¿Será realmente una verdadera comunicación interventricular? / Could it really be a true ventricular septal defect?

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital defects. It has a wide variety of clinical spectrum of presentation depending on the location and size of the defect. Generally, small restrictive VSDs present spontaneous closure during follow-up. A clinical case is presented with suspected persistent perimembranous VSD, with described intraoperative anatomical findings of aneurysmal cribriform membrane, ruling out VSD.

La comunicación interventricular (CIV) es uno de los defectos congénitos más comunes. Tiene una amplia variedad de espectro clínico de presentación dependiendo de la localización y tamaño del defecto. Por lo general, en los CIV restrictivos pequeños presentan un cierre espontáneo durante el seguimiento. Se presenta un caso clínico con sospecha de CIV perimembranosa persistente, con hallazgos anatómicos intraoperatorios descritos de membrana cribiforme aneurismática descartandose CIV.

Retiro de dispositivo de oclusión septal transcateterismo en una paciente con comunicación interventricular / Removal of Transcatheter Septal Occlusion Device in a Patient with Ventricular Septal Defect

Introducción: Las complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento de colocación de un dispositivo de oclusión septal se presentan en menos del 10 por ciento de los casos. La embolización requiere de cirugía cardíaca, por lo que se incrementa el riesgo de la mortalidad. Objetivo: Presentar el caso en una paciente con comunicación interventricular e hipertensión pulmonar severa que se le retiró el dispositivo de oclusión septal transcateterismo. Presentación de caso: Se presentó una mujer de 24 años de edad con comunicación interventricular, insuficiencia cardíaca (New York Heart Association) clase IV e hipertensión pulmonar tipo 2, que se programó para la colocación de dispositivo de oclusión septal, sin embargo, presentó fallo en la colocación del dispositivo y defecto residual de 7 mm, por lo que se realizó el retiro de este 48 h después sin presentar complicaciones. Conclusiones: Aunque el cierre transcateterismo de la comunicación interventricular es una alternativa segura y efectiva a la cirugía, no está exento de complicaciones. En caso de translocación del dispositivo de oclusión septal este debe ser retirado durante el mismo procedimiento, ya que el riesgo de embolización es elevado y en caso de presentarse, el riesgo de muerte se incrementa(AU)

Introduction: Complications associated with the placement procedure of a septal occlusion device occur in less than 10percent of cases. Embolization requires cardiac surgery, which increases the risk of mortality. Objective: To report the case of a patient with ventricular septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension who had the transcatheter septal occlusion device removed. Case report: We report the case report of a 24-year-old woman with ventricular septal defect, heart failure (New York Heart Association) class IV and type 2 pulmonary hypertension. She was scheduled for placement of a septal occlusion device, however, the placement of the device failed and had a residual defect of 7 mm, so the placement was removed 48 hours later without complications. Conclusions: Although transcatheter closure of the ventricular septal defect is a safe and effective alternative to surgery, it is not free of complications. In case of translocation of the septal occlusion device, it must be removed during the same procedure, since the risk of embolization is high and if it occurs, the risk of death increases(AU)

Analysis on echocardiographic data of fetal heart defects at high altitude in Yunnan province and surrounding high altitude areas / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the current situation of fetal heart defects in Yunnan Province and surrounding high altitude areas and the social factors affecting pregnancy outcome. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Pregnant woman who underwent fetal echocardiography and diagnosed as fetal cardiac defects in Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital from June 2017 to January 2021 were included. According to the clinical prognostic risk scoring system and grading criteria of fetal cardiac birth defects, the cases were divided into grade Ⅰ to Ⅳ. The disease distribution and proportion of each prognostic grade, pregnancy outcomes were analyzed and compared. The cases were divided into continued pregnancy group and terminated pregnancy group according to pregnancy outcome. The social factors that may affect the selection of pregnancy outcomes were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 4 929 fetal echocardiography examination data were collected, and 4 464 cases (90.57%) were from Yunnan Province and surrounding high altitude areas. 2 166 cases of heart defects were finally analyzed, including 998 cases of congenital heart disease (CHD), 93 cases of cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, 1 075 cases of foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus abnormalities and normal variations. The pregnant women were (29.2±5.0) years old with (25.6±3.8) gestational weeks. The number of cases with prognostic grade from Ⅰ to Ⅳ was 1 037 (47.88%), 620 (28.62%), 314 (14.50%), and 44 (2.03%), respectively. And 151 cases (6.97%) were not classified. The cases of normal variation and thin aortic arch development accounted for 42.66% (924/2 166), 5.22% (113/2 166), respectively. The top 3 diseases of grade Ⅱ were ventricular septal defect, coarctation of aorta and mild-moderate pulmonary stenosis, respectively, and their distribution was 11.63% (252/2 166), 3.92% (85/2 166) and 2.35% (51/2 166) respectively in all cases of heart defects, and 25.25% (252/998), 8.52% (85/998) and 5.11% (51/998) respectively in cases of CHD. Among the cases rated as grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ, most of them were complicated congenital heart disease, and the disease types are scattered. The more common cases in grade Ⅲ were complete transposition of great arteries (accounting for 2.40% (52/2 166) of all cases with heart defects, 5.21% (52/998) of all cases with CHD) and pulmonary artery occlusion (type Ⅰ to Ⅲ) with ventricular septal defect (accounting for 2.17% (47/2 166) of all cases with heart defects, and 4.71% (47/998) of all cases with CHD). In grade Ⅳ, single ventricle (0.74% (16/2 166) of all cases with heart defects, 1.60% (16/998) of all cases with CHD) and left ventricular dysplasia syndrome (0.65% (14/2 166) of all cases with heart defects, 1.40% (14/998) of all cases with CHD) are more common. A total of 1 084 cases were successfully followed up, and 675 cases were born, 392 cases were terminated, spontaneous abortion occurred in 17 cases. The proportion of terminated pregnancy cases was significantly increased from grade Ⅰ to Ⅳ, accounting for 5.24% (21/401), 27.78% (70/252), 89.54% (214/239) and 95.56% (43/45), respectively. Among the terminated pregnancy cases, those with grade Ⅲ accounted for the highest proportion (54.59% (214/392)). The distribution of terminated pregnancy cases was mainly complex congenital malformations or diseases with very poor prognosis (pregnancy outcome grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ), and proportion of terminated pregnancy with pregnancy outcome grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ cases (normal variation or good prognosis) accounted for 5.36% (21/392) and 17.86% (70/392), respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pregnant women with low education (high school and below: OR=2.73, 95%CI 1.26-5.93, P<0.001; illiteracy: OR=3.27, 95%CI 1.29-7.10, P<0.001) and low family income (Annual income<100 000 yuan: OR=2.47, 95%CI 1.69-5.12, P<0.001) were more likely to choose termination of pregnancy in case of fetal heart defect. Conclusion: In Yunnan province and the surrounding high altitude areas, the disease distribution of fetal heart defect is mainly simple or low-risk disease, but the complex malformation, especially the disease with poor pregnancy outcome, accounts for a relative high proportion. Pregnancy termination also occurs in some cases with good pregnancy outcome. The education level and family income of pregnant women may affect their choice of pregnancy outcome in case of fetal heart defect.

Outcomes of different types of pulmonary atresia in neonates treated by ductus arteriosus stenting / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To summarize the outcomes of different types of pulmonary atresia in neonates treated by ductus arteriosus stenting. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 19 neonates who had pulmonary atresia treated by ductus arteriosus stenting in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2014 to June 2021 were included. They were divided into the intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) group and the ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD) group. Ductus arteriosus stents were implanted by different approaches. These children were followed up regularly at the 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the surgery and annually since then to evaluate the outcome. Independent sample t-test was used for the statistical analysis. Results: There were 12 children in PA-IVS group and 7 in PA-VSD group. All of them were full term in fants. The gestational age of the PA-IVS group and the PA-VSD group was (38.8±1.1) and (37.7±1.8) weeks, the birth weights were (3.2±0.4) and (3.4±1.1) kg, and the age at operation was (10±9) and (12±7) days, respectively, without significant difference (all P>0.05). Among the 12 children with PA-IVS, 9 had stents successfully implanted through the femoral artery and 3 through the femoral vein. Of the 7 children with PA-VSD, 2 had the stents successfully implanted via the femoral artery and 2 failed, and the remaining 3 had stents successfully implanted via the left carotid artery. There was no postoperative thromboembolism, arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm or other vascular complications. Five children with PA-VSD who had successful operations were followed up at 6 months of age. They all had the operation for pulmonary atresia, repair of the ventricular septal defect, removal of arterial duct stents, and ligation of the arterial duct. All children survived without any stent displacement or stenosis and biventricular circulation was achieved during the follow-up. Conclusions: Ductus arteriosous stenting can be the first-stage treatment for children with PA-IVS and PA-VSD. In addition to the traditional femoral vein and femoral artery approach, the carotid artery can be used as a route for stent placement.

Analysis of genome copy number variations in fetuses with isolated ventricular septal defect and a literature review / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the value of copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) for revealing the genetic etiology of fetuses with isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD).@*METHODS@#From December 2017 to December 2020, 69 fetuses with isolated VSD were identified at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Meanwhile, 839 similar prenatal cases were selected from public databases including Wanfang data, Wanfang Medicine, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) by using keywords such as "Ventricular septal defect", "Copy number variation", and "Prenatal". A total of 908 fetuses with isolated VSD were analyzed. CNV-seq was carried out for 69 fetuses.@*RESULTS@#Among the 908 fetuses, 33 (3.63%) were found to harbor pathogenic CNVs, which included 11 chromosomal aneuploidies (1.21%) and 22 pathogenic CNVs (2.42%). The pathogenic CNVs have involved 12 genetic syndromes, with those known to involve the heart development including 5 cases of 22q11.21 deletion syndrome, 2 cases of 4q terminal deletion syndrome, and 1 case of 9q subtelomere deletion syndrome. The outcome of pregnancies for 15 fetuses with pathogenic CNVs was known, of which 12 were terminated, and 3 had spontaneous closure of the ventricular septum after birth, but 1 of them had other abnormalities.@*CONCLUSION@#Fetuses with isolated VSD have a relatively high risk for chromosomal abnormalities, for which CNV-seq should be recommended.

Association of ventricular septal defect with rare variations of the HAND2 gene / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the association of ventricular septal defect (VSD) with rare variations in the promoter region of HAND2 gene, as well as related molecular mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Blood samples were collected from 349 children with VSD and 345 healthy controls. The target fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to identify the rare variation sites in the promoter region of the HAND2 gene. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to perform a functional analysis of the variation sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to investigate related molecular mechanisms. TRANSFAC and JASPAR databases were used to predict transcription factors.@*RESULTS@#Sequencing revealed that three variation sites (g.173530852A>G, g.173531173A>G, and g.173531213C>G) were only observed in the promoter region of the HAND2 gene in 10 children with VSD, among whom 4 children had only one variation site. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that g.173531213C>G reduced the transcriptional activity of the HAND2 gene promoter. EMSA and transcription factor prediction revealed that g.173531213C>G created a binding site for transcription factor.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The rare variation, g.173531213C>G, in the promoter region of the HAND2 gene participates in the development and progression of VSD possibly by affecting the binding of transcription factors.

Application Value of Plasma vWF and ADAMTS-13 in Evaluating Postoprative Vascular Endothelial Injury and Prognosis in Children with VSD / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To dynamically observe the levels and activities of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and ADAMTS-13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) in plasma of children with congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) during perioperative period, and explore the value of plasma vWF antigen (vWF:Ag) and ADAMTS-13 activity (ADAMTS-13: AC) in evaluating vascular endothelial injury and prognosis in children with VSD.@*METHODS@#In this cross-sectional study, a total of 74 children with VSD who underwent surgical treatment in TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital from September 2018 to March 2019 were enrolled in the observation group. Among them, there were 28 cases of pure VSD, 32 cases of VSD combined with pulmonary hypertension, and 14 cases of VSD combined with valvular heart disease. 31 healthy children who underwent physical examination in Tianjin Children's Hospital during the same period were collected as the control group. The biochemical indexes of the children at admission were recorded. Peripheral plasma was collected at admission, postsurgery day 0 and day 1, respectively, and the levels of vWF activity (vWF:AC), vWF:Ag, ADAMTS-13 antigen (ADAMTS-13:Ag) and ADAMTS-13:AC were detected.@*RESULTS@#The level of plasma vWF:Ag and vWF:AC in the observation group before surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001), and increased continuously, on postsurgery day 0 and day 1 (P<0.001). The level of ADAMTS-13:Ag in the observation group before surgery was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001), which decreased significantly on postsurgery day 0 (P<0.001), and increased significantly on postsurgery day 1 compared with postsurgery day 0 (P=0.033). The level of ADAMTS-13:AC in the observation group before surgery was significantly lower than that in the control group (P=0.015), which decreased significantly on postsurgery day 0 (P=0.037), and increased on postsurgery day 1, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.051). The changes of vWF and ADAMTS-13 in the three subgroups were basically similar to the observation group. vWF: Ag/ADAMTS-13: AC ratio on postsurgery day 0 and day 1 had high diagnostic value in vascular endothelial injury (AUC=0.80, P<0.001; AUC=0.93, P<0.001). Preoperative vWF and ADAMTS-13 levels, and related baseline indicators were not correlated with postoperative infection, bleeding, thrombosis,etc.@*CONCLUSION@#Preoperative vWF: Ag, vWF: AC and ADAMTS-13: AC levels in children with VSD are low, while the level of ADAMTS-13: Ag is high. After surgery, the levels of vWF: Ag and vWF: AC are increased and the level of ADAMTS-13: Ag is decreased. The postoperative vWF: Ag/ADAMTS-13: AC ratio shows high diagnostic value in evaluating vascular endothelial injury. There is no correlation between preoperative vWF and ADAMTS-13 levels with perioperative clinical events.

Syndrome of ventricular septal defect and aortic regurgitation - A 22-year review of its management

Abstract Introduction: The presence of aortic regurgitation (AR) in the setting of ventricular septal defect (VSD) has always been a management challenge. Methods: This is a retrospective study looking at patients who underwent VSD closure with or without aortic valve intervention between January 1st, 1992 and December 31st, 2014 at the Institute Jantung Negara. This study looked at all cases of VSD and AR, where AR was classified as mild, moderate, and severe, the intervention done in each of this grade, and the durability of that intervention. The interventions were classified as no intervention (NI), aortic valve repair (AVr), and aortic valve replacement (AVR). Results: A total of 261 patients were recruited into this study. Based on the various grades of AR, 105 patients had intervention to their aortic valve during VSD closure. The rest 156 had NI. All patients were followed up for a mean time of 13.9±3.5 years. Overall freedom from reoperation at 15 years was 82.6% for AVr. Various factors were investigated to decide on intervening on the aortic valve during VSD closure. Among those that were statistically significant were the grade of AR, size of VSD, age at intervention, and number of cusp prolapse. Conclusion: We can conclude from our study that all moderate and severe AR with small VSD in older patients with more than one cusp prolapse will need intervention to their aortic valve during the closure of VSD.

Late tricuspid regurgitation after percutaneous transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect: an educational presentation

Abstract Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects (VSD) is not out of complications. Late complications are rare, but important, and sometimes require surgical correction. Herein, we report a case of tricuspid regurgitation as a complication of transcatheter VSD closure. The patient underwent successful surgery. Postoperative course was satisfactory. Echocardiographic examination revealed well-functioning tricuspid valve. We present this case since valve regurgitation after transcatheter procedure requiring surgery is an uncommon but significant complication due to heart failure risk. Even in the absence of any clinical finding, post-procedural close follow-up is important for early diagnosis of the problem to prevent the aforementioned risk.

Hybrid transthoracic periventricular device closure of ventricular septal defects: single-center experience

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of hybrid transthoracic periventricular device closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in a single center. Methods: All patients who underwent hybrid transthoracic periventricular device closure of VSDs between January 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The preoperative, operative and postoperative findings and clinical follow-ups were reviewed. Results: A total of 59 patients underwent the procedure. Transesophageal echocardiographic guidance was used in all procedures. The procedure was successful in 57 procedures (97%). The procedures of two patients were changed to open-heart surgery during the same intervention due to severe aortic insufficiency (the device was not deployed) and significant residual shunt after device deployment. One major complication (1.7%) was observed after the procedure. The patient's device was dislodged within 12 hours after the procedure, and this patient underwent device extraction and VSD patch closure due to significant residual shunt. Eight (14%) minor complications were observed after the procedure, and three of them persisted during follow-up. Three of these eight complications were incomplete right bundle branch block, one of which resolved during follow-up; two were mild residual shunts, one of which resolved during follow-up; two were mild new-onset tricuspid valve insufficiencies; and one was mild new-onset mitral valve insufficiency; all valvular insufficiencies were resolved during follow-up. Conclusions: Hybrid transthoracic periventricular device closure of VSD seems to be a good alternative approach due to its procedural success and low risk rates. The best advantage of the procedure is the possibility of switching to open-heart surgery, if necessary.

Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica de crianças e adolescentes portadores de cardiopatia congênita / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease / Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de niños y adolescentes con cardiopatía congénita

Objetivo: Analisar características clínico-epidemiológicas de crianças portadoras de cardiopatia congênita residentes do município de Rio das Ostras referenciadas para unidades especializadas no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, transversal realizada em duas unidades hospitalares no município do Rio de Janeiro, através da técnica documental retrospectiva por meio de dados nos prontuários. A coleta ocorreu entre setembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Resultados: Foram analisados 48 prontuários, com maior proporção entre os escolares (33,3%); do sexo masculino (58,3%); Em relação as cardiopatias, verificou-se com maior proporção as acianóticas (62,5%); destacando a comunicação interatrial com (14,6%); seguida da comunicação interventricular (12,5%) e coarctação da aorta (12,5%). Conclusão: A identificação dessas crianças no município de Rio das Ostras e a distribuição destas pelo território nacional são informações imprescindíveis para o planejamento e implementação de programas e políticas públicas que atendam as reais demandas deste segmento populacional

Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los niños con cardiopatía congénita que viven en la ciudad de Rio das Ostras remitidos a unidades especializadas en el estado de Río de Janeiro. Método: Investigación descriptiva, transversal realizada en dos hospitales de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, a través de una técnica documental retrospectiva a través de datos en registros médicos. La recolección se realizó entre septiembre de 2018 y febrero de 2019. Resultados: Se analizaron 48 registros médicos, con una mayor proporción entre los estudiantes (33.3%); hombre (58,3%); Con respecto a la enfermedad cardíaca, hubo una mayor proporción de acianóticos (62.5%); destacando la comunicación interauricular con (14,6%); seguido de comunicación interventricular (12.5%) y coartación aórtica (12.5%). Conclusión: La identificación de estos niños en la ciudad de Rio das Ostras y su distribución en todo el territorio nacional son información esencial para la planificación e implementación de programas y políticas públicas que satisfagan las demandas reales de este segmento de la población

Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with congenital heart disease living in the city of Rio das Ostras referred to specialized units in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional research conducted in two hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through retrospective documentary technique through data in medical records. The collection took place between September 2018 and February 2019. Results: 48 medical records were analyzed, with a higher proportion among students (33.3%); male (58.3%); Regarding heart disease, there was a greater proportion of acyanotic (62.5%); highlighting interatrial communication with (14.6%); followed by interventricular communication (12.5%) and aortic coarctation (12.5%). Conclusion: The identification of these children in the city of Rio das Ostras and their distribution throughout the national territory are essential information for the planning and implementation of programs and public policies that meet the real demands of this population segment

Sufentanil reduces emergence delirium in children undergoing transthoracic device closure of vsd after sevoflurane-based cardiac anesthesia

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sufentanil can reduce emergence delirium in children undergoing transthoracic device closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) after sevoflurane-based cardiac anesthesia. Methods: From February 2019 to May 2019, 68 children who underwent transthoracic device closure of VSD at our center were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into two groups: 36 patients in group S, who were given sufentanil and sevoflurane-based cardiac anesthesia, and 32 patients in group F, who were given fentanyl and sevoflurane-based cardiac anesthesia. The following clinical data were recorded: age, sex, body weight, operation time, and bispectral index (BIS). After the children were sent to the intensive care unit (ICU), pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) and face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale scores were also assessed. The incidence of adverse reactions, such as nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and dizziness, was recorded. Results: There was no significant difference in age, sex, body weight, operation time or BIS value between the two groups. Extubation time (min), PEAD score and FLACC scale score in group S were significantly better than those in group F (P<0.05). No serious anesthesia or drug-related side effects occurred. Conclusions: Sufentanil can be safely used in sevoflurane-based fast-track cardiac anesthesia for transthoracic device closure of VSD in children. Compared to fentanyl, sufentanil is more effective in reducing postoperative emergence delirium, with lower analgesia scores and greater comfort.

Cannot extubate a newborn patient after an arterial switch operation? check major aortopulmonary collaterals!

Abstract The standard treatment of transposition of the great arteries is the arterial switch operation (ASO). Despite successful surgical correction, patients cannot tolerate extubation after the operation. Major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) are one of the rare causes of prolonged mechanical ventilation due to significant hemodynamic effects. We report a 28-day-old newborn with transposition of the great arteries and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) who underwent ASO and VSD closure. After postoperative extubation failed twice, four large MAPCAs were revealed during heart catheterization. After transcatheter closure of these four MAPCAs, the patient was extubated and discharged 27 days after the procedure.

Avaliação da deformação miocárdica pela ecocardiografia feature tracking em gatos com defeito perimembranoso do septo ventricular / Evaluation of myocardial deformation by the ecocardiography feature tracking in cats with perimembranosous defect of the septo ventricular

O desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas, como a ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI), permite diagnosticar, de forma precoce, se há disfunção miocárdica em doenças cardíacas, inclusive as congênitas. O defeito septal ventricular (DSV) é a alteração congênita mais observada em felinos, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre a disfunção cardíaca nessa cardiopatia, especialmente em animais assintomáticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio do 2D-FTI, a deformação miocárdica ventricular esquerda pela mensuração dos índices ecocardiográficos strain (St) e strain rate (StR) radial, circunferencial e longitudinal, em gatos saudáveis e com DSV. Foram avaliados 12 gatos saudáveis e seis gatos com DSV para obtenção de St e StR em diversos segmentos miocárdicos. No sentido longitudinal, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para os segmentos septal basal, mediano e apical epicárdicos (P=0,0017; P<0,0001; P=0,0288), lateral mediano epicárdico (P=0,0327), septal mediano endocárdico (P=0,0035), lateral mediano endocárdico (P=0,0461), St epicárdico (P=0,0250) e St global (P=0,0382). Também houve diferença no segmento lateral mediano circunferencial endocárdico (P=0,0248), lateral mediano radial (St: P=0,0409; StR: P=0,0166) e posterior mediano radial (P=0,0369). O estudo evidenciou que, mesmo em animais assintomáticos com DSV, há redução na deformação miocárdica ventricular principalmente no sentido longitudinal, demonstrando maior vulnerabilidade dessas fibras.(AU)

The development of new tools, such as two-dimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI), allows early diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction in heart diseases including congenital heart disease. The ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most frequently observed congenital abnormality in cats, however, little is known about cardiac dysfunction, especially in asymptomatic animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular myocardial deformation through 2D-FTI by the measurement of the radial, circumferential and longitudinal echocardiographic strain (St) and strain rate (StR) indices. Twelve healthy cats and six cats with VSD were evaluated to obtain St and StR in several myocardial segments. In the longitudinal direction, there was a statistical difference (P<0.05) for the epimyocardial basal septal, mid-septal, apical septal (P=0.0017; P<0.0001; P=0.0288), epimyocardial mid-lateral (P=0.0327), endomyocardial mid-septal (P=0.0035), endomyocardial mid-lateral (P=0.0461), St epimyocardial (P=0.0250) and St global (P=0.0382). There was also difference in the circumferential endomyocardial mid-lateral segment (P=0.0248), radial mid-lateral (St: P=0.0409; StR: P=0.0166) and radial mid-posterior (P=0.0369). The study showed that even in asymptomatic animals with VSD there is a reduction in ventricular myocardial deformation mainly in the longitudinal direction, demonstrating the fragility of these fibers.(AU)

A sufentanil-based rapid cardiac anesthesia regimen in children undergoing percutaneous minimally-invasive intraoperative device closure of ventricular septal defect

Abstract Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of fast-track cardiac anesthesia using the short-acting opioid sufentanil in children undergoing intraoperative device closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD). Methods: This retrospective clinical study included 65 children who underwent intraoperative device closure of VSD between January 2017 and June 2017. Patients were diagnosed with isolated perimembranous VSD by transthoracic echocardiography. Then, they were divided into two groups, group F (n=30), whose patients were given sufentanil-based fast-track cardiac anesthesia, and group C (n=35), whose patients were given conventional cardiac anesthesia. Perioperative clinical data were analyzed. Results: No significant differences were found between the preoperative clinical parameters and intraoperative hemodynamic indices between the two groups. In group C, compared with group F, the postoperative duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of stay in the intensive care unit, the length of hospital stay, and the hospital costs were significantly increased. Conclusion: In this retrospective study at a single center, sufentanil-based fast-track cardiac anesthesia was shown to be a safe and effective technique for minimally-invasive intraoperative device closure of VSD in children, which was performed with reduced in-hospital costs.

Adult congenital heart disease outpatient clinic. descriptive analysis of a 12-year experience in Brazil

Abstract Objective: Description of adult congenital heart disease (CHD) outpatient characteristics has not been reported and several aspects regarding these patients require attention. We describe the 12-year experience of a Brazilian unit. Methods: The main characteristics of 1168 patients were reviewed annotating for each patient age, gender, city of residence, main diagnosis, functional class at last examination, defect complexity and in-hospital referral pattern. Results: Increasing workload was documented. Among the CHD patients, 663 (57%) were between 14 and 30 years old and 920 (79%) lived in the referral region. Referrals were made by hospital cardiologists for 611 (52%) patients, while 519 (45%) were referred by pediatric cardiologists. Regarding CHD severity, 637 (55%) had a defect of mild complexity. Of the patients analyzed, 616 (53%) had undergone an intervention, mainly atrial septal defect (ASD) closure, correction of tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure and relief of coarctation of the aorta (CoAo). The main diagnosis of the 552 (47%) patients not submitted to an intervention were ASD, VSD, aortic stenosis, complex CHD and pulmonary stenosis. Regarding functional class, 1016 (87%) were in class I and 280 (24%) were lost to follow-up. Seventy-three patients had died, mainly due to cardiac death. Conclusion: In a unit were complex pediatric congenital heart surgery started twenty years ago, an increasing adult CHD workload was documented. Referral came predominantly from cities around the unit, most patients had low complexity defects and were in functional class I, a significant loss of follow-up was documented, and the death of patients was mainly due to the heart defect.

Endocarditis infecciosa de la válvula tricúspide asociada con meningitis aséptica: presentación infrecuente en una niña / Tricuspid valve infective endocarditis associated with aseptic meningitis: a rare presentation in a child

La endocarditis infecciosa es infrecuente pero potencialmente mortal. Las presentaciones atípicas retrasan el diagnóstico. El compromiso neurológico es habitual en la endocarditis de la válvula mitral, aunque infrecuente en la endocarditis de la válvula tricúspide. Si bien se han informado algunos casos e el del lado derecho con síntomas neurológicos en adultos, en la bibliografía no se ha descripto en niños. Se presenta una niña de 9 años con comunicación interventricular (CIV) congénita con fiebre, cefalea y rigidez de nuca. Sus síntomas clínicos y los hallazgos en el líquido cefalorraquídeo respaldaron el diagnóstico de meningitis aséptica. El día 3 del tratamiento con ceftriaxona, se resolvieron los síntomas; tras nueve días, reingresó con fiebre y rigidez de nuca. Un ecocardiograma mostró endocarditis de la válvula tricúspide. Recibió tratamiento antibiótico durante 6 semanas. Se realizó una cirugía cardíaca para la CIV y la insuficiencia de la válvula tricúspide.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but a potentially life-threatening infectious disease. Atypical presentations cause delays in the diagnosis. Neurological involvement such as meningitis or meningismus, are especially common in mitral valve endocarditis, but unusual in tricuspid valve endocarditis. Although few cases of right-sided IE have been reported with neurological symptoms in adults, children have not been described in literature. A nine-year-old girl with congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) was admitted with fever, headache and neck stiffness. Her clinical symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid findings supported the aseptic meningitis. On ceftriaxone therapy day 3, her complaints were resolved; nine days later she was admitted with fever and neck stiffness again. Further investigation for fever source with echocardiogram revealed a tricuspid valve endocarditis. Antibiotic therapy was completed after 6 weeks. Cardiac surgery was performed for VSD and tricuspid valvular insufficiency.

Congenital supravalvar mitral ring - a case report

Abstract Congenital mitral valve stenosis is a rare and severe disease, usually associated with other heart defects. The appropriate intervention depends on the site and mechanism of valvular obstruction and the aim is to avoid or delay valve replacement since it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early single-stage complete repair is associated with better prognosis. We report the case of a 20-month-old child with a supravalvar mitral ring combined with a ventricular septal defect; pulmonary arterial systolic pressure before the surgery was 79 mmHg. The patient underwent a successful surgical repair with good clinical resolution.