The importance of cyclooxigenase in dentistry: a narrative review

Aim: Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxanes during pain and inflammation conditions. These enzymes have also been linked to several other conditions and diseases, and hence, in dentistry, it is crucial to identify the processes that increase the levels of these mediators. This paper aims to describe the significance of COX in dental practice through a narrative review. Methods: Articles relating to COX upregulation published in English and Spanish over the last 51 years in databases such as EBSCO, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science; were analyzed. Results: A total of 115 articles demonstrating the relationship between COX upregulation and multiple conditions and diseases of importance in prosthodontics, periodontics, oral pathology, orthodontics, and endodontics were included. Conclusions: COX upregulation is related to inflammatory and malignant diseases in oral tissues, such as periodontitis, pulpitis, and oral cancer, nevertheless, its expression is advantageous in other fields of study such as orthodontics. Additionally, is well documented that dental materials provoke an undesired increase in COX expression, which could be a significant factor that directly affects pulpal health

Effects of electroacupuncture on NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis protein GSDMD in uterine tissue in rats with primary dysmenorrhea / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream protein gastermin D (GSDMD) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM), and to explore the potential mechanism of EA on the treatment of PDM.@*METHODS@#Forty healthy female SD rats without pregnancy were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, an EA group and an ibuprofen group, 10 rats in each group. PDM model was prepared by injection of estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. Except the control group, the rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with estradiol benzoate for 10 days, and oxytocin was injected on the 11th day. The rats in the EA group were intervened with EA (dense wave, frequency of 50 Hz) at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) at the same time of modeling, once a day, 20 min each time, for 10 consecutive days. The rats in the ibuprofen group were treated with 0.8 mL of ibuprofen by gavage (concentration of ibuprofen solution was 1.25 mg/mL) for 10 consecutive days. After modeling, the writhing reaction was observed. After intervention, the HE staining method was used to observe the histological morphology of uterus and evaluate the pathological damage score of uterus; ELISA method was used to detect the serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); Western blot method was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3, apoptosis related spot like protein (ASC), caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N and inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-18) in uterine tissue.@*RESULTS@#In the model group, a large number of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, spiral arterioles congestion in lamina propria and neutrophil infiltration were observed. In the EA group, there was a small amount of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, a small amount of spiral arterioles congestion in the lamina propria, and a small amount of neutrophils infiltration. In the ibuprofen group, there was very small number of degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, and no obvious arterial congestion was found in lamina propria, and neutrophil infiltration was occasionally seen. Compared with the control group, in the model group the number of writhing was increased (P<0.01), the writhing reaction score and serum level of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 value were increased (P<0.01), the level of PGE2 was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the EA group and the ibuprofen group the number of writhing were decreased (P<0.05), the latency of writhing was prolonged (P<0.01), the writhing reaction scores and serum levels of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 values were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the levels of PGE2 were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was increased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was decreased in the EA group and the ibuprofen group (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the EA group and the ibuprofen group in the above indexes (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EA could alleviate pain and uterine tissue injury in rats with PDM. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in rat uterine tissues, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis and its inflammatory factors release.

Application of different puncture techniques to inject bone cement in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study the application of different puncture techniques to inject bone cement in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 282 patients with OVCFs treated from January 2017 to December 2019 were collected for a retrospective study. According to the surgical plan the patients were divided into group A and B, with 141 cases in each group. In group A, extreme lateral puncture was used to inject bone cement through unilateral puncture and bilateral puncture. In group B, bone cement was injected through unilateral pedicle puncture through pedicle approach. The operation status(operation time, radiation exposure time, bone cement injection volume, hospital stay) and complications were observed between two groups. Before operation and 6, 12 months after operation, the pain mediators such as serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), prostaglandin E2(PGE2), substance P(SP) were compared, bone mineral density, anatomical parameters of the injured vertebrae (height of the anterior edge of the vertebral body, height of the posterior edge of the vertebral body, Cobb angle), visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were evaluated between two groups.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant difference in operation time, radiation exposure time, hospital stay between two groups (P>0.05). The amount of bone cement injected in group A was greater than that in group B (P<0.05). The serum 5-HT, SP and PGE2 levels of group A were lower than those of group B at 12 months after operation (P<0.05). The height of anterior edge and height of the posterior edge of vertebral body in group A were greater than those of group B at 12 months after operation, Cobb angle of group A was smaller than that of group B, VAS and ODI were lower than those of group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in bone mineral density between two groups at 6 and 12 months postoperatively(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups in postoperative complications (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with unilateral puncture of the pedicle approach, unilateral puncture and bilateral cement injection technique is more conducive to the recovery of the injured vertebral anatomy and function, and do not prolong operation time, radiation exposure time, hospital stay, nor do increase the risk of nerve damage and bone cement leakage, and postoperative bone metabolism and bone mineral density are improved well, which is a safe and reliable surgical method for the treatment of OVCFs.

Effect of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf on myocardial cell apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ pathway in arrhythmic rats / 中国中药杂志

This paper aimed to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf on myocardial cell apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) pathway in arrhythmic rats. SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a low-dose(20 mg·kg~(-1)) group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf, a medium-dose(40 mg·kg~(-1)) group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf, a high-dose(80 mg·kg~(-1)) group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf, a propranolol hydrochloride(2 mg·kg~(-1)) group, with 12 rats in each group. Except the control group, rats in other groups were prepared as models of arrhythmia by sublingual injection of 1 mL·kg~(-1) of 0.002% aconitine. After grouping and intervention with drugs, the arrhythmia, myocardial cells apoptosis, myocardial tissue glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), serum interleukin-6(IL-6), prostaglandin E2(PGE2) levels, myocardial tissue apoptosis, and Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ pathway-related protein expression of rats in each group were measured. As compared with the control group, the arrhythmia score, the number of ventricular premature beats, ventricular fibrillation duration, myocardial cell apoptosis rate, MDA levels in myocardial tissues, serum IL-6 and PGE2 levels, Bax in myocardial tissues, and Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression levels increased significantly in the model group, whereas the GSH-Px and CAT levels, and Bcl-2 and PPARγ protein expression levels in myocardial tissues reduced significantly. As compared with the model group, the arrhythmia score, the number of ventricular premature beats, ventricular fibrillation duration, myocardial cell apoptosis rate, MDA leve in myocardial tissues, serum IL-6 and PGE2 levels, Bax in myocardial tissues, and Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression levels reduced in the drug intervention groups, whereas the GSH-Px and CAT levels and Bcl-2 and PPARγ protein expression levels in myocardial tissues increased. The groups of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf were in a dose-dependent manner. There was no significant difference in the levels of each index in rats between the propranolol hydrochloride group and the high-dose group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf. The total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf inhibit the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, up-regulate the expression of PPARγ, reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in myocardial tissues of arrhythmic rats, reduce myocardial cell apoptosis, and improve the symptoms of arrhythmia in rats.

Therapeutic effect of Leonuri Herba aqueous decoction on primary dysmenorrhea in rats and its metabolomic analysis / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Leonuri Herba aqueous decoction on primary dysmenorrhea(PD) and explore the underlying mechanism in conjunction with untargeted metabolomics. Forty adult female rats were randomly divi-ded into a normal group, a model control group, ibuprofen(0.12 g·kg~(-1)) group, and high-and low-dose Leonuri Herba aqueous decoction(5 and 2.5 g·kg~(-1)) groups, with eight rats in each group. The PD rat model was prepared using intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate combined with intraperitoneal injection of pitocin. Drugs were administered by gavage from the 4th day of modeling for 7 d. After the last administration, pitocin was injected intraperitoneally, and the writhing latency and writhing times within 30 min were recorded. The uterine and ovarian coefficients were determined. Estradiol(E_2), progesterone(Prog), oxytocin(OT), cyclooxyge-nase 2(COX-2), prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2), prostaglandin F_(2α)(PGF_(2α)), and Ca~(2+) levels in uterine tissues were measured by ELISA and biochemical kits. Morphological changes in uterine and ovarian tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The protein expression of oxytocin receptor(OTR), prostaglandin E_2 receptor 3(EP3), and estrogen receptor alpha(ERα) in uterine tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of OTR, PGE_2 receptors 1-4(EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), and PGF_(2α) receptor(FP) in uterine tissues was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(LC-QTOF-MS) technology to screen potential biomarkers and enrich metabolic pathways. The results showed that Leonuri Herba was able to significantly reduce the writhing times in PD rats(P<0.05 or P<0.01), significantly reduce the uterine and ovarian coefficients(P<0.01), and improve their histomorphology. After treatment with Leonuri Herba, PGE_2 content was significantly increased(P<0.05), COX-2, PGF_(2α) and Ca~(2+) content, and PGF_(2α)/PGE_2 was significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and OT content was decreased, while E_2 and Prog content tended to further increase in uterine tissues of PD rats. Correspondingly, OTR and EP3 protein expression was significantly downregulated(P<0.05 or P<0.01) and ERα protein expression was upregulated(P<0.05) in uterine tissues. The mRNA expression of FP and EP4 in uterine tissues was significantly downregulated(P<0.01), and the mRNA expression of EP1, EP3, and OTR showed a decreasing trend. The untargeted metabolomics results showed that 10 differential metabolites were restored in the plasma of PD rats after Leonuri Herba treatment. The results indicate that Leonuri Herba is effective in the prevention and treatment of PD, and the underlying mechanism may be attributed to the regulation of PGs synthesis and corresponding receptor binding.

Terapêutica adjuvante na modulação da resposta imune no tratamento da doença periodontal: uma revisão de literatura / Adjuvant therapeutic in the modulation of the immune response in the treatment of periodontal disease: a literature review

Introdução: A Doença Periodontal tem caráter multifatorial, já que depende de condições microbiológicas, imunogenéticas e sistêmicas do hospedeiro. Representa inflamação crônica das estruturas de suporte e proteção dental. Desencadeia uma complexa estimulação imunológica, bem como a produção de citocinas inflamatórias, que mediam a destruição óssea e de tecido conjuntivo, provocando perda dental e complicações à distância. A compreensão da etiopatogênese, permitiu os conceitos de modulação, que referem-se às modificações dos aspectos danosos da resposta inflamatória. Objetivo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão dos estudos sobre as principais terapêuticas adjuvantes na modulação da resposta imune frente à doença periodontal. Revisão de Literatura: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, onde foram selecionados artigos científicos em inglês, publicados entre os anos 2005 a 2020, por meio das bases de dados PubMed e ScienceDirect. No decorrer das buscas, foram utilizadas as palavraschaves "Inflamation", "Periodontal Disease", "Subantimicrobial Dose of Doxycycline", "Periodontal Disease", "Host Response Modulation". Resultados e Conclusão: A literatura é bem promissora em relação à terapia de controle complementar da doença periodontal. Dessa forma, novas pesquisas nessa área podem trazer inúmeros beneficos aos pacientes, sendo, assim, um novo caminho para o contorno da resistência bacteriana(AU)

Introduction: Periodontal disease has a multifactorial character, depending on the host's microbiological, immunogenetic and systemic conditions. It represents chronic inflammation of dental support and protection structures. It triggers a complex immune stimulation, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines, which mediate bone and connective tissue destruction, causing tooth loss and complications at a distance. The understanding of etiopathogenesis allowed the concepts of modulation, which refers to the modifications of the harmful aspects of the inflammatory response. This article has the escape of conducting a review of studies on the main mechanisms of modulation against periodontal disease. Objective: This article aims to rev iew the studies on the main modulation mechanisms in the face of periodontal disease. Literature Review: A literature review was carried out in which scientific articles were selected in English, published between 2005 and 2020, through the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. During the searches, the keywords "Inflammation", "Periodontal Disease", "Subantimicrobial Dose of Doxycycline", "Periodontal Disease", "Host Response Modulation". Results and Conclusion: The literature is very promising with complementary control therapy for periodontal disease. Thus, new research in this area can bring countless benefits to patients, thus being a new way to bypass bacterial resistance(AU)

Comparison of the effectiveness and pregnancy outcomes of labor induction with dinoprostone or single-balloon catheter in term nulliparous women with borderline oligohydramnios / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUNDS@#At present, there is no consensus on the induction methods in term pregnancy with borderline oligohydramnios. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and pregnancy outcomes of labor induction with dinoprostone or single-balloon catheter (SBC) in term nulliparous women with borderline oligohydramnios.@*METHODS@#We conducted a retrospective cohort study from January 2016 to November 2018. During the study period, a total of 244 cases were enrolled. Of these, 103 cases were selected for induction using dinoprostone and 141 cases were selected for induction with SBC. The pregnancy outcomes between the two groups were compared. Primary outcomes were successful vaginal delivery rates. Secondary outcomes were maternal and neonatal adverse events. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors for vaginal delivery failure in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The successful vaginal delivery rates were similar between the dinoprostone group and the SBC group (64.1% [66/103] vs. 59.6%, [84/141] P = 0.475), even after adjustment for potential confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-2.00, P = 0.835). The incidence of intra-amniotic infection was lower in the dinoprostone group than in the SBC group (1.9% [2/103] vs. 7.8%, [11/141] P < 0.001), but the presence of non-reassuring fetal heart rate was higher in the dinoprostone group than in the SBC group (12.6% [13/103] vs. 0.7%, [1/141] P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that nuchal cord was a risk factor for vaginal delivery failure after induction with dinoprostone (aOR: 6.71, 95% CI: 1.96-22.95). There were three factors related to vaginal delivery failure after induction with SBC, namely gestational age (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.07-2.14), body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 (aOR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.10-8.02), and fetal weight >3500 g (aOR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.12-5.50).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Term nulliparous women with borderline oligohydramnios have similar successful vaginal delivery rates after induction with dinoprostone or SBC, with their advantages and disadvantages. In women with nuchal cord, the risk of vaginal delivery failure is increased if dinoprostone is used in the induction of labor. BMI >30 kg/m2, large gestational age, and estimated fetal weight >3500 g are risk factors for vaginal delivery failure after induction with SBC.

The use of dinoprostone versus evening primrose oil for cervical ripening in women who will undergo hysteroscopy: A randomized controlled trial

Objective@#To compare the efficacy of Dinoprostone gel versus intravaginal evening primrose oil capsule as cervical ripening agents for operative hysteroscopy…. and to compare the length of time to achieve a 10mm cervical dilatation prior to operative hysteroscopy.@*Methods@#This is a two-arm randomized controlled trial done in a tertiary training institution. Group A and B received Dinoprostone gel and EPO for cervical ripening, respectively. Population consisted of women admitted for operative hysteroscopy, aged between 19-56 years old, and with closed cervix. @*Results@#Thirty-eight (38) patients mostly pre-menopausal with mean age of 41, without history of uterine surgery, and presented with abnormal uterine bleeding, were included. Significant difference was observed in initial cervical dilatation between Dinoprostone gel(5.63 mm) versus EPO(4.21mm). Most patients in EPO group were pain-free while Dinoprostone group experienced tolerable pain. Use of Dinoprostone was 4x more expensive versus EPO. @*Conclusion@#Both agents were effective in dilating the cervix prior to operative hysteroscopy. Nevertheless, EPO may be superior and acceptable due to reduced cost, patient convenience and acceptability, and ease of administration.

Synthesis, and anti-inflammatory activities of gentiopicroside derivatives / 中国天然药物

A series of 26 novel derivatives have been synthesized through structural modification of gentiopicroside, a lead COX-2 inhibitor. And their in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities have been investigated. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated against NO, PGE2, and IL-6 production in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 stimulated by LPS. Results showed that most compounds had good inhibitory activity. The in vivo inhibitory activities were further tested against xylene-induced mouse ear swelling. Results demonstrated that several compounds were more active than the parent compound gentiopicroside. The inhibition rate of the most active compound P23 (57.26%) was higher than positive control drug celecoxib (46.05%) at dose 0.28 mmol·kg-1. Molecular docking suggested that these compounds might bind to COX-2 and iNOS. Some of them, e.g P7, P14, P16, P21, P23, and P24, had high docking scores in accordance with their potency of the anti-inflammatory activitiy, that downregulation of the inflammatory factors, NO, PGE2, and IL-6, was possibly associated with the suppression of iNOS and COX-2. Therefore, these gentiopicroside derivatives may represent a novel class of COX-2 and iNOS inhibitors.

Therapeutic effects of benzoylaconitine and paeoniflorin in rats with collagen-induced arthritis

Abstract To explore the effects and mechanisms of benzoylaconitine and paeoniflorin on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Weight, paw swelling, arthritis index and joint pathologic changes were examined in each group after CIA induction. PGE2, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-3, IgG and anti-CII Ab were assessed by ELISA; STAT1 and STAT3 expressions were analyzed immunohistochemically, and the ultrastructure of synovial cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Therapeutic effects were determined in CIA rats via injecting benzoylaconitine and paeoniflorin, which could alleviate the degree of swelling and arthritis index (AI) and pathological lesions of the sacroiliac gland; decrease the levels of PGE2, IL-1ß, TNF-α, VEGF and IgG in serum; reduce STAT1 and STAT3 expression in the membrane tissue; and inhibit the secretion and proliferation of synovial cells. These results showed that benzoylaconitine and paeoniflorin could significantly palliate the arthritic symptoms of CIA rats, and better therapeutic effects could be achieved if the two components were used in combination

Efficacy and mechanism of traditional chinese medicine gel in sports-related soft tissue injury / Eficácia e mecanismo do tradicional gel da medicina chinesa em lesões desportivas de tecidos moles / Eficacia y mecanismo del gel de medicina tradicional china en lesiones deportivas de tejidos blandos

ABSTRACT Soft tissue injury is the most common disease in orthopedics, and it is also the most easily neglected disease in sports. Without timely and effective treatment, it is easy to develop into malignant strain and seriously affect life and sports. In view of this, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine gel in treating such injuries in the light of the characteristics of sports-related soft tissue injury. The right gastrocnemius muscle injury was simulated in 36 adult male rats. Chinese medicine gel and tincture were used to treat it. The contents of interleukin, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and prostaglandin E2 in the blood of rats under different courses of treatment were analyzed to explore recovery in four rats. The results showed that the levels of interleukin and prostaglandin E2 in the blood of rats treated with drugs were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), indicating that both drugs have obvious therapeutic effects on soft tissue injury. The content of interleukin in the blood of the Chinese medicine gel group was slightly lower than that of the tincture group, indicating that the Chinese medicine gel could affect the recovery of soft tissue injury by affecting leukocyte interleukin. This result is helpful in the treatment of soft tissue injury in sports and to further improve the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine gel.

RESUMO A lesão dos tecidos moles é a doença mais comum na ortopedia, e é também a doença mais facilmente negligenciada nos esportes. Sem tratamento ágil e eficaz, facilmente evolui para luxações malignas, afetando seriamente a vida e a prática de esportes. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o efeito e o mecanismo do gel da medicina tradicional chinesa no tratamento de tais lesões, com base nas características da lesão dos tecidos moles relacionada à prática esportiva. Estimulou-se lesão do músculo gastrocnêmio direito em 36 ratos adultos. O gel e a tintura chinesa foram usados para o tratamento. Foram analisados os conteúdos de interleucina, alanina aminotransferase, ureia sanguínea azoto e prostaglandina E2 no sangue dos ratos sob diferentes tratamentos, de modo a explorar a recuperação de quatro ratos. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis de interleucina e prostaglandina E2 no sangue dos ratos tratados com medicamentos eram significativamente inferiores aos do grupo controle (p<0.05), indicando que ambos os fármacos têm efeitos terapêuticos óbvios sobre lesões dos tecidos moles. O teor de interleucina no sangue do grupo gel chinês medicinal mostrou-se ligeiramente inferior ao do grupo tintura, indicando que o gel medicinal chinês pode afetar a recuperação da lesão nos tecidos moles, afetando o leucócito interleucina. Este resultado é útil para o tratamento de lesões dos tecidos moles relacionadas à prática esportiva e para melhorar ainda mais o efeito terapêutico do gel da medicina chinesa tradicional.

RESUMEN La lesión de los tejidos blandos es la enfermedad más común en la ortopedia, y es también la enfermedad más fácilmente descuidada en los deportes. Sin tratamiento ágil y eficaz, fácilmente evolucionan a luxaciones malignas, afectando seriamente la vida y la práctica de deportes. En vista de eso, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el efecto y el mecanismo del gel de la medicina tradicional china en el tratamiento de tales lesiones, con base en las características de la lesión de los tejidos blandos relacionada a la práctica deportiva. Se estimuló lesión del músculo gastrocnemio derecho en 36 ratones adultos. El gel y la tintura china fueron usados para el tratamiento. Fueron analizados los contenidos de interleucina, alanina aminotransferasa, urea sanguínea, nitrógeno y prostaglandina E2 en la sangre de los ratones bajo diferentes tratamientos, de modo de explorar la recuperación de cuatro ratones. Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de interleucina y prostaglandina E2 en la sangre de los ratones tratados con medicamentos eran significativamente inferiores a los del grupo control (p<0.05), indicando que ambos fármacos tienen efectos terapéuticos obvios sobre lesiones de los tejidos blandos. El tenor de interleucina en la sangre del grupo gel chino medicinal se mostró ligeramente inferior al del grupo tintura, indicando que el gel medicinal chino puede afectar la recuperación de la lesión en los tejidos blandos, afectando el leucocito interleucina. Este resultado es útil para el tratamiento de lesiones de los tejidos blandos relacionadas a la práctica deportiva y para mejorar aún más el efecto terapéutico del gel de la medicina china tradicional.

Prostaglandin E2 induces ovulation in prepubertal mice / Prostaglandina E2 induz ovulação em camundongos pré-púberes

The objective of this study was to determine the ability of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to induce ovulation and expression of PGE2 receptor (EP2 and EP4) and COX genes (COX-1 and COX-2) in the ovary and pituitary of prepubertal mice. The positive control consisted of the application of 5 µg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, n = 29); the negative control applied 0.5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, n=31); the treatment tested the application of 250 µg of PGE2 (n = 29), making a total of 89 prepubertal mice (BALB/c). Mice were euthanized 14 to 15 h after treatments to detect ovulation and tissue collection. A Chi-square test was used to compare the proportion of animals ovulating. Gene expressions and number of ovulation were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test was used to compare means among groups. A greater proportion of mice (P < 0.001) ovulated after receiving GnRH (89.7%, 26/29) compared to PGE2 group (58.6%, 17/29). However, the proportion was higher compared to those treated with PBS (0%, 0/31). Ep2gene expression in the pituitary was > two-fold higher (P < 0.05) in the PGE2 group compared to the PBS and GnRH groups. Further, PGE2 stimulated Cox1 (2.7 fold, P < 0.05) while GnRH stimulated Cox2 expression (6.5 fold, P < 0.05) in the pituitary when compared to the PBS group. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that PGE2 can induce ovulation in prepubertal mice with a concomitant increase in Ep2 and Cox1 gene expression in the pituitary gland.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a capacidade da prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) em induzir a ovulação e expressão do receptor PGE2 (EP2 e EP4) e genes COX (COX-1 e COX-2) no ovário e na hipófise de camundongos pré-púberes. O controle positivo consistiu na aplicação de 5 µg de hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH, n = 29); o controle negativo aplicação 0,5 mL de tampão fosfato-salino (PBS, n=31); o tratamento testado aplicação de 250 µg de PGE2 (n = 29), perfazendo um total de 89 camundongos (BALB/c) pré-púberes. Os camundongos foram sacrificados 14 a 15 h após os tratamentos para detectar ovulações e coleta de tecido. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar a proporção de animais ovulando. As expressões gênicas e o número de ovulação foram analisados por ANOVA e o teste de tukey foi usado para comparar as médias entre os grupos. Uma maior proporção de camundongos (P <0,001) ovulou após receber GnRH (89,7%, 26/29) em comparação com o grupo PGE2 (58,6%, 17/29). No entanto, a proporção foi maior em comparação com aqueles tratados com PBS (0%, 0/31). A expressão do gene Ep2 na hipófise foi duas vezes maior (P <0,05) no grupo PGE2 em comparação com os grupos PBS e GnRH. Além disso, a PGE2 estimulou a Cox1(2,7 vezes, P <0,05) enquanto o GnRH estimulou a expressão de Cox2 (6,5 vezes, P <0,05) na pituitária em comparação com o grupo PBS. Em conclusão, nossos resultados suportam a hipótese de que PGE2 é capaz de induzir ovulação em camundongos pré-púberes com aumento concomitante na expressão dos genes Ep2 e Cox1 na glândula pituitária.(AU)

Role of prostaglandin E2 in the modulation of renal water transport / 生理学报

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a bioactive lipid mediator, is one of the most important locally acting factors involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. PGE2 binds with four EP receptors (EP1-4) to activate G protein-coupled receptor signaling responses. Recent functional and molecular studies have revealed that PGE2 plays an essential role in regulation of renal fluid transport via a variety of mechanisms. The water balance mainly depends on the regulation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) by arginine vasopressin (AVP) in renal collecting duct principal cells. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that PGE2 plays an important role in renal water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. In this paper, we reviewed the role of PGE2 and its receptors in the regulation of water reabsorption in the kidney, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy for many diseases especially nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Inducción de trabajo de parto en pacientes COVID-19: experiencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios / Labor induction in COVID-19 patients: experience in the San Juan de Dios Hospital

INTRODUCCIÖN Y OBJETIVOS: Describir la experiencia de los partos en gestantes con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID 19 mediante RT-PCR asintomáticas o con sintomatología leve y aquellas sin la enfermedad, y determinar la tasa de éxito de parto vaginal en inducción de trabajo de parto. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes que tuvieron su parto entre 15 de Abril y 03 de Julio del 2020 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios. Se incluyeron las pacientes inducidas con Dinoprostona, Oxitocina o ambas de manera secuencial y se dividieron según estatus COVID 19 mediante RT-PCR al ingreso. Se caracterizó demográficamente el grupo de pacientes positivas y se determinaron los datos de ambos grupos en relación a la necesidad de inducción de trabajo de parto y su éxito para parto vaginal. RESULTADOS: De un total de 657 nacimientos, hubo un 9.7% (n=64) de pacientes con COVID 19, de las cuales un 23.4% (n=15) requirió inducción de trabajo de parto, con una tasa de éxito para parto vaginal de un 66.7% (n=10). De estas pacientes, un 50% recibió Oxitocina, un 40% Dinosprostona y un 10% ambos medicamentos de forma secuencial. En las pacientes negativas, hubo un total de 568 nacimientos, con un 29.8% (n=169) de usuarias que requirieron inducción. La tasa de éxito para parto vaginal en este grupo fue de 72.2% (n=122), utilizando un 50% Oxitocina; un 27% Dinoprostona; un 14.8% ambas; y un 8.2% Balón de Cook. CONCLUSIONES: Sabemos que los resultados de este estudio están limitados por el bajo número de pacientes incluidas, sin embargo, podemos observar que, en nuestra experiencia con las pacientes que arrojaron PCR SARS-CoV-2 positivas, asintomáticas o con enfermedad leve, se logró realizar la inducción de trabajo de parto según protocolos habituales, obteniendo porcentajes de éxito para partos vaginales, similares a las pacientes sin la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Describe the experience of deliveries in pregnant women with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID 19 by asymptomatic RT-PCR or with mild symptoms and those without the disease, and determine the success rate of vaginal delivery in the induction of labor. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who had their delivery between 15th April and 03rd of July, 2020 in the San Juan de Dios Hospital. Patients induced with Dinoprostone, Oxytocin or both sequentially were included, and were divided according to COVID 19 status by RT-PCR on their admission process. The group of positive patients was demographically characterized and the data of both groups was determined in relation to the need for labor induction and its success for vaginal delivery. RESULTS: Of a total of 657 births, there were 9.7% (n = 64) of patients with COVID 19, of which 23.4% (n = 15) required labor induction, with a success rate for vaginal delivery of 66.7% (n = 10). Of these patients, 50% received Oxytocin, 40% Dinosprostone and 10% both drugs sequentially. In the negative patients, there were a total of 568 births, with 29.8% (n = 169) of users requiring labor induction. The success rate for vaginal delivery in this group was 72.2% (n = 122); 50% using Oxytocin; 27% Dinoprostone; 14.8% using both; and 8.2% using Cook's Catheter. CONCLUSIONS: We know that the results of this study are limited by the low number of patients included, however, in our experience, we can observe that, in patients with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, asymptomatic or with mild disease, it was possible to perform induction of labor according to standard protocols, achieving success rates for vaginal deliveries, similar to patients without the disease.

Comparison of intravenous oxytocin infusion versus intracervical dinoprostone followed after 6 hours by intravenous oxytocin infusion for labor induction in prelabor rupture of membranes: A randomized controlled trial / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background@#A prolonged interval from prelabor rupture of membranes to delivery is associated with an increase in the incidence of maternal and neonatal morbidities and mortality. Various agents have been tested to improve the cervical Bishop score to expedite the delivery of the fetus and lessen the maternal and neonatal complications.@*Objective@#To compare two protocols for labor induction in pregnant women with prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM).@*Population@#Subjects were recruited from the University of Santo Tomas Hospital (Private Division and Clinical Division). Pregnant women with a live, term, singleton fetus, cephalic presentation, a reactive Non stress test, who presented with PROM and a Bishop score of ?5, with no previous Cesarean section, or other uterine surgery.@*Methodology@#This is a two-arm superiority, open label, randomized controlled trial. Pregnant women with a live, term, singleton fetus, cephalic presentation, a reactive Non stress test, who presented with PROM and a Bishop score of ?5, and with no previous Cesarean section or other uterine surgery were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous (IV) oxytocin infusion or intracervical dinoprostone 0.5 mg gel followed 6 hours later by IV oxytocin infusion.@*Results@#Vaginal delivery within 24 hours of labor induction increased significantly with intracervical dinoprostone gel followed by IV oxytocin infusion (87% versus 61%; RR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.99 – 2.06; P<0.044). Comparable result was observed for nulliparous women included in the study population. The time interval from labor induction to active phase was significantly shorter in the dinoprostone-oxytocin group than in the oxytocin alone group (2.4 ± 2.1 versus 6.3 ± 1.4 hours; p<0.001). The time interval from labor induction to delivery was also significantly shorter in the dinoprostoneoxytocin group (6.3 ± 1.5 versus 10.4 ± 1.4 hours; p<0.000). Cesarean delivery rates were statistically similar in the dinoprostone-oxytocin and oxytocin alone groups (17% versus 40%; p=0.102). The neonatal outcomes were comparable in both groups, except for birth weight.@*Conclusion@#Intracervical dinoprostone 0.5 mg gel followed 6 hours later by an oxytocin infusion in term women presenting with PROM and an unfavorable cervix (Bishop Score of 5 or less) was associated with a higher rate of vaginal delivery within 24 hours, shorter time interval from labor induction to active phase of labor, and shorter time interval from labor induction to delivery, and no difference in maternal and neonatal complications was observed compared with oxytocin infusion alone.

Root canal contamination or exposure to lipopolysaccharide differentially modulate prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 signaling in apical periodontitis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the kinetics of apical periodontitis development in vivo , induced either by contamination of the root canals by microorganisms from the oral cavity or by inoculation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the regulation of major enzymes and receptors involved in the arachidonic acid metabolism. Methodology Apical periodontitis was induced in C57BL6 mice (n=96), by root canal exposure to oral cavity (n=48 teeth) or inoculation of LPS (10 µL of a suspension of 0.1 µg/µL) from E. coli into the root canals (n= 48 teeth). Healthy teeth were used as control (n=48 teeth). After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and tissues removed for histopathological and qRT-PCR analyses. Histological analysis data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's test, and qRT-PCR data using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results Contamination by microorganisms led to the development of apical periodontitis, characterized by the recruitment of inflammatory cells and bone tissue resorption, whereas inoculation of LPS induced inflammatory cells recruitment without bone resorption. Both stimuli induced mRNA expression for cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Expression of prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 cell surface receptors were more stimulated by LPS. Regarding nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), oral contamination induced the synthesis of mRNA for PPARδ, differently from inoculation of LPS, that induced PPARα and PPARγ expression. Conclusions Contamination of the root canals by microorganisms from oral cavity induced the development of apical periodontitis differently than by inoculation with LPS, characterized by less bone loss than the first model. Regardless of the model used, it was found a local increase in the synthesis of mRNA for the enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 of the arachidonic acid metabolism, as well as in the surface and nuclear receptors for the lipid mediators prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4.

Protective effect of combined melatonin and alpha-tocopherol administration in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat / Efecto protector de la administración combinada de melatonina y alfa-tocoferol en la lesión por isquemia-reperfusión de la médula espinal en ratas

Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in the development of motor dysfunction post-spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury (SC-IRI). This study investigated the protective effect of concomitant pre-administration of melatonin and alpha-tocopherol on the early complications (after 48 hours) of spinal cord IRI injury in rats. Melatonin or α-tocopherol were preadministered either individually or in combination for 2 weeks, then rats were exposed SC-IRI. Neurological examinations of the hind limbs and various biochemical markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the SC tissue were assessed. Solely pre-administration of either melanin or α-tocopherol significantly but partially improved motor and sensory function of the hind limbs mediated by partial decreases in SC levels of MDA, AOPP and PGE2 levels and activities of SOD, partial significant decreases in plasma levels of total nitrate/nitrite and significant increases in AC activity of GSH-Px. However, combination therapy of both drugs resulted in the maximum improvements in all neurological assessments tested and biochemical endpoints. In conclusion, by their synergistic antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions, the combination therapy of melatonin and α-tocopherol alleviates SC-IRI induced paraplegia.

El estrés oxidativo y la inflamación son claves en el desarrollo de la disfunción motora posterior a lesión isquémica de la médula espinal (SC-IRI). Este estudio investigó acerca del efecto protector de la administración previa concomitante de la melatonina y alfa-tocoferol en las complicaciones tempranas (después de 48 horas) de la lesión de IRI de la médula espinal en ratas. La melatonina o el α-tocoferol se administraron individualmente o en combinación durante 2 semanas, luego las ratas fueron expuestas a SC-IRI. Se evaluaron los exámenes neurológicos de las miembros pélvicos y diversos marcadores bioquímicos de estrés oxidativo e inflamación en el tejido subcutáneo. Solo la administración previa de melatonina o α-tocoferol mejoró parcial y significativamente la función motora y sensorial de los miembros pélvicos mediadas por disminuciones parciales en los niveles de SC de los niveles de MDA, AOPP y PGE2 y las actividades de la SOD, disminuciones significativas parciales en los niveles plasmáticos del total nitrato / nitrito y aumentos significativos en la actividad de AC de GSH-Px. Sin embargo, se observaron los mejores resultados durante la combinación de ambos fármacos en todas las evaluaciones neurológicas y en los puntos finales bioquímicos. En conclusión, debido a sus acciones antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias sinérgicas, la terapia de melatonina y α-tocoferol alivia la paraplejía inducida por SC-IRI.

Prostaglandin e2 induces expression of mineralization genes by undifferentiated dental pulp cells

Abstract Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator usually released during inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the potential of soluble or microsphere-loaded PGE2 on inducing differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. PGE2-loaded microspheres (MS) were prepared using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation process and were characterized. Mouse dental pulp stem cells (OD-21) were stimulated with soluble or PGE2-loaded MS (0.01 and 0.1 µM). Cell viability was determined by MTT colorimetric assay. Ibsp, Bmp2 and Runx2 expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after 3, 6, and 24 h. The results showed that the soluble PGE2 reduced dental pulp stem cells viability after 24 h of stimulation whereas PGE2-loaded MS did not. Soluble PGE2 up-regulated Ibsp and Bmp2 at 3 h, differently from PGE2-loaded MS. On the other hand, PGE2-MS induced Bmp2 and Runx2 at 6 h and Ibsp at 24 h. In conclusion, our in vitro results show that PGE2, soluble or loaded in MS are not cytotoxic and modulateIbsp,Bmp2, andRunx2gene expression in cultured OD-21 cells.

Resumo A Prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) é um mediador lipídico comumente liberado durante a inflamação. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o potencial da PGE2, solúvel ou na forma de microesferas, na diferenciação de células-tronco de polpa dentária. Microesferas de PGE2 (MS) foram preparadas por meio do processo de extração/evaporação de solvente em emulsão óleo-em-água e foram caracterizadas. Células-tronco de linhagem derivadas da polpa dentária de camundongos (OD-21) foram estimuladas com PGE2 solúvel ou na forma de MS (0,01 e 0,1 µM). A citotoxicidade foi determinada por ensaio colorimétrico MTT. A expressão gênica de Ibsp, Bmp2 e Runx2 foi avaliada por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qRT-PCR) após 3, 6 e 24 h. Os resultados mostraram que as MS contendo PGE2 não foram citotóxicas para células-tronco da polpa dentária, enquanto MS vazias ou PGE2 solúvel reduziram a viabilidade celular após 24 h de estimulação. PGE2 solúvel aumentou a expressão de Ibsp e Bmp2 após 3 h, diferentemente da PGE2 em MS. Por outro lado, PGE2-MS induziram a expressão de Bmp2 e Runx2 após 6h de estímulo e Ibsp após 24h. Em conclusão, nossos resultados in vitro demonstram que a PGE2, solúvel ou em microesferas não são citotóxicas e modulam a expressão gênica deIbsp,Bmp2 eRunx2em células OD-21.

Antinociceptive effect of PnTx4(5-5), a peptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, in rat models and the involvement of glutamatergic system

The venom of Phoneutria nigriventer spider is a source of numerous bioactive substances, including some toxins active in insects. An example is PnTx4(5-5) that shows a high insecticidal activity and no apparent toxicity to mice, although it inhibited NMDA-evoked currents in rat hippocampal neurons. In this work the analgesic activity of PnTx4(5-5) (renamed Γ-ctenitoxin-Pn1a) was investigated. Methods: The antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the paw pressure test in rats, after hyperalgesia induction with intraplantar injection of carrageenan or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Results: PnTx4(5-5), subcutaneously injected, was able to reduce the hyperalgesia induced by PGE2 in rat paw, demonstrating a systemic effect. PnTx4(5-5) administered in the plantar surface of the paw caused a peripheral and dose-dependent antinociceptive effect on hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan or PGE2. The hyperalgesic effect observed in these two pain models was completely reversed with 5 µg of PnTx4(5-5). Intraplantar administration of L-glutamate induced hyperalgesic effect that was significantly reverted by 5 μg of PnTx4(5-5) injection in rat paw. Conclusion: The antinociceptive effect for PnTx4(5-5) was demonstrated against different rat pain models, i.e. induced by PGE2, carrageenan or glutamate. We suggest that the antinociceptive effect of PnTx4(5-5) may be related to an inhibitory activity on the glutamatergic system.(AU)