Hisopado endocervical en mujeres con síntomas de COVID-19 provenientes de departamentos del Paraguay / Endocervical swabbing in women with COVID-19 symptoms from departments of Paraguay

INTRODUCCIÓN: El COVID-19 es eminentemente una infección de transmisión e inicio respiratorio, se discute la existencia de otras fuentes de contagio. El receptor viral ACE2 también ha sido detectado en el útero y en la vagina; de allí se ha planteado el compromiso del virus SARS-CoV-2 sobre el sistema genitourinario y sus posibles repercusiones en el embarazo. OBJETIVO: Determinar la presencia de SARS-CoV-2 en muestras endocervicales de mujeres con COVID-19 en departamentos del Paraguay. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Diseño observacional prospectivo, de corte transverso. Se reclutaron 200 mujeres desde agosto 2020 hasta febrero 2021, con no más de 48/72 h de un resultado previo positivo de hisopado nasofaríngeo para SARS-CoV-2 por retrotranscriptasa reversa-reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (en inglés rt-RT-PCR) y que aceptaron ingresar al estudio. Se llenó un cuestionario clínico epidemiológico. Las tomas de muestras se realizaron en servicios de salud del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSP y BS), domicilios y albergues de los distintos departamentos de Paraguay. Cada paciente fue sometida a un hisopado con hisopos de dacron o citobrush endocervical para la detección de SARS-CoV-2 por rt RT-PCR. Resultados: Las mujeres estudiadas tenían una edad media de 46,5 años (IC 95% 31,5-62,5). Refirieron contagio comunitario con SARS-CoV-2 en 75,5%, 13,5% en el hogar, 8,5% en el lugar de trabajo y 1,5% en el extranjero. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron: 30%, síndrome gripal, fiebre 22,5%, tos 20%, anosmia 15,5%, trastornos digestivos 15,5%, y otros se presentaron con menor frecuencia. Las muestras de hisopados o citobrush endocervical sometidas a rt-RT-PCR para la deteccción de SARS Cov-2, resultaron negativas en las 200 mujeres de estudio. Discusión: Cabe destacar que las muestras vaginales fueron tomadas dentro de las 24-72 h de haber obtenido un resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2 en el hisopado nasofaríngeo y que 62,5% de las mujeres se encontraban internadas en módulos respiratorios. Se discute la razón de la negatividad de los exámenes y su trascendencia. CONCLUSIÓN: No se detectó infección con SARS-CoV-2 en la región endocervical de 200 mujeres con manifestaciones clínicas de COVID 19 y evaluadas dentro de las 48/72 h de un resultado positivo nasofaríngeo para SARS Cov-2. Los resultados en la población de estudio concuerdan con otros estudios reportados en la literatura científica.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is an eminently respiratory transmissible infection of respiratory initiation, the existence of other sources of contagion is discussed. The ACE2 viral receptor has also been detected in the uterus and vagina; Hence, the involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the genitourinary system and its possible repercussions on pregnancy has been raised. AIM: To determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in endocervical samples of women with COVID-19 in the departments of Paraguay. METHODS: Designed as a prospective observational of transverse cohort. Two hundred women were recruited from August 2020 to February 2021, with no more than 48/72 hours of a previous positive nasopharyngeal swab result for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-RT-PCR) and who agreed to participate in the study. A clinical epidemiological questionnaire was completed. The samples were taken in health services of the MSPYBS (Public Ministry of Health and Social Welfare), homes and shelters in the different departments of Paraguay. Each patient underwent a swab (dacron swabs) or endocervical cytobrush for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by rt-RT-PCR. RESULTS: Women recruited had a mean age of 46.5 years (95% CI 31,562.5). They reported contagion with SARS-CoV-2: 75.5% in the community, 13.5% at home, 8.5% in the place of work and 1.5% abroad. The clinical manifestations were: 30% flu syndrome, 22.5% fever, 20% cough, 15.5% anosmia, 15.5% digestive disorders, among other symptoms. The swabs or endocervical cytobrush samples subjected to rt-RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 were negative in the 200 study women. Discussion: It should be noted that the vaginal samples were taken within 24-72 hours after obtaining a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal swab and that 62.5% of the women were hospitalized in respiratory modules. The reason for the negativity of the exams and their significance are discussed. CONCLUSION: No SARS Cov-2 infection was detected in the endocervical region of 200 women with clinical manifestations of COVID 19 and evaluated within 48/72 hours of a positive nasopharyngeal result for SARS Cov-2. The results in the study population agree with the findings of other studies reported in the literature.

Evaluation of the cervicovaginal environment in asymptomatic Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infected women

ABSTRACT Introduction: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is sexually transmitted and causes persistent infection. This virus induces activation of the immune system and production of inflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to assess the cytokine profile and cytopathological findings in the cervicovaginal fluid of asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected women. Methods: HTLV-1-infected and uninfected women were selected at the Centro de Atendimento ao Portador de HTLV in Salvador-Brazil. None of the included HTLV-1-infected women reported any HTLV-1-associated diseases. All volunteers underwent gynecological examination to collect cervicovaginal fluid. Cytokine quantification was performed using the Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Human Th1/Th2/Th17 kit. Light microscopy was used to evaluate cervicovaginal cytopathology. In addition, proviral load in cervicovaginal fluid and peripheral blood was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: 112 women (63 HTLV-1-infected and 49 uninfected) were evaluated. No differences were found with respect to cytopathological cervicovaginal findings between the groups. IL-2, TNF, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 levels were significantly higher in cervicovaginal fluid of the HTLV-1-infected women than in uninfected women (p < 0.05). Conversely, IFN-γ was found to be lower in the HTLV-1-infected women (p < 0.001) compared to uninfected individuals. Cervicovaginal proviral load was detectable in 53% of the HTLV-1-infected women and was found to be consistently lower than the proviral load in peripheral blood. Conclusions: HTLV-1 infection induces immune activation in cervicovaginal environment, characterized by elevated concentrations of Th1, Th2, and IL17 in the cervicovaginal fluid.

Nuevas estrategias de prevención y control de cáncer de cuello uterino en Chile / New strategies for the prevention and control of cervical cancer in Chile

Resumen: Objetivos: Discutir el cáncer cervicouterino (CC), el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), el programa de control del CC y proponer alternativas para Chile. Material y métodos: Se analiza el programa nacional del CC 1966-2015 y la guía clínica 2015-2020, la prevalencia de VPH en mujeres y en casos de CC; la infección y serología de VPH; la autotoma; la precisión y rentabilidad del tamizaje con VPH contra el Papanicolaou y las opciones de triaje en VPH AR positivas. Resultados: En Chile mueren 600 mujeres (principalmente de bajos recursos) al año por CC. La cobertura del Papanicolaou es < 70%, sensibilidad muy inferior al test de VPH, por lo que el cambio es rentable. Desde 2015 se vacuna contra VPH a niñas menores de 13 años. Conclusiones: Las condiciones técnicas y económicas existen en Chile para lograr una mejoría sustancial del CC: se sugiere el reemplazo del Papanicolaou por el examen de VPH; tamizaje cada cinco años con opción de autotoma; triaje con base en la tipificación de VPH 16/18 o Papanicolaou.

Abstract: Objective: To discuss cervical cancer (CC), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), CC control program and propose alternatives for Chile. Materials and methods: We analyzed the national program of CC 1966-2015 and the clinical CC guideline 2015-2020; HPV prevalence in women and in cases of CC; HPV infection and serology; the self-vaginal sample; the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of screening with HPV versus Papanicolaou, and triage options among HPV-AR positives. Results: 600 women die of CC each year in Chile, mainly from low resources. Papanicolaou coverage is <70%; Papanicolaou sensitivity is much lower than HPV test. Change from Papanicolaou to HPV test is cost-effective. Since 2015, girls under 13 have been vaccinated against HPV. Conclusions: There are the technical and economic conditions for a substantial improvement of CC in Chile: replacement of the Papanicolaou by HPV; screening every five years, with the option of self-sampling, and triage based on HPV 16/18 or Papanicolaou typing.

A high prevalence of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 co-infections in cervical biopsies from southern Brazil

ABSTRACT HPV types 16 and 18 were studied in paraffin-fixed cervical biopsy collected in southern Brazil. HPV 16, HPV 18 and co-infection HPV 16/18 were identified in 10/57 (17.5%), 4/57 (7%) and in 43/57 (75.4%) samples, respectively. Southern Brazil has one of the highest prevalence rates of HPV 16/18 reported.

Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Cervix Sample in an 11. 3-year Follow-Up after Vaccination against HPV 16/18 / Detecção de papilomavírus humano de alto risco em amostras de colo uterino em 11. 3 anos de acompanhamento após vacinação contra HPV 16/18

Abstract Purpose the aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in an 11.3-year post-vaccination period in a cohort of adolescent and young women vaccinated or not against HPV 16/18. Methods a subset of 91 women from a single center participating in a randomized clinical trial (2001-2010, NCT00689741/00120848/00518336) with HPV 16/18 AS04- adjuvanted vaccine was evaluated. All women received three doses of the HPV vaccine (n = 48) or a placebo (n = 43), and cervical samples were collected at 6-month intervals. Only in this center, one additional evaluation was performed in 2012. Up to 1,492 cervical samples were tested for HPV-DNA and genotyped with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The vaccine group characteristics were compared by Chi-square or Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney test. The high-risk (HR)-HPV 6-month-persistent infection rate was calculated. The cumulative infection by HPV group was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Results the cumulative infection with any type of HPV in an 11.3-year period was 67% in the HPV vaccine group and 72% in the placebo group (p = 0.408). The longitudinal analysis showed an increase of 4% per year at risk for detection of HR-HPV (non-HPV 16/ 18) over time (p = 0.015), unrelated to vaccination. The cumulative infection with HPV 16/18 was 4% for the HPV vaccine group and 29% for the placebo group (p = 0.003). There were 43 episodes of HR-HPV 6-month persistent infection, unrelated to vaccination. Conclusions this study showed themaintenance of viral detection rate accumulating HR-HPV (non-HPV-16-18) positive tests during a long period post-vaccination, regardless of prior vaccination. This signalizes that the high number of HPV-positive testsmay be maintained after vaccination.

Resumo Objetivos avaliar o padrão de detecção do papilomavírus humano (HPV) em um período de 11.3 anos após a vacinação em uma coorte de adolescentes e mulheres jovens vacinadas ou não contra HPV 16/18. Métodos avaliou-se um subgrupo de 91 mulheres de um único centro, participantes de ensaio clínico randomizado (2001-2010, NCT00689741/00120848/00518336) com a vacina contra HPV 16/18 com adjuvante AS04. Todas as mulheres receberam três doses de vacina contra HPV (n = 48) ou placebo (n = 43), e tiveram amostras cervicais coletadas em intervalos de 6 meses. Somente neste centro, uma avaliação adicional foi realizada em 2012. Um total de 1.492 amostras cervicais foram testadas para DNA-HPV e genotipadas com reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP). As características dos grupos de vacina contra HPV ou placebo foram comparadas pelo teste de Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher ou teste de Mann-Whitney. A infecção persistente por 6meses pelo HPV de alto risco (AR) foi calculada. A infecção cumulativa por grupo foi avaliada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier e pelo teste log-rank. Resultados a infecção cumulativa com qualquer tipo de HPV em11.3 anos foi de 67% no grupo vacina contra HPV e de 72% no grupo placebo (p = 0,408). A análise longitudinal mostrou um aumento de 4% ao ano no risco de detecção de HR-HPV (não-HPV 16/18) ao longo do tempo (p = 0,015), não relacionado com a vacinação. A infecção cumulativa com HPV 16/18 foi de 4% para o grupo vacina contra HPV e 29% para o grupo placebo (p = 0,003). Houve 43 episódios de infecção persistente por 6 meses por HR-HPV, não relacionados com a vacinação. Conclusões este estudo mostrou a manutenção da taxa de detecção viral, acumulando testes positivos de HR-HPV (não HPV-16-18) durante longo período pósvacinação, independentemente da vacinação prévia. Isto sinaliza que a alta positividade dos testes de HPV pode ser mantida após a vacinação.

Papillomavirus infections in the oral and genital mucosa of asymptomatic women

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in several regions of the body, including the oral cavity. Recently, this virus has been associated with oropharyngeal cancer, but little is known about HPV transmission to the oral cavity. We carried out a study to investigate concurrent oral and cervical infections in 76 asymptomatic women attending a healthcare program. Demographic and behavior data were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Oral and cervical mucosa scrapings were collected and stored for DNA extraction. HPV DNA amplification was performed by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) using both primers My09/My11 and FAP59/64, followed by HPV typing with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) and sequencing. The data collected revealed no risk factors for HPV infection in these 76 women. HPV prevalence of 9.2 and 5.3% was found in cervical and oral mucosa, respectively. Concurrent infections by discordant types were detected in one case only. Sequencing procedures allowed us to detect a new putative HPV 17 subtype from the Betapapillomavirus genus. Our results support the view that cervical and oral HPV infections are independent events. The observed low prevalence of both oral and cervical HPV infections could be associated with attendance in a healthcare program.

Virus papiloma humano y Chlamydia trachomatis según número de parejas sexuales y tiempo de actividad sexual en estudiantes universitarias en la Región de La Araucanía, Chile / Human papilloma virus and Chlamydia trachomatis by number of sexual partners and time of sexual activity on university students in the Region of La Araucanía, Chile

Introducción: El virus papiloma humano (VPH) y Chlamydia trachomatis son las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) más frecuentes, en adolescentes y jóvenes, con factores de riesgo: vida sexual activa y múltiples parejas. Chlamydia trachomatis puede favorecer el ingreso de VPH y éste el desarrollo del cáncer cérvico uterino. Ambas infecciones pueden dejar secuelas en la salud sexual y reproductiva. Objetivo: Determinar frecuencias VPH y C trachomatis en estudiantes universitarias asinto-máticas bajo 25 años, asociándolas con número de parejas sexuales (n°PSx) y tiempo de actividad sexual (TASx). Material y Método: Se procesaron 151 muestras/exo y endo cervicales para VPH y C. trachomatis, mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena convencional y en tiempo real. Resultados: La frecuencia fue: VPH 21,8%, C. trachomatis 11,2% y co-infección 4,6%. De las jóvenes con infección por VPH, 80,6% presentó VPH alto riesgo oncogénico. El n°PSx se asoció fuertemente a VPH. Entre las jóvenes con co-infección VPH/C. trachomatis, 71,4% tenían tres o más PSx. Según TASx, C. trachomatis fue más frecuente (64,7%) entre 3-5 años que VPH. Conclusión: Se observó alta prevalencia de VPH y C trachomatis. Mujeres jóvenes con co-infección VPH/C. trachomatis podrían ser un grupo de alto riesgo con necesidad de mo-nitorear sus infecciones. Es sugerida la implementación de programas universitarios en educación, orientación y prevención en ITS.

Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among teenagers and young people, with risk factors: active sex life and multiple partners. Chlamydia trachomatis infection may favor HPV infection and this, the development of cervical cancer. Both infections can lead to consequences on sexual and reproductive health. Objective: To determine frequency of HPV and C. trachomatis in asymptomatic university women less than 25 years, associating them with number of sexual partners (n°SxP) and time of sexual activity (TSxA). Material andMethods: 151 cervical samples for HPV and C. trachomatis, were processed by conventional and in real time reaction polymerase chain. Results: HPV 21, 8%, C. trachomatis 11, 2% and co-infection (HPV/C.trachomatis), 4.6%. Aimong HPV +, 80, 6% showed high risk HPV. The n°SxP was strongly associated with HPV. Aimong young coinfected HPV/C. trachomatis, 71.4% had 3 or more PSx. Chlamydia trachomatis was more frequent (64,7%) that HPV within range of 3-5 years according to the TSxA, Discussion: A high prevalence of HPV and C. trachomatis was observed. Young women with coinfection HPV/C. trachomatis could be a high-risk group need to monitor their infections. It suggests the implementation of university programs in education, counseling and prevention in sexual health.

Genotypes distribution of human papillomavirus in cervical samples of Ecuadorian women / Distribuição dos genótipos de papilomavírus humano em amostras de colo do útero de mulheres equatorianas

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered a necessary causative agent for developing oropharyngeal, anal and cervical cancer. Among women in Ecuadorian population, cervical cancer ranks as the second most common gynecological cancer. Not many studies about HPV burden have been published in Ecuador, and genotypes distribution has not been established yet. The little data available suggest the presence of other genotypes different than 16 and 18. Objectives: In the present study, we attempt to estimate the prevalence of HPV 16, HPV 18 and other 35 genotypes among Ecuadorian women undergoing cervical cancer screening. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was also estimated. Methods: Routine cervical samples were analyzed using Linear Array(r) HPV Genotyping test (Roche). Results: A total of 1,581 cervical samples obtained from Ecuadorian women undergoing cervical cancer screening were included in this study. HPV DNA was detected in 689 cervical samples (43.58%). Of these samples, 604 (38.20%) were positive for a single HPV genotype, while another 85 (5.37%) samples were positive for multiple HPV types. Genotype 16 (5.50%) resulted in the most frequently detected type in both single and multiple infections. HPV 33 (4.55%) and HPV 11 (3.80%) occupied the second and the third place in frequency among all detected genotypes. Conclusions: Viral genotypes different from HPV 16 and HPV 18 are frequently detected among Ecuadorian women. The overall prevalence of HPV resulted higher than the one reported in other South American countries with a greater burden in the second and third decades of life.

RESUMO: Introdução: O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é considerado agente causador necessário para o desenvolvimento de câncer da orofaringe, do colo do útero e anal. Na população feminina do Equador, o câncer de colo do útero é o segundo câncer ginecológico mais comum. No Equador, o número de estudos publicados sobre o HPV é pequeno, e a distribuição de genótipos ainda não foi estabelecida. Os dados limitados sugerem a presença de outros genótipos diferentes dos tipos 16 e 18. Objetivos: No presente estudo, foi estimada a prevalência de HPV 16, HPV 18 e outros 35 genótipos entre as mulheres equatorianas submetidas ao exame de rastreamento para câncer do colo do útero. Métodos: Amostras cervicais de rotina foram analisadas pelo (método) Linear Array(r) VPH (Roche). Resultados: Foram incluídas neste estudo 1.581 amostras cervicais de mulheres equatorianas. O HPV foi detectado em 689 (43,58%) amostras cervicais. Destas, 604 (38,20%) foram positivas para somente um genótipo de HPV, enquanto 85 (5.37%) amostras foram positivas para vários tipos. O genótipo 16 (5,50%) foi a variante mais frequentemente detectada nos casos com infecção única ou múltipla. HPV 33 (4,55%) e HPV 11 (3,80%) ficaram, respectivamente, em segundo e terceiro lugar em frequência entre todos os genótipos detectados. Conclusões: Outros genótipos virais de alto risco diferentes do que HPV 16 e HPV 18 são frequentemente detectados entre as mulheres equatorianas. A prevalência global de infecção cervical pelo HPV foi maior do que a observada em outros países da América do Sul.

Detection of human papillomavirus in dental biofilm and the uterine cervix of a pregnant adolescent / Detecção do papilomavírus humano em biofilme dental e no colo uterino de uma adolescente grávida

CONTEXT: Adolescence and pregnancy are considered to be risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The relationship between this infection in the uterine cervix and oral HPV infection is controversial. CASE REPORT: This report describes a case of a pregnant 16-year-old adolescent who presented HPV infection in the uterine cervix and the mouth. Smears were collected from the cervix and the tongue/palate. Dental biofilm samples were also collected. The microarray technique was used to detect HPV. The HPV 56 subtype was observed in the cervical smear and HPV 6 in dental biofilm. CONCLUSION: In this pregnant adolescent, HPV infection was present in both the cervix and the mouth, but the HPV subtypes infecting these two areas were different.

CONTEXTO: A adolescência e a gestação são consideradas fatores de risco para a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV). A relação entre essa infecção no colo do útero e na boca num mesmo paciente é controversa. RELATO DE CASO: Descrever o caso de uma adolescente grávida de 16 anos que apresentou a infecção pelo HPV no colo do útero e na boca. Esfregaços foram realizados no colo do útero e em língua/palato. Amostras de biofilme dental também foram coletadas. Para detectar o HPV, foi utilizada a técnica do microarranjo. O HPV 56 foi o subtipo encontrado no esfregaço cervical e o tipo HPV 6 no biofilme dental. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos, nessa adolescente grávida, a presença do HPV na boca e no colo do útero, mas os subtipos virais que infectavam essas duas regiões eram distintos.

Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus by cobas 4800 HPV test in urban Peru

Background: Molecular tests allow the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus in cervical samples, playing an important role in the prevention of cervical cancer. Objectives: We performed a study to determine the prevalence of HPV 16, HPV 18 and other high-risk human papillomavirus (pool 12 genotypes) in Peruvian females from diverse urban areas using the cobas 4800 HPV test. Methods: Routine cervical samples collected in our laboratory were analyzed by cobas 4800 HPV test. Results: A total of 2247 samples from female patients aged 17–79 years were tested. high-risk human papillomavirus was positive in 775 (34.49%) samples. Of these, 641 (82.71%) were single infections and 134 (17.29%) were multiple infections. The positivity rates for HPV 16, HPV 18, and other high-risk human papillomavirus were 10.77%, 2.0%, and 28.08%, respectively. In multiple high-risk human papillomavirus infections, the concomitance of HPV 16 and other high-risk human papillomavirus was more prevalent (13.42%). Conclusion: Our study showed high prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in urban Peru, mainly among young women. In both single and multiple infections other high-risk human papillomavirus were more prevalent than HPV 16 and HPV 18, which might influence vaccine impact in our country. Furthermore, the cobas 4800 HPV test may be considered a useful tool for HPV molecular diagnosis. .

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection, distribution of viral types and risk factors in cervical samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive women attending three human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome reference centres in northeastern Brazil

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients have a greater prevalence of coinfection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is of high oncogenic risk. Indeed, the presence of the virus favours intraepithelial squamous cell lesion progression and may induce cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPV infection, distribution of HPV types and risk factors among HIV-positive patients. Cervical samples from 450 HIV-positive patients were analysed with regard to oncotic cytology, colposcopy and HPV presence and type by means of polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The results were analysed by comparing demographic data and data relating to HPV and HIV infection. The prevalence of HPV was 47.5%. Among the HPV-positive samples, 59% included viral types of high oncogenic risk. Multivariate analysis showed an association between HPV infection and the presence of cytological alterations (p = 0.003), age greater than or equal to 35 years (p = 0.002), number of partners greater than three (p = 0.002), CD4+ lymphocyte count < 200/mm3 (p = 0.041) and alcohol abuse (p = 0.004). Although high-risk HPV was present in the majority of the lesions studied, the low frequency of HPV 16 (3.3%), low occurrence of cervical lesions and preserved immunological state in most of the HIV-positive patients were factors that may explain the low occurrence of precancerous cervical lesions in this population.

High incidence of oncogenic HPV genotypes found in women from Southern Brazil

Oncogenic HPV genotypes are strongly associated with premalignant and malignant cervical lesion. The purpose was to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotypes, and to estimate cervical cancer risk factor associations. Cervical samples were obtained from 251 women seeking gynecological care at the Pelotas School of Medicine Clinic. This is a cross-sectional study. HPV-DNA was amplified by nested-PCR using MY09/11 and GP5/6 primers, and the sequencing was used for genotyping. Sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors were obtained by closed questionnaire, and its relationship to HPV infection prevalence were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software, and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. As results, the prevalence of HPV infection was 29.9%. The most frequent genotype was HPV-16 (41.3%), followed by HPV-18 (17.3%), and HPV-33 (9.3%). Others nine HPV genotypes were also found. On this population, prevalence of oncogenic HPV genotypes was high, but does not seem to confer relationship with the risk factors investigated. Future investigations in larger populations are necessary, for the proposition of more appropriated monitoring strategies and treatment according to the Brazilian health service reality, as well as patients.

Good agreements between self and clinician-collected specimens for the detection of human papillomavirus in Brazilian patients

Women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) are at a higher risk of developing cervical lesions. In the current study, self and clinician-collected vaginal and cervical samples from women were processed to detect HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with PGMY09/11 primers. HPV genotypes were determined using type-specific PCR. HPV DNA detection showed good concordance between self and clinician-collected samples (84.6%; kappa = 0.72). HPV infection was found in 30% women and genotyping was more concordant among high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) than low-risk HPV (HR-HPV). HPV16 was the most frequently detected among the HR-HPV types. LR-HPV was detected at a higher frequency in self-collected; however, HR-HPV types were more frequently identified in clinician-collected samples than in self-collected samples. HPV infections of multiple types were detected in 20.5% of clinician-collected samples and 15.5% of self-collected samples. In this study, we demonstrated that the HPV DNA detection rate in self-collected samples has good agreement with that of clinician-collected samples. Self-collected sampling, as a primary prevention strategy in countries with few resources, could be effective for identifying cases of HR-HPV, being more acceptable. The use of this method would enhance the coverage of screening programs for cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus detection in cervical scrapes from women attended in the Family Health Program / Detecção do papilomavírus humano em citologias cervicais de mulheres atendidas no Programa Saúde da Família / Detección del papilomavirus humano en citologías cervicales de mujeres atendidas en el Programa de Salud de la Familia

OBJECTIVES: to survey the prevalence of human papillomavirus, associated risk factors and genotype distribution in women who were referred to cervical cancer screening when attended in a Family Health Program. METHOD: we conducted a cross-sectional survey, investigating 351 women. Polymerase chain reaction for DNA amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were used to detect and typify the papillomavirus. RESULTS: virus infection was detected in 8.8% of the samples. Among the 21 different genotypes identified in this study, 14 were high risk for cervical cancer, and the type 16 was the most prevalent type. The infection was associated with women who had non-stable sexual partners. Low risk types were associated with younger women, while the high risk group was linked to altered cytology. CONCLUSION: in this sample attended a Family Health Program, we found a low rate of papillomavirus infection. Virus frequency was associated to sexual behavior. However, the broad range of genotypes detected deserves attention regarding the vaccine coverage, which includes only HPV prevalent types. .

OBJETIVOS: identificar a prevalência do papilomavírus humano, os fatores de risco associados e a distribuição dos genótipos nas mulheres referenciadas para rastreamento do câncer cervical, durante o atendimento no Programa de Saúde da Família. MÉTODO: foi realizado levantamento de corte transversal com 351 mulheres. A amplificação do DNA por reação da cadeia da polimerase e a análise do polimorfismo de fragmentos de restrição foram aplicadas para detectar e tipificar o papilomavírus. RESULTADOS: a infecção pelo vírus foi detectada em 8,8% das amostras. Entre os 21 genótipos diferentes identificados neste estudo, 14 foram de alto risco para o câncer cervical, e o tipo 16 foi o mais prevalente. A infecção foi associada a mulheres com parceiros sexuais diversos. Os tipos de baixo risco foram associados com mulheres mais novas, enquanto o grupo de alto risco foi vinculado a alterações citológicas. CONCLUSÃO: nesta amostra, atendida por um Programa de Saúde da Família, encontraram-se níveis baixos de infecção pelo papilomavírus. Foi detectada, também, associação entre a frequência do vírus e o comportamento sexual. Porém, a grande variedade de genótipos detectados merece atenção relacionada à cobertura vacinal, que abrange somente tipos prevalentes de HPV. .

OBJETIVOS: identificar la prevalencia del papilomavirus humano, los factores de riesgo asociados y la distribución de los genotipos en las mujeres referenciadas para rastreo del cáncer cervical durante la atención en el Programa de Salud de la Familia. MÉTODO: fue efectuado un levantamiento trasversal con 351 mujeres. La amplificación del DNA por reacción de la cadena de la polimerasa y el análisis del polimorfismo de fragmentos de restricción fueron aplicadas para detectar y tipificar el papilomavirus. RESULTADOS: la infección por el virus fue detectada en el 8,8% de las muestras. Entre los 21 genotipos diferentes identificados en este estudio, 14 fueron de alto riesgo para el cáncer cervical, y el tipo 16 fue el más prevalente. La infección fue asociada con mujeres con parejas sexuales diversas. Los tipos de bajo riesgo fueron asociados con mujeres más nuevas, mientras el grupo de alto riesgo fue simplemente vinculado a alteraciones citológicas. CONCLUSIÓN: en esta muestra atendida por un Programa de Salud de la Familia, encontramos niveles bajos de infección por el papilomavirus. Fue encontrada una asociación entre la frecuencia del virus y el comportamiento sexual. Sin embargo, la gran variedad de genotipos detectados merece atención relacionada a la cobertura de vacunación, que abarca solamente tipos prevalentes de HPV. .

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Genotype Distribution among HIV-Infected Women in Korea

The epidemiology on human papillomavirus (HPV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in Korea is not well established. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among HIV-infected women in Korea. HPV DNA genotype and cervical cytology were examined in 60 HIV-positive women and 1,938 HIV-negative women. HPV genotypes were analyzed by using a HPV DNA chip. HIV-infected women had higher prevalence of high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection (30% vs 4.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.63-13.34, P<0.001) and abnormal cervical cytology (18.3% vs 1.8%, AOR, 10.94; 95% CI, 5.18-23.1, P<0.001) compared with controls. The most common hr-HPV genotype detected in HIV-infected women was HPV 16 (10%), followed by 18 (6.7%) and 52 (5%). Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-preventable types (HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18) was 21.7% and 2.3% in HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women, respectively. Age was a significant risk factor for hr-HPV infection in HIV-infected women (P=0.039). The presence of hr-HPV was significantly associated with abnormal cervical cytology (P<0.001). These findings suggest that HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in HIV-infected women would be necessary, particularly among young age group.

The impact of glucocorticoids and anti-cd20 therapy on cervical human papillomavirus infection risk in women with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with cervical human papillomavirus infection in women with systemic lupus erythematosus METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected traditional and systemic lupus erythematosus-related disease risk factors, including conventional and biologic therapies. A gynecological evaluation and cervical cytology screen were performed. Human papillomavirus detection and genotyping were undertaken by PCR and linear array assay. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included, with a mean age and disease duration of 42.5±11.8 years and 9.7±5.3 years, respectively. The prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions was 6.8%. The prevalence of human papillomavirus infection was 29%, with human papillomavirus subtype 59 being the most frequent. Patients with human papillomavirus were younger than those without the infection (38.2±11.2 vs. 44.2±11.5 years, respectively; p = 0.05), and patients with the virus had higher daily prednisone doses (12.8±6.8 vs. 9.7±6.7 mg, respectively; p = 0.01) and cumulative glucocorticoid doses (14.2±9.8 vs. 9.7±7.3 g, respectively; p = 0.005) compared with patients without. Patients with human papillomavirus infection more frequently received rituximab than those without (20.9% vs. 8.5%, respectively; p = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis, only the cumulative glucocorticoid dose was associated with human papillomavirus infection. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative glucocorticoid dose may increase the risk of human papillomavirus infection. Although rituximab administration was more frequent in patients with human papillomavirus infection, no association was found. Screening for human papillomavirus infection is recommended in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. .

Genital human papillomaviruses among women of reproductive age in Jamaica / Virus de los papilomas humanos genitales en mujeres en edad reproductiva de Jamaica

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the prevalence and distribution of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types among women in Jamaica, and to explore risk factors associated with HPV infection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that took place in April-July 2010 with 852 sexually-active women, 16-49 years of age, who had attended a selected public or private primary health clinic in one of Jamaica's four health authority regions. Sociodemographic data was collected from each participant by trained study staff. Each participant had a gynecological examination that included a clinical Pap test and a cervical sample for HPV detection and typing-performed using the Research Use Only Linear Array (LA) genotyping assay (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States). Overall and type-specific prevalence of HPV infection was calculated for 37 HPV types included in the LA genotyping assay. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 460 of the 852 women (54.0%). Oncogenic HPV was detected in 297 women (34.9%) and HPV types 16/18 were found in 86 women (10.1%). The most frequently occurring HPV types were: 16 (6.2%); 35 (6.0%); 62 and 83 (5.5%); 61 and 58 (5.4%); 84 (4.7%); 18 (4.3%); and, 66 and 81 (4.2%). HPV prevalence was highest among women who were single, young (16-19 years), and had had more than three sexual partners in their lifetime. CONCLUSIONS: These results, coupled with high rates of cervical cancer, support introducing HPV vaccines while maintaining and strengthening cervical cancer screening services. Policy decisionmaking that reflects these results is instrumental to establishing a comprehensive cervical cancer program in Jamaica.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y la distribución de los tipos de virus de los papilomas humanos (VPH) genitales en las mujeres de Jamaica y explorar los factores de riesgo asociados con la infección por VPH. MÉTODOS: Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo de abril a julio del 2010. Participaron 852 mujeres sexualmente activas, de 16 a 49 años de edad, que acudieron a uno de los consultorios públicos o privados de atención primaria seleccionados en cada una de las cuatro autoridades sanitarias regionales de Jamaica. Personal capacitado del estudio recopiló datos sociodemográficos de cada participante. Todas las participantes fueron sometidas a un examen ginecológico que comprendía una prueba clínica de Papanicolaou y la obtención de una muestra del cuello uterino a efectos de detectar y tipificarlos VPH mediante la prueba de genotipado Linear Array (LA) (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianápolis, Indiana, Estados Unidos), de uso exclusivo en investigación. Se calcularon las prevalencias global y específica de tipo de la infección por VPH para los 37 tipos de VPH incluidos en la prueba de genotipado LA. RESULTADOS: Se detectó ADN de VPH en 460 de las 852 mujeres (54,0%). Se detectaron VPH oncógenos en 297 mujeres (34,9%), y VPH de los tipos 16 y 18 en 86 mujeres (10,1%). Los tipos de VPH detectados con mayor frecuencia fueron 16 (6,2%), 35 (6,0%), 62 y 83 (5,5%), 61 y 58 (5,4%), 84 (4,7%), 18 (4,3%), y 66 y 81 (4,2%). La prevalencia de VPH fue más elevada en mujeres solteras, jóvenes (de 16 a 19 años) y que habían tenido más de tres compañeros sexuales en sus vidas. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados, junto a las elevadas tasas de cáncer cervicouterino, fundamentan la introducción de las vacunas contra el VPH al tiempo que se mantienen y refuerzan los servicios de tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino. Las decisiones políticas que se adopten como consecuencia de estos resultados serán determinantes para establecer un programa integral contra el cáncer cervicouterino en Jamaica.

Correlación cito-colpo-histológica de lesiones causadas por el virus del papiloma humano (HPV) y la utilidad de la técnica de PCR para determinar la infección por HPV / Correlation of cyto-colpo-histology in human papillomaviruses (HPV) lesions and the use of PCR technique in determining HPV infection

Introducción: El cáncer de cuello uterino es una patología prevalente más aun en países sub-desarrollados y existe una relación causal entre la infección persistente con algún tipo oncogénico de HPV y el desarrollo de dicha neoplasia.Se cuenta con un estudio de screening mundialmente aceptado y que también previene el carcinoma cervical que es el Papanicolaou y colposcopia, y en los últimos años se han incorporado estudios de biología molecular para el estudio del ADN viral.Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron a 60 pacientes. Se tomo como método gold standard a la biopsia de cuello uterino y a 29 pacientes se les realizo PCR para identificar ADN-HPV. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue de 30,95 años con mayor cantidad de pacientes en el rango etareo de 21-25 años. Resultados: El 70% tuvo citología negativa y 48 pacientes tuvieron biopsia positiva, 16 con resultado positivo de PCR. Obtuvimos una alta especificidad el Papanicolaou con respecto a la biopsia (90%), no así en comparación con el test de PCR (S=56% E=50%) debido al número pequeño de pacientes que se sometieron a este estudio. Discusión: Las mujeres menores de 30 años son las que más chances tienen de contraer la infección, no así de desarrollar la enfermedad debido a la historia natural de la misma, por lo que aconsejamos continuar con el screening regular de Papanicolaou/colposcopia e introducir con lapsos de 3 años o más en mujeres mayores a 30 años los estudios de biología molecular.Conclusiones: Se espera poder contar con mayores estrategias que nos permitan usar los beneficios de los test ADN-HPV sin sobre tratar a mujeres que probablemente atraviesan por una infección transitoria.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a prevalent pathology, especially in underdeveloped countries, and there is a causal relationship between persistent infection with some type of oncogenic HPVs and the development of said neoplasia. There are two universally-accepted screening studies which also prevent cervical cancer, i.e. Pap smear and colposcopy, and, in the last few years some molecular biology studies have been adopted for the study of viral DNA. Material and methods: 60 patients were studied. Cervical biopsy was the gold standard method used and 29 patients were tested using the PCR technique to identify HPV-DNA. Patients' average age was 30.95, most of whom belonged to the 21-25 years old age span. Results: 70% of patients had negative cytology test and 48 patients obtained positive biopsy results, 16 had positive results in the PCR test. The Pap smear specificity was higher as regards the biopsy (90%), unlike the PCR test (S=56% E=50%) due to the small number of patients that underwent this study. Discussion: Women younger than 30 years old have more chances of infection, but no of developing the disease considering its natural history. Therefore, we recommend continuing with the Pap smear/colposcopy regular screening and introducing molecular biology studies in women older than 30 years old, every 3 years or more.Conclusions: We hope to have more strategies available which enable the use of HPV-DNA test benefits, without overtreating patients who are probably suffering from a transitory infection.

Human papillomavirus risk factors for infection and genotype distribution in aboriginal women from Northern Argentina / Virus papiloma humano (hpv) en mujeres de la etnia Pilagá del nordeste argentino: Factores de riesgo de infección y distribución de tipos virales

The mortality rate for cervical cancer (CC) in Northern Argentina is three times higher than the average for the country (7.8 deaths/100 000 women). We determined the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 227 sexually active women of the native Pilagá community in Formosa, Argentina. We also conducted an HPV-16 variant analysis and studied several community factors that might play a role in viral entry and infection. Endo- and exocervical samples were tested for HPV DNA with MY09/11-PCR or with GP5+/6+-PCR. HPV was detected in 46.7% of the samples and 21 different types were found; the most frequent being HPV-16 (19.4%), -6 and -18 (5.3%), -58 (3.5%) and -31 and -33 (3.1%). In relation to HPV-16 variants, 68.2% were European and 31.8% Asian-American. Among the cofactors analyzed only disposal of human excreta to the open air (P=0.01) was significantly associated with HPV infection. Our prevalence estimates clearly show that Pilagá women are highly exposed to or infected with high risk HPV types and therefore are at a high risk of developing precancerous lesions and eventually CC at the population level.

La tasa de mortalidad por cáncer cervical (CC) en la región norte de la Argentina es tres veces más alta que la media del país (7.8 muertes/100 000 mujeres). En el presente trabajo se determinó la prevalencia de infección por virus papiloma humano (VPH) y la distribución y frecuencia de los genotipos en 227 mujeres sexualmente activas de la etnia aborigen Pilagá (Formosa, Argentina). También se realizó un análisis de las variantes intratípicas de VPH-16 presentes en la comunidad y se analizaron diversos factores socioculturales que podrían tener algún rol destacado en la transmisión de la infección viral. Se estudiaron muestras de células endo-exocervicales mediante PCR basadas en los cebadores MY09/11 y GP5+/6+ con posterior restricción enzimática y/o hibridación dot-blot. La infección por VPH fue detectada en el 46.7% de las mujeres analizadas. Fueron identificados 21 genotipos, de los cuales los más frecuentes fueron HPV-16 (19.4%), -6 y -18 (5.3%), -58 (3.5%) y -31 y -33 (3.1%). Respecto al HPV-16, se encontraron 68.2% de variantes europeas y 31.8% de asiático-americanas. Entre los cofactores analizados, solo la disposición de excretas al aire libre estuvo significativamente asociada con la infección por VPH (P = 0.01). Los datos obtenidos reflejan que la comunidad Pilagá está altamente expuesta a las infecciones por genotipos de alto riesgo de VPH, lo cual puede estar asociado a una alta incidencia de lesiones cervicales preneoplásicas y neoplásicas.

Detecção de Citomegalovírus Humano e Herpesvírus Simples tipo 2 em amostras cervicais / Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 in cervical sample

OBJETIVO: Testar a presença de DNA de Citomegalovírus Humano (HCMV) e Herpesvírus Simples tipo 2 (HSV-2) em amostras cervicais de mulheres atendidas em um serviço de atenção primária à saúde no município de Coari, Amazonas, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 361 mulheres sexualmente ativas, variando entre 18 e 78 anos, atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde para exame ginecológico de rotina. As amostras cervicais foram coletadas por meio de escova endocervical. A detecção dos vírus deu-se por meio de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das mulheres participantes foi de 36,4 anos (desvio-padrão (DP)=13,4). Foi encontrado DNA de HCMV em amostras cervicais de 30 mulheres (8,3%; IC95% 5,8 - 11,8) e de HSV-2 em 2 mulheres (0,6%; IC95% 0,1 - 2,2). Duas mulheres relataram ser portadoras do HIV, estando uma delas infectada com o HCMV. Não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre a infecção pelos patógenos estudados e as variáveis socioeconômicas, clínicas e comportamentais. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de infecção pelo HCMV encontrada na amostra estudada chama a atenção para a necessidade do rastreio desse vírus na gestação e da vigilância nos pacientes imunocomprometidos. A baixa prevalência do HSV-2 deve-se provavelmente ao fato de a amostra cervical não ser adequada para este tipo de estudo por causa das características da biologia viral relacionadas à neurolatência.

PURPOSE: To detect the presence of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA in cervical samples from women assisted in a primary health care clinic in the city of Coari, Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: Participated in this study 361 sexually active women between 18 and 78 years. They were been assisted in a Basic Health Care Clinic for routine gynecological exam. The cervical samples were collected using endocervical brush. The viruses were detected using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. RESULTS: Mean age was 36.4 years (standard deviation (SD)=13.4). HCMV DNA was found in cervical samples from 30 women (8.3%; IC95% 5.8 - 11.8) and HSV 2 DNA in 2 women (0.6%; IC95% 0.1 - 2.2). Two women related being HIV positive, one of them infected with HCMV. There were no statistically significant associations between infections by the pathogens studied and socioeconomic, clinical or behavioral variables. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of the HCMV infection found in the sample points to the need for screening of the virus during pregnancy and surveillance in immunocompromised patients. The low prevalence of HSV-2 found is probably due to the fact that cervical sampling is not appropriate for this type of study because of the characteristics of viral biology related to neurovirulence.