Atrofia multisistémica. Presentación de un caso / Multiple system atrophy. A case report

Fundamento: La atrofia multisistémica es un trastorno neurodegenerativo esporádico, que puede comenzar alrededor de los 60 años y ocasiona invalidez progresiva hasta la dependencia total de un cuidador. Presentación de caso: Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 57 años de edad que comenzó con cuadros de inestabilidad para la marcha y torpeza para realizar las actividades cotidianas y se interpretó como una enfermedad de Parkinson con pobre respuesta a la levodopa con bencerazida. Durante su estudio agravó los síntomas neurológicos y al realizar una tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo se evidenció atrofia cerebelosa y frontal que apoyó el diagnóstico de una atrofia multisistémica tipo C. Recibió tratamiento con levodopa con bencerazida, amantadina, y hubo alivio sintomático de la hipotensión ortostática. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad se dificultó por su comienzo similar a otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas, y su evolución ocasionó pérdida progresiva del validismo del paciente, sin que el tratamiento modificara el curso de la misma.

Background: The multiple system atrophy is a sporadic neurodegenerative disorder that may begin around age 60 and causes progressive disability to total dependence on a caregiver. Case report: A case presentation of a 57 year-old man who started with signs of unsteady gait and clumsiness in performing daily activities and which was interpreted as Parkinson's disease with poor response to levodopa with benserazide. During his study the patient showed worsening neurological symptoms and a computerized tomography of the skull was performed corroborating head and front cerebellar atrophy which supported the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy type C. He received treatment with levodopa together benserazide, and amantadine and a symptomatic relief of orthostatic hypotension was observed. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of the disease was hindered by its similar onset to other neurodegenerative diseases and its evolution caused progressive loss of the patient´s walking ability and the treatment did not modify the course of the disease.

A Rat Model of Striatonigral Degeneration Generated by Simultaneous Injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine into the Medial Forebrain Bundle and Quinolinic Acid into the Striatum

A double toxin-double lesion strategy is well-known to generate a rat model of striatonigral degeneration (SND) such as multiple system atrophy-parkinsonian type. However, with this model it is difficult to distinguish SND from Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we propose a new rat model of SND, which is generated by simultaneous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle and quinolinic acid into the striatum. Stepping tests performed 30 min after intraperitoneal L-dopa administration at 6 weeks post-surgery revealed an L-dopa response in the PD group but not the SND group. Apomorphine-induced rotation tests revealed no rotational bias in the SND group, which persisted for 2 months, but contralateral rotations in the PD group. MicroPET scans revealed glucose hypometabolism and dopamine transporter impairment on the lesioned striatum in the SND group. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the SND group revealed that 74.7% of nigral cells on the lesioned side were lost after lesion surgery. These results suggest that the proposed simultaneous double toxin-double lesion method successfully created a rat model of SND that had behavioral outcomes, multitracer microPET evaluation, and histological aspects consistent with SND pathology. This model will be useful for future study of SND.

Características clínicas de la atrofia multisistémica: un análisis de 17 casos / Clinical features of multiple system atrophy: an analysis of 17 cases

Introducción: La Atrofia Multisistémica (AMS) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa caracterizada por parkinsonismo(AMS-P), disfunción cerebelosa (AMS-C) e insuficiencia autonómica en varias combinaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas de esta enfermedad en un centro de neurológico de referencia. Población y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de pacientes con AMS atendidos desde 1998 al 2008, según la base de datos del Departamento de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Resultados: Diecisiete pacientes cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos. La edad promedio de inicio de enfermedad fue 58.5 años. Encontramos un predominio del sexo masculino (M:F = 2.4:1) y del subtipo AMS-P (76.4%). Los hallazgos iniciales más frecuentes fueron los signos parkinsonianos o cerebelosos. Los estudios de neuroimagen se realizaron en 12 pacientes, de los cuales 10 mostraron alteraciones. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron síntomas autonómicos (58.8%), pero solo un paciente fue sometido a un test de función autonómica, encontrándose ortostatismo. En 3 pacientes se realizaron EMG de esfínter anal, mostraron denervación del núcleo de Onuf. Conclusiones: Se encontró un predominio del sexo masculino y de la forma AMS-P que concuerdan con la literatura. Nuestra investigación se basó estrictamente en los últimos criterios establecidos; sin embargo, puede no haberse incluido algunos pacientes con síntomas iniciales y sin diagnóstico preciso; en ningún caso se tuvo confirmación neuropatológica. A pesar de estas limitaciones, es la primera vez que se describen las características clínicas de pacientes con AMS en un centro neurológico de referencia en Perú.

Introduction: Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a combination of parkinsonism (MSA -P), cerebellar dysfunction (MSA-C), and autonomic failure. Our study aimed to describe the clinical features of multiple system atrophy (MSA) in a neurological referral setting. Population and methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was designed, which included every patient diagnosed as AMS since 1998 at 2008 from Neurodegenerative Disease Department database of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Results: Seventeen patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria. The mean age at onset of the disease was 58.5 years. We found a predominance of males (M:F = 2.4: 1) as well as AMS-P cases (76.4%). The most common initial presenting features were parkinsonism or cerebe11ar signs. Neuroimaging was done in 12patients, 10of which were abnormal. Most of patients documented autonomic symptoms (58.8%); however, autonomic function testing was performed only in one patient in whom orthostatism was recorded. Anal sphincter electromyogram was done in 3 patients, all of them indicated denervation of Onuf' æs nucleus in the sacral cord. Conclusions: A predominance of male as well as MSA-P was found, these fíndings coincide with literature data. As our study strictly adhered to the last consensus criteria. However, missed cases can occur as a result of the early cases misdiagnosed as other types of parkinsonism; also, not all our patients had MRI of the brain performed and no neuropathological confirmation was available. Despite these limitations, this is the first review of the clinical characteristics of MSA patients in a neurological referral setting in Peru.

Multiple system atrophy: clinical-radiological correlation. Report of two cases

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic, neurodegenerative disorder, clinically characterized by parkinsonian, autonomic, cerebellar and pyramidal signs. We describe two patients showing different presentations of the same disease. The patient on case 1 presents features of MSA-C or olivopontocerebellar atrophy with the pontine "cross sign" on brain MRI. The second case reports a patient presenting MSA-P or striatonigral degeneration and the brain MRI shows lenticular nucleus sign alteration. We think that brain MRI might increase the accuracy diagnostic of MSA.

A atrofia de múltiplos sistemas (AMS) é uma doença neurodegenerativa esporádica caracterizada clinicamente por diferentes combinações de sinais parkinsonianos, autonômicos, cerebelares e piramidais. Descrevemos dois pacientes apresentando diferentes formas clínicas da mesma afecção. O caso 1 tem características da AMS-C ou atrofia olivopontocerebelar, apresentando na ressonância magnética (RM) o "sinal da cruz" na ponte. Já o caso 2 tem AMS-P ou degeneração nigro-estriatal, a RM mostra alteração do sinal no núcleo lentiforme entre outras alterações. Acreditamos que a RM cerebral possa contribuir para o melhor diagnóstico da AMS.