014. Essa revisão foi baseada em 179 artigos científicos encontrados em quatro bases de dados, usando as seguintes palavras-chave: Microcrustáceos, Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Harpacticoida, Ergasilidae, Chydoridae, Daphniidae, Moinidae, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Conchostraca, Zooplankton, reservatório, rio, lagoas, áreas inundáveis, cavernas, lagos, limnologia, ecologia, aquático, taxonomia, sistemática, morfologia e biogeografia. Não foram encontrados estudos para microcrustáceos de água doce em quatro (Amapá, Roraima, Alagoas e Espírito Santo) dos 27 Estados da Federação Brasileira. Quarenta e cinco por cento dos estudos foram concentrados em três dos estados mais populosos (São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná), os quais têm longa tradição em estudos limnológicos. A maioria dos estudos analisou reservatórios de hidrelétricas (22%), ambientes múltiplos (22%), rios (14%) e pequenos reservatórios artificiais (11%). Ambientes tais como, pequenos lagos, poças, lagoas, brejos e fitotelmatas não foram muito estudados. Cladocera (48%) e Copepoda (48%) foram os grupos mais estudados. Não foram encontrados trabalhos que analisaram Notostraca, Anostraca ou Conchostraca. O salto no número de estudos publicados depois do ano 2000 parece ser resultado do aumento das facilidades da internet e criação da plataforma Scielo. Ecologia foi a área mais focada nos estudos (~50%), seguida pela taxonomia. Três revistas (duas brasileiras e uma internacional) contêm 44% dos artigos publicados sobre microcrustáceos no Brasil. Espera-se que a frequência de estudos utilizando novas tecnologias aumente nos próximos anos. Baseado nos nossos resultados, propõe-se que trabalhos futuros devam focar os estados menos estudados e integrem abordagens biogeográficas e sistemáticas. Mais dados sobre a fauna de microcrustáceos dentro dos tipos de ambiente menos estudados no Brasil também são necessários.

Crustacean communities in coastal ephemeral pools in the Araucanía region (38° S, Chile) / Comunidades de crustáceos em lagoas efêmeras costeiras na região de Araucanía (38° S, Chile)

Abstract The fauna communities of ephemeral pools in southern Chile are characterized by heterogeneity of crustacean taxa; nevertheless, no detailed studies exist of their community structure. The aim of the present study was to analyze the crustacean community structure in two groups of ephemeral pools (Puaucho and Nigue pools) in the coastal zone of the Araucanía region. A correlation matrix was made by species abundance against temperature, conductivity, pH and total dissolved solids. In a second step, a null model for species co-occurrence was applied to the total data and to each group. The results for total data revealed a significant direct relation between the abundance of H. costera, C. dubia and Mesocyclops. For the Puaucho pools, the same results were found together with direct associations with total dissolved solids, conductivity and pH. Finally, different results were found for the Nigue pools, with no clear significant associations, either direct or indirect, between the abundance of different crustacean taxa and abiotic parameters. These results were supported by the co-occurrence null model analysis, which revealed the presence of regulator factors for the total data, and for each of the two groups. Ecological topics are discussed with emphasis on meta-community dynamics.

Resumo As comunidades faunísticas das lagoas efêmeras do sul do Chile são caracterizadas pela heterogeneidade dos seus táxons. Entretanto, estudos detalhados da sua estrutura de comunidade ainda não existem. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a estrutura da comunidade de crustáceos em dois grupos de lagoas efêmeras (Puaucho e Nigue) na zona costeira da região de Araucanía. A matriz de correlação foi feita com a abundância das espécies em função da temperatura, condutividade, pH e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Num segundo passo, um modelo nulo para as espécies de coocorrência foi aplicado aos dados totais e para cada grupo. Os resultados para os dados totais revelaram uma relação direta e significativa entre a abundância de H. costera, C. dubia e Mesocyclops. Para as lagoas Puaucho, os mesmos resultados foram encontrados, juntamente com associações diretas com sólidos totais dissolvidos, condutividade e pH. Finalmente, diferentes resultados foram encontrados para as lagoas Nigue, sem associações significativas claras, diretas ou indiretas entre a abundância de diferentes táxons de crustáceos e parâmetros abióticos. Estes resultados foram suportados pela análise de modelo de coocorrência nula, a qual revelou a presença de fatores reguladores para o total de dados, e para cada um dos dois grupos. Temas ecológicos são discutidos com ênfase na dinâmica de meta-comunidade.

Non-marine ostracodes from highland lakes in East-central Mexico / Ostrácodos no-marinos de lagos en el altiplano este-centro de México

The ostracode fauna of the neartic-neotropical transitional zone has remained poorly known until this study. Ten ostracode species inhabit ten highland lakes (five maar lakes (phreatic/phreato-magmatic explosion origin), one volcanic-tectonic lake, three natural dams and one man-made dam) in East-central Mexico. Surface sediments from the deepest part and the littoral zone from all studied lakes were collected. Environmental variables (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS) were measured in situ and parallel water samples for chemical analysis were collected for habitat description. Widely distributed species in the study area (≥5 lakes) include Cypridopsis vidua, Darwinula stevensoni and Eucandona cf. patzcuaro. Limnocytherina axalapasco is an endemic species and was collected in three maar lakes and in one man-made dam. Rare species included: Chlamydotheca arcuata?, Fabaeformiscandona acuminata?, Ilyocypris gibba?, Limnocythere friabilis?, Potamocypris smaragdina? and Potamocypris unicaudata?. Highest species richness (6 spp.) was found in the large and shallow Lake Metztitlán (2.6km², 5.5m deep), with the lake water type HCO3->>SO4²->Cl--- Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+. The rest of studied lakes (<63m, <27km²) had not more than three species. For instance, only two ostracode species were collected in Lake Alchichica, which is the largest, deepest and most saline studied maar lake. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (2): 401-425. Epub 2015 June 01.

La fauna de ostrácodos de la zona de transición néartica-neotropical ha sido poco estudiada hasta este estudio. En el este-centro de México, habitan diez especies de ostrácodos en diez lagos: cinco lagos maar (originados por explosiones freáticas/freato-magmáticas), un lago volcánico-tectónico, tres embalses naturales y un embalse artificial. De la parte más profunda y de las zonas litorales de todos los lagos estudiados se recolectaron sedimentos superficiales para el análisis de ostrácodos. También se midieron in situ las variables ambientales: pH, temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, conductividad, SDT, además se recolectaron muestras de agua paralelas para análisis químico con el objetivo de describir el hábitat. Especies con una amplia distribución en el área de estudio (≥5 lagos) incluyen: Cypridopsis vidua, Darwinula stevensoni y Eucandona cf. patzcuaro. Limnocytherina axalapasco es una especie endémica y fue recolectada en tres lagos maar y en el embalse artificial. Especies raras incluyeron: Chlamydotheca arcuata?, Fabaeformiscandona acuminata?, Ilyocypris gibba?, Limnocythere friabilis?, Potamocypris smaragdina? y Potamocypris unicaudata? La riqueza de especies más alta (6 spp.) se encontró en el lago más extenso y somero, lago Metztitlán (2.6km², 5.5m de profundidad), con el tipo de agua HCO3->>SO4²->Cl--- Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+. El resto de lagos estudiados (<63m, <27km²) presentaron no más de tres especies. Por ejemplo, solamente dos especies de ostrácodos fueron recolectadas en el lago Alchichica, el cual es el más extenso, profundo y salino entre los lagos maar estudiados.

Inversión reproductiva de Aratus pisonii (Decapoda: Sesarmidae): diferencias entre hábitats y análisis de rutas / Reproductive investment of Aratus pisonii (Decapoda: Sesarmidae): differences among habitats and path analysis

Aratus pisonii is an abundant Neotropical mangrove crab that forages on fresh leaf tissue in the canopy and lives in a wide spectrum of habitats. It presents great plasticity in some aspects of its life history becoming an excellent subject for comparative studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible reproductive variations among populations of this crab in mangroves with different levels of structural development, and explore the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on reproductive investment. The study was conducted during the rainy season of 2003 and 2004, in North Western Venezuela. Fecundity (number of eggs/female), dry weight of egg mass (PSH) and egg quality (C/Neggs) were evaluated in five populations of this species, in mangroves under different environmental conditions (estuarine, marine, hypersaline) and diverse degrees of structural development (arboreal, arbustive, scrub). Reproductive output (Ro) was obtained by the ratio Ro=PSH/dry body weight (PSC); other estimations of Ro were tested: Ro1=PSH/carapace length (CL), Ro2=fecundity/CL. A path analysis was used to explore causal relationships between environmental and morphological variables and reproductive investment (PSH, fecundity). Fecundity ranged from 6 463±831 eggs (Mean±SE) in the hypersaline arbustive mangrove to a maximum of 24 584±2 393 eggs in estuarine arboreal mangrove, which presents the greatest structural development. The reproductive output of females showed significant differences among mangroves, with the highest values of Ro1, Ro2 in the estuarine mangrove females. The results of the path analysis indicated a multicausal effect of morphological and environmental variables; in particular, the salinity showed the greatest influence on fecundity and PSH. The condition of the estuarine mangrove forests with lower salinity and higher structural development involving higher quality of mangrove leaves and a wider range of potential resources, may explain the higher reproductive output of females observed in this habitat. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (2): 385-399. Epub 2015 June 01.

Aratus pisonii es un cangrejo abundante de los manglares del Neotrópico, que forrajea sobre el tejido foliar fresco del dosel y vive en una amplia variedad de hábitats. Presenta una gran plasticidad en algunos aspectos de su historia de vida, convirtiéndose en un excelente sujeto para estudios comparativos. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar las posibles variaciones reproductivas entre las poblaciones de este cangrejo en manglares con diferentes niveles de desarrollo estructural, y explorar los efectos directos e indirectos de las variables ambientales sobre la inversión reproductiva. El estudio se realizó durante la temporada de lluvias 2003 y 2004, en la región Noroccidental de Venezuela. Se evaluaron la fecundidad (número de huevos/hembra), el peso seco de la masa de huevos (PSH) y la calidad del huevo (C/Nhuevos) en cinco poblaciones de esta especie, que viven en manglares bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales (estuarinos, marinos, hipersalinos) y diferente grados de desarrollo estructural (arbóreo, arbustivo, achaparrado). El rendimiento reproductivo (Ro) se obtuvo por la relación Ro=PSH/peso seco del cuerpo (PSC); se probaron otras estimaciones de Ro: Ro1=PSH/longitud del caparazón (LC), Ro2=fecundidad/LC. Se utilizó un análisis de rutas para explorar las relaciones causales entre las variables ambientales y morfológicas con la inversión reproductiva (PSH, fecundidad). La fecundidad varió de 6 463±831 huevos (media±ES) en el manglar arbustivo hipersalino, hasta un máximo de 24 584±2 393 huevos en el manglar arbóreo estuarino, que presentó el mayor desarrollo estructural. El rendimiento reproductivo de las hembras mostró diferencias significativas entre manglares, encontrándose los más altos valores de Ro1, Ro2 en las hembras de manglar estuarino. Los resultados del análisis de rutas indicaron un efecto multicausal de variables morfológicas y ambientales; en particular, la salinidad mostró la mayor influencia sobre la fecundidad y el PSH. La condición del manglar estuarino con menor salinidad y mayor desarrollo estructural, que de acuerdo con estudios anteriores supone una mayor calidad de las hojas de mangle y una mayor variedad de recursos potenciales, puede explicar la mayor inversión reproductiva observada en las hembras de este hábitat.

On Limnocytherina axalapasco, a new freshwater ostracod (Podocopida: Limnocytheridae) from Mexican crater lakes / Limnocytherina axalapasco, un nuevo ostrácodo dulceacuícola (Podocopida: Limnocytheridae) de lagos de cráter mexicanos

Limnocytherina is a genus conformed by 12 species; its distribution in the American continent is known to be exclusively on the North (neartics), but little is reported about its distribution from Mexico (transition zone) and Central America (Neotropics). Different sampling campaigns were undertaken in three crater lakes from the Axalapascos region in east-central Mexico, during 2008, 2009 and 2011. As a product of these campaings, the new species of Limnocytherina axalapasco was found, which displays some intraspecific variability among populations. In this study, we described the taxonomy, the habitat, the ecological preferences and the larval development of this new species. A total of 10 sediment samples (8 littoral, 2 deepest point) were collected from lakes Alchichica, La Preciosa and Quechulac. We found that L. axalapasco is closely related to two North American species: L. posterolimba and L. itasca as well as one Central American species L. royi comb. nov. With the inclusion of L. axalapasco and L. royi to the genus, the distribution of Limnocytherina is extended to Central America. The four most important distinguishing characters of this new species are: 1) valve surface and margins covered with small, spine-like projections; 2) most of the A1 setae with a highly developed setule at distal part, producing a bifurcate appearance; 3) the upper ramus on the hemipenis is elongated, and by far overpasses dorsal/distal margins, distal lobe is triangular and short, while the hook-like process is prominent, outward orientated, and overpassing the tip of the distal lobe; 4) the UR is moderately developed with seta f3 elongated and setae f1 and f2 short. Considering its ecological characteristics and larval development, L. axalapasco was preferably found in alkaline waters dominated by Cl- or HCO3- and Na+ or Mg2+, temperatures ranging between 19.1 to 20.3°C, and dissolved oxygen concentrations from 5 to 6.5mg/L. This species was abundant in deeper (~64m) areas of the saline Alchichica lake, where surface water displayed conductivity values of up to 2 250μS/cm, and the sand with low percentage of silt resulted the preferred substrate. Along with the description of L. axalapasco, we provide additional information on the hemipenis of L. itasca, L. royi and L. sanctipatricii, and we discuss on the Limnocytherina-type of hemipenis.

Limnocytherina es un género conformado por 12 especies; su distribución en el continente Americano se conoce exclusivamente en el norte (zona neártica), pero se sabe poco de su distribución en México (zona de transición) y Centro América (zona neotropical). Luego de diferentes campañas de muestreo en tres lagos cráter de la región de los Axalapascos en la zona centroeste de México, durante 2008, 2009 y 2011, se encontró a Limnocytherina axalapasco, una nueva especie, que mostró variabilidad intraespecífica entre poblaciones. Un total de 10 muestras de sedimentos (8 del litoral, 2 del punto más profundo) fueron recolectadas de los lagos Alchichica, La Preciosa y Quechulac. L. axalapasco esta estrechamente relacionada con dos especies norteamericanas: L. posterolimba y L. itasca, así como con una especie centroamericana Limnocytherina royi comb. nov. Con la inclusión de L. axalapasco y L. royi al género, la distribución de Limnocytherina se extiende hasta Centro América. Los cuatro caracteres distintivos más importantes de esta nueva especie son: 1) superficie y márgenes de valvas cubiertos por pequeñas proyecciones parecidas a espinas; 2) La mayoría de las setas de A1 tienen una setula muy desarrollada en la zona distal, con apariencia de estar bifurcadas; 3) El ramo superior del hemipene es alargado y por mucho sobrepasa los márgenes dorsal/distal; el lóbulo distal es corto y triangular, mientras que el proceso prensil es prominente, orientado externamente y sobrepasa la longitud del lóbulo distal; 4) el UR esta moderadamente desarrollado con la seta f3 alargada y las setas f1 y f2 cortas. Para esta especie se describe también su hábitat, preferencias ecológicas y desarrollo larvario. L. axalapasco prefiere aguas alcalinas dominadas por Cl- o HCO3 - y Na+ o Mg2+, temperaturas entre 19.1 a 20.3°C y concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto de 5 a 6.5 mg/L. Esta especie es más abundante en las zonas profundas (~64m) del lago salino Alchichica, donde la conductividad del agua es de hasta 2 250μS/cm. Arenas con bajos porcentajes de limo parecen ser el sustrato preferido. Aunado a la descripción de L. axalapasco, proveemos información adicional para los hemipenes de L. itasca, L. royi y L. sanctipatricii, y discutimos el tipo de hemipene en Limnocytherina.

Estructura de la comunidad y distribución vertical de la macrofauna de fondos blandos en isla Gorgona, Pacífico Colombiano / Community structure and vertical distribution of the soft bottom macrofauna on Isla Gorgona, Colombian Pacific

Soft bottoms are important in marine ecosystems but their ecology have been less studied in the tropics than in temperate areas. This article describes the temporal, spatial, and vertical distribution of the community structure of subtidal soft bottom macrofauna on Isla Gorgona, Colombian Pacific. Samples were collected in March and June 2011 by corers at 10m depth at five points around the island. Seventy-three species were recorded; polychaetes (55%) and crustaceans (30%) were the dominant groups in number of individuals. The community structure assessed by classification and ordination analysis did not change temporarily, but it shows differences between sampling points, due to the structure of the substrate. The highest abundances of macrofauna were recorded at points with dominance of fine particles (Farallones). However, another point with a similar substrate (Planchón) showed low abundance, apparently due to bioturbation exerted by the fish Heteroconger sp. The presence of Heteroconger sp. in El Planchón could also affect the vertical distribution of the macrofauna, where their relative abundance was homogeneous across the analyzed layers (1-2-3-4-5-10cm). In the other four sites, the abundance of the macrofauna was mainly limited to the first two centimeters of the sediment. Playa Blanca and Remanso showed substrates composed mainly of gravel, recording at the last sampling point the lowest richness, diversity and abundance. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 169-188. Epub 2014 February 01.

Resumen Se evaluó la variación temporal, espacial y vertical de la estructura comunitaria de la macrofauna de fondos blandos submareales en isla Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano. Las muestras fueron colectadas en marzo y junio de 2011 mediante descorazonadores a 10m de profundidad en cinco puntos alrededor de la isla. Se registraron un total de 73 especies; poliquetos (55%) y crustáceos (30%) fueron los grupos dominantes en número de individuos. La estructura comunitaria evaluada mediante análisis de clasificación y ordenación, no varió temporalmente, pero si presentó diferencias entre puntos de muestreo, al parecer relacionada con la estructura del sedimento. Las mayores abundancias de la macrofauna se registraron en puntos con dominancia de partículas finas (Farallones), pero en otro punto con sustrato similar (Planchón), la abundancia fue baja, al parecer por la bioperturbación ejercida por el pez Heteroconger sp. La presencia de Heteroconger sp. en el Planchón posiblemente afectó la distribución vertical de la macrofauna, ya que en este último punto la abundancia relativa fue homogénea entre las capas analizadas (1-2-3-4-5-10cm). En los otros cuatro sitios, la abundancia de la macrofauna estuvo limitada principalmente a los primeros dos centímetros del sedimento. En Playa Blanca y Remanso el sustrato fue principalmente gravoso, registrándose en el último punto la menor riqueza, diversidad y abundancia.

Inland water microcrustacean assemblages in an altitudinal gradient in Aysen region (46° S, Patagonia Chile) / Crustáceos zooplâncton de águas continentais litorales na gradiente de altitude na região de Aysén (46 ° S, Patagônia Chile)

The Chilean Patagonia has numerous kinds of inland water ecosystems such as lakes, ponds, wetlands and rivers that have been poorly studied due to access difficulties. This study was carried out in Aysen region, in southern Chile, and it included different kinds of water bodies such as rivers, streams, ponds, lagoons and lakes distributed along an altitudinal gradient at 46° S. It was found a low species number, essentially cladocerans, copepods and amphipods. A null model was applied in order to determine the existence of regulator factors of species associations, and the results revealed that they are not random. The patterns would be influenced by geographical and limnological characteristics of the studied sites. Our results would agree with regional studies on habitat heterogeneity such as in Torres del Paine National Park and other zones in Tierra del Fuego island.

A Patagônia chilena apresenta numerosos tipos de ecossistemas aquáticos, como lagos, lagoas, pântanos e rios, os quais tem sido pouco estudados devido a dificuldades de acesso. Este estudo foi feito na região de Aysén, no sul do Chile, e inclui diferentes tipos de corpos d'água, tais como rios, córregos, lagos, lagoas e lagos distribuídos ao longo de um gradiente de altitude a 46° S. Constatou-se baixo número de espécies que inclui, essencialmente, cladóceros, copépodos e anfípodos. Um modelo nulo foi aplicado para determinar a existência de fatores reguladores das associações de espécies os resultados indicam que estes não são aleatórios. Os padrões poderiam ser influenciados pelas características geográficas e limnológicas do locais estudados. Os resultados expostos concordariam com estudos regionais sobre com habitats heterogeneidade como Torres del Paine Parque Nacional e outras zonas na ilha de Tierra del Fuego.

Variación espacio-temporal de la meiofauna submareal en una playa arenosa nororiental de Venezuela / Spatio-temporal variation of subtidal meiofauna in a sandy beach from Northeastern Venezuela

Meiofauna organisms that play an important role in the trophic ecology of soft bottom benthos, have short life cycles and they respond quickly to disturbance and pollution. The present study shows the spatio-temporal variation of subtidal meiofauna (metazoans passing a 500μm sieve but retained on meshes of 40-63μm) in four shallow subtidal stations. Samples were taken in the sandy beach of San Luis, in the Northeastern coast of Venezuela, from October 2005 until September 2006. For this, three replicate sediment core samples (4.91cm²), were collected monthly to a depth of 10cm into the sediment, and preserved in 6% formalin stained with rose Bengal. Specimens of 14 meiofaunal groups (Foraminifera excluded) were collected, being the nematodes, ostracods and harpacticoid copepods the most abundant. Monthly density was comprised between 64 and 503ind./10cm², and mean density of stations between 173 and 449ind./10cm². There is a trend of low densities from October to February (end of the rainy season until the middle of the dry season). The San Luis beach control of the meiofaunal community is shared by climatic conditions and by the biology of the species found. The meiofauna mean density in San Luis beach (263ind./10cm²) was low when compared to other studies in tropical areas.

La meiofauna incluye metazoos y foraminíferos bénticos que pasan a través de un tamiz de 500mm y son retenidos en malla de 40-63μm. Se estudió la variación espacial y temporal de la meiofauna en cuatro estaciones submareales a 1m de profundidad, de una playa arenosa situada en la costa nororiental de Venezuela. Mensualmente, durante un año, en cada estación, con un nucleador de 2.5cm de diámetro interno, se tomaron tres réplicas de sedimento hasta 10cm de profundidad y se pasaron a través de un tamiz de 0.063mm de abertura de malla. Se identificaron 14 grupos meiofaunales, excluidos los foraminíferos, siendo los nemátodos, ostrácodos y copépodos harpacticoides los más abundantes. La densidad mensual estuvo comprendida entre 64 y 503ind./10cm², y la densidad media en las estaciones entre 173 y 449ind./10cm². La densidad de la meiofauna en la playa San Luis es baja en comparación con otros estudios realizados en zonas tropicales. En esta playa el control de las comunidades meiofaunísticas es compartido por las condiciones climáticas y la biología de las especies.

Diel horizontal distribution of microcrustaceans and predators throughout a year in a shallow neotropical lake / Distribuição horizontal de microcrustáceos e predadores ao longo do ano em um lago neotropical

The focus of this study is to investigate if microcrustaceans undergo diel horizontal migration (DHM) in a tropical shallow lake on a yearly basis and analyse the adaptive value regarding predation. Abundance of invertebrate predators, chaoborid larvae and water mites, and microcrustaceans (cladocerans and copepods) were evaluated on a monthly basis in three stations located on a transect during the day and at night. Both invertebrate predators were predominantly pelagic. Cladocerans did not undergo significant DHM, distributing indistinctly onshore and offshore or being mostly pelagic. Nauplii, copepodites of two copepod species and adults of Tropocyclops prasinus meridionalis Kiefer were mostly distributed offshore, and did not perform DHM. The limnological features (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity) were suitable for the organisms in both zones of the lake. Algal food concentration was a little lower in the littoral than in the limnetic zone during the day, but it seems to be suitable for the organisms. However, as the algae quality was not evaluated, it is not possible to be conclusive concerning its influence. The results indicated that DHM was not performed by the microcrustaceans and is not, therefore, a strategy for decreasing predation by both invertebrates, Chaoborus brasiliensis Theobald and Krendowskia sp., on a yearly basis in this shallow lake.

O foco deste estudo é verificar se microcrustáceos apresentam migração horizontal diária (MHD) em um lago raso tropical, durante um ano, e o valor adaptativo com relação à predação. A abundância de predadores invertebrados, larvas de caoborídeos e ácaros aquáticos, e de cladóceros e copépodos foi avaliada mensalmente em três estações de coleta localizadas em um transecto, de dia e à noite. Ambos os predadores invertebrados foram predominantemente pelágicos. Os cladóceros não realizaram MHD, distribuindo-se indistintamente nas zonas litorânea e pelágica, ou foram mais abundantes na zona limnética. Os náuplios e copepoditos de duas espécies de copépodos e os adultos de Tropocyclops prasinus meridionalis Kiefer ocuparam principalmente a zona limnética, não migrando horizontalmente. As características limnológicas (temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade) foram adequadas nas duas zonas do lago. A concentração de alga foi um pouco menor no litoral do que na zona limnética durante o dia e parece ser adequada para os organismos; contudo, como a qualidade das algas não foi avaliada, não é possível ser conclusivo sobre sua influência. Os resultados indicaram que os microcrustáceos não realizaram MHD, a qual não constitui, portanto, uma estratégia para diminuir a predação dos dois invertebrados, Chaoborus brasiliensis Theobald e Krendowskia sp., em uma base anual, neste lago raso.

Crustaceans from a tropical estuarine sand-mud flat, Pacific, Costa Rica, (1984-1988) revisited

The availability of data sets for time periods of more than a year is scarce for tropical environments. Advances in hardware and software speed-up the re-analysis of old data sets and facilitates the description of population oscillations. Using recent taxonomic literature and software we have updated and re-analized the information on crustacean diversity and population fluctuations from a set of cores collected at a mud-sand flat in the mid upper Gulf of Nicoya estuary, Pacific coast of Costa Rica (1984-1988). A total of 112 morphological species of macroinvertebrates was found, of which 29 were crustaceans. Taxonomic problems, maily with the peracarids, prevented the identification of a group of species. The abundance patterns of the crab Pinnixa valerii, the ostracod Cyprideis pacifica, and the cumacean Coricuma nicoyensis were analized with the Generalized Additive Models of the free software R. The models evidenced a variety of population oscillations during the sampling period. These oscillations probably included perturbations induced by external factors, like the strong red tide events of 1985. In additon, early on 1984 the populations might have been at an altered state due to the inpact of El Niño 1982-83. Thus, the oscillations observed during the study period departed from the expected seasonality (dry vs rainy) pattern and are thus considered atypical for this tropical estuarine tidal-flat. Crustacean diversity and population peaks were within the range of examples found in worldwide literature. However, abundances of the cumacean C. nicoyensis, an endemic species, are the highest reported for a tropical estuary. Comparative data from tropical tidal flat crustaceans continues to be scarce. Crustaceans (total vs groups) had population changes in response to the deployment of predator exclusion cages during the dry and rainy seasons of 1985. Temporal and spatial patchiness characterized the abundances of P. valeri, C. pacifica and C. nicoyenis.

La disponibilidad de grupos de datos recolectados por periodos mayores a un año es escasa para ambientes marinos tropicales. Avances en hardware y software pueden acelerar el re-análisis de grupos antiguos de datos y facilitar la descripción de oscilaciones poblacionales ocultas. Mediante el uso de literatura taxonómica y programas de cómputo recientes actualizamos y re-analizamos la información sobre diversidad de crustáceos y oscilaciones poblacionales en un grupo muestras recolectadas con barreno en una planicie arenoso-fangosa en la región media superior del estuario del Golfo de Nicoya, costa Pacífica de Costa Rica (1984-1988). Se encontró un total de 112 morfo-especies de macro-invertebrados, de las que 29 fueron crustáceos. Problemas taxonómicos, especialmente con los peracáridos, impidieron la identificación completa de un grupo de especies. Las oscilaciones en la abundancia del cangrejo Pinnixa valerii, el ostrácodo Cyprideis pacifica, y el cumáceo Coricuma nicoyensis fueron analizadas con los Modelos Generales Aditivos (GAM) del programa de cómputo R de acceso libre. Los modelos evidenciaron una variedad de oscilaciones poblacionales durante el periodo de toma de muestras. Estas oscilaciones probablemente incluyen perturbaciones inducidas por factores externos, como los fuertes eventos de mareas rojas de 1985. Además, al inicio de 1984 las poblaciones podrían haber estado alteradas debido al impacto de El Niño 1982-83. Entonces, las oscilaciones observadas durante el estudio se alejan del patrón estacional (seco vs lluvioso) y son consideradas atípicas para esta planicie tropical estuarina arenoso-fangosa. La diversidad de crustáceos y las oscilaciones poblacionales fueron similares a las publicadas en la literatura mundial. Sin embargo, la abundancias del cumáceo Coricuma nicoyensis, una especie endémica, son las más altas informadas para un estuario tropical. Datos comparativos sobre planicies arenoso-fangosas en el trópico continúan siendo escasos. Los crustáceos (total vs grupos) tuvieron cambios poblacionales en respuesta a la colocación de jaulas con malla para excluir macro-depredadores durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa de 1985. Parches en el tiempo y el espacio caracterizaron a las abundancias de P. valeri, C. pacifica y C. nicoyenis.

Condition factor of Astyanax intermedius Eigenmann, 1908 (OSTEICHTHYES, CHARACIDAE) parasitised by Paracymothoa astyanaxi Lemos de Castro, 1955 (CRUSTACEA, CYMOTHOIDAE) in the Grande River, Serra do Mar State Park - Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil / Fator de condição de Astyanax intermedius Eigenmann, 1908 (OSTEICHTHYES, CHARACIDAE) parasitados por Paracymothoa astyanaxi Lemos de Castro, 1955 (CRUSTACEA, CYMOTHOIDAE) no Rio Grande, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Brasil

In this work the length-weight relationship and the condition factor of Astyanax intermedius parasitised and not by Paracymothoa astyanaxi were analysed in the Grande River. The length-weight relationship was estimated for females, males and immatures, and seasonally for the fishes and the parasites through the expression W = aLb. The condition factor of non-parasitised specimens differed seasonally and between sexes, contrasting with the results for parasitised fishes which showed no differences between sexes and season. The condition factor of non-parasitised specimens was higher than that of the parasitised fishes. Specimens of Astyanax intermedius parasitised do not have the same biotic conditions compared to non-parasitised individuals, in which the condition factor was similar over the years. In conclusion, parasitism by P. astyanaxi has deleterious effects on this host population which may cause changes in the reproductive and food dynamics of parasitised specimens due to low body conditions.

Foram analisados a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição de Astyanax intermedius parasitados ou não pelo isópode Paracymothoa astyanaxi. A relação peso-comprimento foi estimada para fêmeas, machos e imaturos, e sazonalmente tanto para os peixes quanto para o parasito, por meio da expressão P = aCb. O fator de condição dos exemplares não parasitados diferiu sazonalmente e entre os sexos, contrastando com os valores do fator de condição dos peixes parasitados, que não apresentaram diferenças sazonais e entre os sexos. O fator de condição dos exemplares não parasitados foi sempre maior do que o dos exemplares parasitados. Os exemplares de Astyanax intermedius parasitados não passaram pelas mesmas condições bióticas dos indivíduos não parasitados, apresentando um fator de condição semelhante ao longo do ano. Conclui-se que o parasitismo por P. astyanaxi atua de forma deletéria na população desse hospedeiro, podendo causar alterações nas dinâmicas reprodutiva e alimentar dos exemplares parasitados em razão da baixa condição corpórea.

Invertebrados asociados al coral constructor de arrecifes Pocillopora damicornis en Playa Blanca, Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica / Invertebrates associated with the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis at Playa Blanca, Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica

Invertebrates associated with the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis at Playa Blanca, Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica. The coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems in the planet, not only because their reef-building species but also because of the species that live above, on, inside and below them. Corals of the genus Pocillopora are recognized globally by harboring an important fauna of invertebrates among their branches, many of those considered obligate symbionts. The present investigation describes the fauna of invertebrates associated with the reef-building coral P. damicornis in Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica, their densities, frequencies, richness and diversities from 2003 to 2004. Five coral colonies were collected every 3-4 months at Playa Blanca within Bahía Culebra. A total of 448 individuals in 35 species were found: Harpiliopsis depressa, Trapezia ferruginea, Alpheus lottini, Fennera chacei, and Petrolisthes haigae, and the bivalve Lithophaga aristata, the predominant species. November was the month with the highest richness, diversity and taxonomic distinctiveness, while August had the lowest values. In general terms, the rainy season showed greater richness of species than the dry season. The species collected and their densities and abundances were similar to other sites along the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Bahía Culebra has been losing coral cover, which could have consequences on the diversity and abundances of associated corals organisms. These consequences include loss in the fertility of those organisms, a reduction in its function as cleaners and protection from coral predators, putting in risk their diversity, affecting the stocks of predatory fish that depends on them. Carrying out permanent monitoring of the associated cryptofauna of the coral Pocillopora is crucial to quantify losses or recoveries in the composition of associated invertebrates, and therefore in the functions that they perform in this ecosystem.

Los arrecifes coralinos son uno de los ecosistemas más diversos en el planeta, tanto por los organismos constructores como por aquellos que viven encima, sobre, dentro y debajo de ellos. Los corales del genero Pocillopora son reconocidos mundialmente por albergar una importante fauna de invertebrados entre sus ramas, los cuales son considerados como simbiontes obligatorios en una gran cantidad de casos. La presente investigación describe la fauna de invertebrados asociados al coral Pocillopora damicornis en Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica, describiendo sus densidades, frecuencias, riquezas y diversidades a través del tiempo. Para esto se colectaron 5 colonias cada 3-4 meses en Playa Blanca, Bahía Culebra. En total se encontraron 448 individuos en 35 especies, siendo Harpiliopsis depressa, Lithophaga aristata, Trapezia ferruginea, Alpheus lottini, Fennera chacei, y Petrolisthes haigae las especies predominantes. Noviembre fue el mes en el que se encontraron los mayores valores en los índices de riqueza, diversidad y diferenciación taxonómica, mientras que agosto fue el que presento los valores más bajos de todos. En términos generales, la época lluviosa mostro mayor riqueza de especies que la época seca. Así mismo, las especies colectados y los valores obtenidos son muy similares a otras zonas del Pacifico Oriental Tropical. Culebra ha venido sufriendo una perdida en la cobertura coralina, que podría tener consecuencias en la diversidad y abundancia de organismos asociados a corales. Estas consecuencias incluyen perdida en la fecundidad de estos organismos, una reducción en su función como limpiadores y protectores de depredadores del coral, poniendo en riesgo su diversidad, lo que puede afectar los stocks de peces depredadores que depende de ellos. Realizar monitoreos permanentes de la criptofauna asociada al coral Pocillopora va a ser determinante para cuantificar perdidas o recuperaciones en la composición de invertebrados asociados, y por ende en las funciones que estos desempeñan en este ecosistema.

Influencia de las macrófitas sobre la estructura poblacional de rotíferos y microscrustáceos en un plano de inundación tropical

The influence of macrophytes on rotifer and microcrustacean assemblage in a tropical floodplain. Most studies on zooplankton ecology have been conducted in open waters. However, it has been considered of great importance to extend such studies to other habitats, such as those generated of macrophytes. We studied the spatial and temporal variation of the microcrustacean and rotifer assemblage structures associated with macrophytes, and compare them with the variation exhibited in open waters. Integrated samples were collected for zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass using a Schindler bottle, in four open water sites and four other sites covered by macrophytes in the floodplain complex of Ayapel (Córdoba, Colombia) during different limnimetric levels. The significant differences in the structure were evaluated using Kruskal & Wallis and discriminant analyses, and the similarity among sampling sites was evaluated using Bray & Curtis analysis. Zooplanktonic richness was favored by macrophytes. However, we did not find a constant spatial pattern for density, and only particular trends apparently conditionated by flood pulses. The presence of Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) contributed in a significant way with an increase in the diversity and density of benthic taxa. The density of some zooplanktonic groups was related with environmental conditions and phytoplanktonic biomass. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 853-870. Epub 2011 June 01.

La mayoría de estudios ecológicos del zooplancton se han realizado en aguas abiertas. No obstante, es importante ampliar la exploración hacia hábitats como el de las macrófitas. En este estudio se evaluó la variación espacio-temporal de la estructura del ensamble de rotíferos y microcrustáceos asociados a macrófitas y se comparó con la variación de su estructura en aguas abiertas, para lo cual se tomaron muestras integradas de zooplancton y biomasa de fitoplancton usando una botella Schindler de 5L en cuatro sitios de aguas abiertas y en cuatro sitios cubiertos por macrófitas durante diferentes niveles limnimétricos en el complejo cenagoso de Ayapel (Córdoba, Colombia). Las diferencias significativas de la estructura se evaluaron mediante Kruskal & Wallis y discriminantes; y la similitud entre sitios de muestreo mediante Bray & Curtis. Las macrófitas favorecieron la riqueza zooplanctónica; sin embargo, no hubo un patrón espacial constante en la densidad, pero sí tendencias particulares condicionadas por el pulso de inundación. La presencia de Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) contribuyó significativamente a la mayor diversidad y densidad de taxones bentónicos y sólo la densidad de algunos taxones y grupos del zooplancton se relacionó con las condiciones ambientales y la biomasa de fitoplancton.

Microcrustacean assemblages composition and environmental variables in lakes and ponds of the Andean region - South of Chile (37-39° S) / Composição de comunidades de microcustáceos e variáveis ambientais em lagos e lagoas da região andina - sul do Chile (37-39° S)

The zooplankton assemblages in Chilean Patagonian lakes are characterised mainly by their low biodiversity and high predominance of calanoids copepods, a pattern that has been studied for large and deep lakes between 38-51° S, and shallow ponds at 51° S. The aim of the present study was analyse the zooplankton assemblages in different water bodies located in coastal zones, middle valleys and mountain zones between 37-39° S. For this purpose, the following variables were considered: maximum depth, latitude, altitude, chlorophyll-a and species number, and to these variables, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied. A co-occurrence null model analysis was also applied for determining the existence of a random process in crustacean species associations. The results denoted low species richness, and different species associations for studied sites, and the null model analysis revealed the absence of a random process as regulator of species associations. Furthermore, a low species/genera ratio was identified, which denotes low productivity of the studied sites. These results were supported by a PCA analysis which denoted that the main determinant factors are chlorophyll concentration and species number that are directly associated. The obtained results are in agreement with descriptions in the literature for species diversity for lakes of Chilean Patagonia that describes oligotrophy as the main regulator of zooplankton assemblages. Other ecological and limnological topics are discussed in the present study.

As comunidades zooplantônicas em lagos chilenos são caracterizadas, principalmente, por sua baixa biodiversidade e alta predominância de copépodos calanoides, um padrão que tem sido estudado em lagos grandes e profundos entre 38-51° S, e lagoas rasas em 51° S. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as comunidades zooplantônicas em diferentes corpos de água localizados em zonas costeiras, vales intermediários e regiões de montanhas entre 37-39° S. Para este propósito, as seguintes variáveis foram consideradas: profundidade máxima, latitude, altitude, clorofila "a" e número de espécies, e a estas variáveis, foi aplicada a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). Um modelo nulo de coocorrência também foi aplicado para determinar a existência de um processo aleatório na associação de espécies de crustáceos. Os resultados denotam baixa diversidade de espécies e diferentes associações de espécies nos diferentes locais estudados, e o modelo nulo de análises revelou a ausência de um processo aleatório como regulador de associação de espécies. Além disso, a baixa relação espécie/gênero foi identificada, o que denota baixa produtividade dos locais estudados. Estes resultados foram apoiados pelas análises de PCA que mostraram que os fatores determinantes principais como a concentração de clorofila e número de espécies estão diretamente associados. Os resultados obtidos concordam com as descrições na literatura sobre a diversidade de espécies para lagos da Patagônia Chilena, que descreve a oligotrofia como principal regulador de comunidades zooplanctônicas. Outros tópicos ecológicos e limnológicos foram discutidos no presente estudo.

Life cycle of Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) / Ciclo de vida de Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) (Crustacea, Branchiopoda)

The Conchostraca (clam shrimps) are a group of microcrustaceans found in freshwater habitats. They inhabit the benthos, yet many can swim actively and are often associated with macrophytes. They are filter-feeders, deriving their food from suspended particles or solids stirred up from the bottom. In Brazil, five species have been recorded and the life cycle of one of these, Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) was investigated in this study. Specimens were collected from fish-farming tanks in upstate São Paulo and from the floodplain of the Miranda River, in the Mato Grosso swamplands of center-west, Brazil. We determined the following variables: post-embryonic development, duration of life cycle (longevity), mean period between broods, duration of instars and individual growth. Taxonomic features of the Cyclestheria sp. specimens from Mato Grosso were also assessed to check the possibility that they belonged to another species of the same genus or a separate ecotype of C. hislopi.

Os Conchostraca são microcrustáceos de água doce, de hábito bentônico, embora muitos nadem ativamente e se associem a macrófitas. São filtradores, alimentando-se de partículas suspensas ou ressuspensas do substrato. No Brasil há registros de ocorrência de cinco espécies. No presente trabalho, estudou-se o ciclo de vida da espécie Cyclestheria hislopi, coletada em tanques de piscicultura do CEPTA - Centro de Pesquisa e Treinamento em Aquicultura, em Pirassununga, e também indivíduos coletados em lagoas de inundação às margens do Rio Miranda, na localidade do Passo do Lontra, no Pantanal mato-grossense. As seguintes variáveis do seu ciclo de vida foram avaliadas: desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, duração do ciclo de vida ou longevidade, período médio entre as ninhadas, duração dos instares e crescimento individual. A taxonomia de indivíduos de Cyclestheria sp. oriundos do Pantanal também foi analisada, devido à possibilidade de que se tratasse de uma nova espécie deste gênero ou de um ecótipo.

Abundancia y riqueza de moluscos y crustáceos asociados a las raíces sumergidas del mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) en la laguna de Bocaripo, Sucre, Venezuela

Abundance and richness of mollusks and crustaceans associated to the submerged roots of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) at Bocaripo Lagoon, Sucre, Venezuela. Mangrove roots are important habitats for many species. The abundance and richness of mollusks and crustaceans associated with the roots demerged of Rhizophora mangle was studied. The samples were gathered between February 2005 and January 2006, in Bocaripo lagoon, north coast of Sucre state, Venezuela. Five stations were established inside the lagoon; on every station two roots were chosen at random, put in plastic bags and scraped. The associated organisms were separated by taxa and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. One thousand ninety two specimens of mollusks, distributed in two classes: Bivalve and Gastropod were collected. Bivalve was the most abundant with 943 individuals. The most representative family was Mytilidae with 6 species, being Musculus lateralis the dominant species. The crustaceans were represented by 372 organisms, belonging to the class Malacostraca, where Panopeus herbstii (169 ind.) was the most abundant species. The families Panopeidae, Porcellanidae and Majidae had the highest number of species. Maximum abundance was in February (224 ind.), with a richness of 25 species and the minimums in November (45 ind.) and a richness of 12 species. The stations 1 and 5 presented the major abundance and richness of organisms, which could be related to environmental conditions favorable, as the major availability of microhabitats and nourishing offer; on the contrary the station 4, presented a more inhospitable environment, due to the high values in the salinity and temperature, which contributes with the minor abundance and richness of the present species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 213-226. Epub 2010 October 01.

Las raíces de mangle son un importante hábitat para muchas especies. Se estudió la abundancia y riqueza de moluscos y crustáceos asociadas a las raíces sumergidas de Rhizophora mangle. Las muestras fueron recolectadas entre febrero 2005 y enero 2006, en la laguna de Bocaripo, costa norte del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Se establecieron cinco estaciones en la laguna; al azar en cada estación se escogieron dos raíces de mangle, fueron introducidas en bolsas plásticas; los organismos fueron obtenidos de la raíz raspando la superficie con un cuchillo, luego fueron separados y fijados en formalina al 10% para su posterior identificación. Se recolectaron 1 092 especimenes de moluscos, distribuidos en dos clases: Bivalvia y Gastropoda. La clase Bivalvia fue la más abundante con 943 individuos. La familia más representativa fue Mytilidae con 6 especies, siendo Musculus lateralis la especie dominante. Los crustáceos estuvieron representados por 372 organismos, pertenecientes a la clase Malacostraca, donde Panopeus herbstii (169 ind.) fue la especie más abundante. Las familias Panopeidae, Porcellanidae y Majidae presentaron el mayor número de especies. La máxima abundancia se encontró en febrero (224 ind.) con una riqueza de 25 especies y la mínima en noviembre (45 ind.) con 12. Las estaciones 1 y 5 presentaron la mayor abundancia y riqueza de organismos, lo cual pudiera estar relacionado con condiciones ambientales favorables, como la mayor disponibilidad de microhábitats y oferta alimenticia; por el contrario la estación 4, presentó un ambiente más inhóspito, debido a los altos valores en la salinidad y temperatura, lo cual contribuye con la menor abundancia y riqueza de las especies presentes.

Eocene-Pliocene deep sea ostracodes from ODP site 744A, Southern Indian Ocean

The Eocene-Pliocene deep sea ostracodes from the ODP site 744A (Kerguelen Plateau) are herein studied under the taxonomic and paleoecologic aspects. 28 species are identified, being the genera Krithe, Cytherella and Dutoitella the most diversified. A faunal threshold was recorded in the Early Oligocene, which is tentatively explained under the knowledge of the paleoceanographical studies carried out not only in the Kerguelen Plateau but also in adjacent areas. The faunal turnover and variations in both richness and abundance possibly reflect the inception of psychrosphere and the influence of hydrological changes in the preservation of carapaces. Moreover, the influence of those changes on carbonate preservation is discussed as the cause of faunal impoverishment in the upper portion of the core.

Ostracodes do intervalo Eoceno-Plioceno do sítio 744A do ODP (Platô Kerguelen) são aqui estudados sob o aspecto taxonômico e paleoecológico. 28 espécies são identificadas, sendo os gêneros Krithe, Cytherella e Dutoitella os mais diversificados. Uma transição faunística registrada no Eoligoceno é investigada com base em estudos paleoceanográficos realizados no Platô Kerguelen e em áreas adjacentes. A transição e as variações de riqueza e abundância possivelmente refletem o estabelecimento da psicrosfera e mudanças hidrológicas associadas, na composição da fauna. Além disso, a influência destas mudanças na preservação do carbonato é discutida comopossível causa do empobrecimento da fauna na porção superior do testemunho.

Extant freshwater ostracodes (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Lago Petén Itzá, Guatemala

Ostracode taxonomy has been of great interest because of their possible use as indicator species in climate and ecosystem changes. In Central and South America, few studies have been carried out and this study includes a contribution to the group. Eleven ostracode species were collected in Lago Petén Itzá (~100km2), the second largest lowland lake in Guatemala, and from its inflow tributary, Río Ixlú in November 2005 and February 2008. Twenty-seven surface sediment samples were retrieved at water depths from the littoral zone to the lake’s maximum depth (>160m). Hard and soft parts of ostracodes were analyzed, and each ostracode species was described for taxonomy, size, ecology, biology and geographic distribution. Species recorded include: Candonocypris serratomarginata?, Cypretta brevisaepta?, Cypridopsis okeechobei, Cytheridella ilosvayi, Darwinula stevensoni, Heterocypris punctata, Limnocythere opesta, Physocypria globula, Pseudocandona sp., Stenocypris major and Strandesia intrepida. Most of the species have a neotropical distribution, two are distributed world-wide (D. stevensoni and S. major), and C. okeechobei and P. globula display nearctic and neotropical distributions. We present new records of C. brevisaepta?, C. serratomarginata?, S. major, and S. intrepida in Guatemala. Physocypria globula was misidentified previously in Lago Petén Itzá as Cypria petenensis, Pseudocandona sp. was misidentified as Candona sp., and C. okeechobei was identified in the past as C. vidua. Limnocythere opesta is the only endemic species of the Petén Lake District, Guatemala. The most abundant and widely distributed species in the lake are P. globula, C. okeechobei, and Pseudocandona sp. Species restricted to the littoral zones and water depths <15m are C. brevisaepta?, D. stevensoni, H. punctata, and S. intrepida. Limnocythere opesta, C. ilosvayi, C. okeechobei, and Pseudocandona sp. are distributed from the littoral zone to a depth of 40m. Species collected only in the Ixlú tributary and in a littoral zone on the west side of the lake were C. serratomarginata? and S. major. During November, live adult L. opesta and C. okeechobei were abundant, but no C. brevisaepta? or C. serratomarginata? adults were found. Adult specimens of C. ilosvayi were more abundant in February. In general, ostracodes collected were smaller than those reported in the literature. An accurate taxonomy will improve the use of ostracode fossil assemblages in long sediment cores when reconstructing past climatic and environmental changes in the northern lowland Neotropics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 871-895. Epub 2010 September 01.

La taxonomía de los ostrácodos ha sido de gran interés debido a su posible uso como especies indicadoras de cambios del clima y de los ecosistemas. En América Central y del Sur se han llevado a cabo pocos estudios. Once especies de ostrácodos fueron colectadas en el 2005 y 2008 en el Lago Petén Itzá (~100km²), el segundo lago más grande de Guatemala y en su afluente, el Río Ixlú. Veintisiete muestras de sedimentos superficiales fueron extraídas a diferentes profundidades desde la zona litoral hasta la profundidad máxima (160m) del lago. Partes duras y blandas de los ostracódos colectados fueron analizadas. Este estudio describe cada especie de ostrácodo con respecto a su taxonomía, tamaño, ecología, biología y distribución geográfica. Especies reportadas incluyen: Candonocypris serratomarginata?, Cypretta brevisaepta?, Cypridopsis okeechobei, Cytheridella ilosvayi, Darwinula stevensoni, Heterocypris punctata, Limnocythere opesta, Physocypria globula, Pseudocandona sp., Stenocypris major y Strandesia intrepida. La mayoría de las especies poseen una distribución neotropical, dos tienen una distribución mundial (D. stevensoni and S. major) y C. okeechobei y P. globula tienen una distribución neártica y neotropical. Presentamos un nuevo récord de C. brevisaepta?, C. serratomarginata?, S. major y S. intrepida para Guatemala. Physocypria globula fue identificada erróneamente en el Lago Petén Itzá como Cypria petenensis, Pseudocandona sp. había sido identificada como Candona sp. y C. okeechobei como C. vidua. Limnocythere opesta es una especie endémica de la región. Las especies más abundantes y de mayor distribución en el lago son P. globula, C. okeechobei y Pseudocandona sp. Especies restringidas a zonas litorales y aguas con una pronfundidad <15m son: D. stevensoni, H. punctata y S. intrepida. Limnocythere opesta y C. ilosvayi están distribuidas de la zona litoral a una profundidad de 40m. Especies recolectadas solamente en el afluente Ixlú y en la zona litoral oeste, fueron C. serratomarginata? y S. major. En general, los ostrácodos adultos identificados fueron más pequeños que los tamaños reportados en la literatura. Una correcta taxonomía mejorará el uso de las comunidades de ostrácodos fósiles de núcleos de sedimentos para la reconstrucción climática y ambiental de la región neotropical.

The invasion of five alien species in the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Northeastern Brazil

Marine biological invasions have been regarded as one of the major causes of native biodiversity loss, with shipping and aquaculture being the leading contributors for the introductions of alien species in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, five aquatic alien species (one mollusk, three crustaceans and one fish species) were detected during dives, shore searches and from the fisheries on the coast of the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, in the States of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. The species were the bicolor purse-oyster Isognomon bicolor, the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the Indo-Pacific swimming crab Charybdis hellerii and, the muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus. Ballast water (I. bicolor, C. hellerii, and O. punctatus) and aquaculture activities (L. vannamei and M. rosenbergii) in adjacent areas are the most likely vectors of introduction. All exotic species found have potential impact risks to the environment because they are able to compete against native species for resources (food and habitat). Isognomon bicolor share the same habitat and food items with the native bivalve species of mussels and barnacles. Litopenaeus vannamei share the same habitat and food items with the native penaeids such as the pinkspot shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, the Southern brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis, and the Southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti, and in the past few years L. vannamei was responsible for a viral epidemics in the cultivation tanks that could be transmitted to native penaeid shrimps. Charybdis hellerii is also able to cause impacts on the local fisheries as the species can decrease the populations of native portunid crabs which are commercialized in the studied region. Macrobrachium rosenbergii may be sharing natural resources with the Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. Omobranchus punctatus shares habit with the native redlip blenny Ophioblennius atlanticus and other fishes, such as the frillfin goby Bathigobius soporator. Some immediate remedial measures to prevent further introductions from ballast water and shrimp farm ponds should be: (i) to prevent the release of ballast water by ship/vessels in the region; (ii) to reroute all effluent waters from shrimp rearing facilities through an underground or above-ground dry well; (iii) to install adequate sand and gravel filter which will allow passage of water but not livestock; (iv) outdoor shrimp pounds located on floodable land should be diked, and; (v) to promote environmental awareness of those directly involved with ballast water (crews of ship/vessels) and shrimp farms in the region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 909-923. Epub 2010 September 01.

En el Área de Protección Ambiental del Delta Del Río Parnaíba, noreste de Brasil fueron detectadas cinco especies acuáticas invasoras (un molusco, tres crustáceos y un pez): la ostra de dos colores Isognomon bicolor, el camarón patiblanco Litopenaeus vannamei, el camarón gigante de río Macrobrachium rosenbergii, el cangrejo nadador del Indo-Pacifico Charybdis hellerii y el blenio hocicudo Omobranchus punctatus. El agua de lastre (I. bicolor, C. hellerii, y O. punctatus) y la acuicultura (L. vannamei y M. rosenbergii) en áreas adyacentes son los vectores de introducción más probables. Todas las especies exóticas encontradas son potencialmente riesgosas para el ambiente ya que son aptas para competir con las nativas por recursos como alimento y hábitat. Charybdis hellerii también podría causar impacto en el recurso pesquero local, al reducir las poblaciones de cangrejos portúnidos nativos, comercializados en el área de estudio.