Hormone therapy in the treatment of breast cancer and main outcomes in sexuality

Hormone-dependent breast cancer has growth factors that respond positively to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Thus, adjuvant endocrine therapy causes decreased or undetectable serum levels of these hormones. However, this treatment can have side effects that compromise the sexual health of patients, such as dyspareunia, vaginal dryness and decreased libido. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to document the main outcomes in sexuality in women after treatment for hormonepositive breast cancer. Thus, this is an integrative literature review, in which the following databases were used: U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Virtual Health Library (BVS), SCOPUS and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), using the descriptors: "sexuality", "antineoplastic agents, hormonal" and "breast neoplasms", joined by the Boolean operator "AND". Full articles published in the last 5 years (2017-2022) were included; written in Portuguese or English. Articles dealing with non-hormone-dependent or metastatic breast cancer, or with patients younger than 18 years, or articles that did not answer the research question were excluded. In total, 26 articles were identified, of which 7 comprised the final sample of this review. A total of 3,850 women participated in the included studies. The main sexual dysfunctions found were: dyspareunia, hot flashes, decreased libido, vaginal dryness, breast tenderness, self-image concerns and hair loss. The symptom vaginal dryness was the most prevalent, mentioned in 71.4% of the articles included. In view of the adverse effects listed in this review, there is a need to carry out more studies on this topic, since the diagnosis of this comorbidity brings clinical, psychological, emotional, sociocultural and economic outcomes for the patient. Thus, a multidisciplinary team must assertively address these complaints to improve the overall quality of life of these women (AU)

Post-finasteride syndrome

Abstract Finasteride is a 5α-reductase enzyme inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of male androgenic alopecia since 1997. Over time, it has been considered a safe and well-tolerated drug with rare and reversible side effects. Recently there have been reports of adverse drug-related reactions that persisted for at least three months after discontinuation of this drug, and the term post-finasteride syndrome arose. It includes persistent sexual, neuropsychiatric, and physical symptoms. Studies to date cannot refute or confirm this syndrome as a nosological entity. If it actually exists, it seems to occur in susceptible people, even if exposed to small doses and for short periods, and symptoms may persist for long periods. Based on currently available data, the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors in patients with a history of depression, sexual dysfunction, or infertility should be carefully and individually assessed.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) into Portuguese / Tradução e adaptação transcultural da Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) para a língua portuguesa

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is common in individuals with psychiatric disorders and under psychotropic medication such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. Several scales have been developed to assess sexual function in these patients. The Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) is a five-item rating scale that quantifies sex drive, arousal, vaginal lubrication/penile erection, ability to reach orgasm, and satisfaction from orgasm. We describe the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ASEX into the Portuguese language, with the goal of contributing to the assessment of sexual function in Portuguese-speaking psychiatric patients under treatment with psychotropic drugs. Methods The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process thoroughly followed the steps recommended by the Task Force of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), namely: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, back-translation review, harmonization, cognitive debriefing, review of cognitive debriefing, finalization, proofreading, and final version. Results The process was successfully completed and no major differences were found between the translation, reconciliation and back-translation phases, with only small adjustments being made. Conclusion The translation of the ASEX was completed successfully, following international reference guidelines. The use of these guidelines is a guarantee of a Portuguese version that is qualitatively and semantically equivalent to the original scale. This availability of this new scale version will enable studies evaluating the sexual function of Portuguese-speaking psychiatric patients. Future studies may assess the validity of the scale for Portuguese-speaking populations.

Resumo Introdução A disfunção sexual é comum em indivíduos com doenças psiquiátricas e sob o uso de medicações como antidepressivos e antipsicóticos. Várias escalas foram desenvolvidas para avaliar a função sexual desses doentes. A Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) é uma escala de cinco itens de avaliação que quantifica desejo sexual, excitação, lubrificação vaginal/ereção peniana, capacidade para atingir o orgasmo e satisfação com o orgasmo. Este artigo descreve o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural da escala ASEX para a língua portuguesa, com o objetivo de contribuir para a avaliação da função sexual dos doentes medicados com fármacos psicotrópicos nos vários países onde se utiliza essa língua. Métodos A tradução e a adaptação transcultural seguiram de forma detalhada os passos recomendados pelo grupo de trabalho da International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), nomeadamente: preparação, tradução inicial, reconciliação, retroversão, revisão da retroversão, harmonização, teste cognitivo, revisão do teste cognitivo, finalização, leitura final e versão final. Resultados O processo foi completado com sucesso, e não foram observadas diferenças grandes entre as fases de tradução, reconciliação e retroversão, tendo sido feitos apenas pequenos ajustes. Conclusão A tradução da escala ASEX foi bem-sucedida, seguindo orientações internacionais de referência. A aplicação dessas orientações é a garantia de uma versão em língua portuguesa que é qualitativa e semanticamente equivalente à versão original da escala. A existência desta nova versão da escala permitirá estudos que avaliem a função sexual dos doentes em países nos quais se fale a língua portuguesa. Estudos futuros poderão atestar a validade da escala para essas populações.

Sexual dysfunction and dissatisfaction in chronic hepatitis C patients

Introduction The prevalence of sexual dysfunction (SD) and dissatisfaction with sexual life (DSL) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC) was jointly investigated via a thorough psychopathological analysis, which included dimensions such as fatigue, impulsiveness, psychiatric comorbidity, health-related quality of life (HRQL) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Methods Male and female CHC patients from an outpatient referral center were assessed using the Brief Fatigue Inventory, the Barrat Impulsiveness Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). Structured psychiatric interviews were performed according to the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. SD was assessed based on specific items in the BDI (item 21) and the HAM-A (item 12). DSL was assessed based on a specific question in the WHOQOL-BREF (item 21). Multivariate analysis was performed according to an ordinal linear regression model in which SD and DSL were considered as outcome variables. Results SD was reported by 60 (57.1%) of the patients according to the results of the BDI and by 54 (51.4%) of the patients according to the results of the HAM-A. SD was associated with older age, female gender, viral genotype 2 or 3, interferon-α use, impulsiveness, depressive symptoms, antidepressant and benzodiazepine use, and lower HRQL. DSL was reported by 34 (32.4%) of the patients and was associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, antidepressant use, and lower HRQL. Conclusions The prevalence of SD and DSL in CHC patients was high and was associated with factors, such as depressive symptoms and antidepressant use. Screening and managing these conditions represent significant steps toward improving medical assistance and the HRQL of CHC patients. .

Female sexual dysfunction in patients with sub-stance-related disorders

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction symptoms and the associated risk factors in a sample of patients with substance-related disorders admitted to a specialized in-patient care unit. METHODS: This study used a cross-section design, with eight months of data collection, conducted with substance-dependent women using structured questionnaires to collect socio-demographic data and identify their drug of choice. The Drug Abuse Screening Test, Short Alcohol Dependence Data questionnaire, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and Arizona Sexual Experience Scale were also administered. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 105 women who had a mean age of 34.8 years (SD = 12.1, range = 18-65) and were predominantly heterosexual (74.3%), single (47.6%), Caucasian (50.5%), catholic (36.2%), and educated only to the level of primary education (40%), with a monthly family income of up to one minimum salary (37.5%). In 42.9% of the patients, crack was the drug of choice; 47.6% of the sample qualified for the Drug Abuse Screening Test (substantial problems related to drugs), 43.8% exhibited Short Alcohol Dependence Data (moderate or severe dependency), 47.6% exhibited Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (high or very high nicotine dependence). The prevalence of sexual dysfunction symptoms was 34.2% (95% CI = [25.3, 44.1]), and a high level of nicotine dependence and low income increased the chances of having sexual dysfunction by 2.72-fold and 2.54 fold, respectively. An association was also observed between female sexual dysfunction symptoms and schooling and levels of drug dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Female sexual dysfunction symptoms were common among this sample and primarily associated with high levels of nicotine use.

Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: A comparison between Duloxetine and Escitalopram.

Background: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) have the potential to produce delayed ejaculation in men, delayed orgasm or anorgasmia in women and decreased libido that is independent of the gender. The occurrence of medication-associated sexual dysfunction increases the likelihood of medication non-compliance (or non-adherence) in patients, which may contribute to untreated depression and/or disease relapse. Materials & Methods: 60 patients with diagnosis of Depressive episode (in remission at the time of study), divided into 2 groups of 30 patients taking Duloxetine and the remaining 30 patients taking Escitalopram, were recruited on consecutive basis from the patients attending Psychiatry OPD of Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC). Each subject was rated on Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) and the results obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: In the present study the average ASEX score obtained in the Escitalopram group (12.63) was found to be more than that in Duloxetine group (12.36), though this difference was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: These results illustrate that antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction is reported frequently by patients taking SSRIs or SNRIs. Our study did not find any significant difference between escitalopram and duloxetine with respect to their sexual dysfunction profile but in view of the limitations of our study there is need for further research in this domain of psychopharmacology.

Psicofármacos y función gonadal / Psychotropic drugs and gonadal function

Psychotropic medications have a series of neurobiological effects which may be related to adverse effects. The endocrinological side effects may affect prolactin and thyroid, parathyroid and antidiuretic hormones. They may also influence the appearance of metabolic syndrome, gonadal and sexual problems. There disturbances must be borne in mind to prevent or detect them on time,since they may affect the compliance with the treatment. This revision focuses on the relationship between psychotropic drugs, antidepressants, mood stabilizers and gonadal function. As a general recommendation, patients using these medications should be monitored for menstrual and fertility disturbances, weight change, hirsutism, galactorrhea and changes in libido and sexual life.

A systematic review on clinical management of antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia

INTRODUCTION: Sexual dysfunction frequently occurs in patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic therapy, and the presence of sexual side effects may affect compliance. The aim of this study was to review and describe clinical findings relating to the appropriate management of such dysfunctions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was carried out through Medline (from 1966 to March 2005), PsycInfo (from 1974 to March 2005), and Cochrane Library (from 1965 to March 2005) and included any kind of study, from case reports to randomized trials. RESULTS: The most common sexual dysfunctions found in the literature were libido decrease, difficulties in achieving and maintaining erection, ejaculatory dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, and menstrual irregularities. Thirteen papers were found: eight of them were open-label studies, four were descriptions of cases, and only one was a randomized clinical trial. All of them were short-term and had small sample sizes. The agents used were: bromocriptine, cabergoline, cyproheptadine, amantadine, shakuyaku-kanzo-to, sildenafil and selegiline. DISCUSSION: There was no evidence that those agents had proper efficacy in treating the antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction. An algorithm for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antipsychotics is suggested as a support for clinical decisions. Since the outcome from schizophrenia treatment is strongly related to compliance with the antipsychotics, prevention of sexual dysfunction is better than its treatment, since there is a scarcity of data available regarding the efficacy of intervention to deal with these problems.

INTRODUÇÃO: Disfunção sexual freqüentemente ocorre em pacientes com esquizofrenia em terapia com antipsicóticos e a presença de efeitos adversos sexuais pode afetar a adesão ao tratamento. O objetivo do estudo é rever e descrever achados clínicos relacionados ao manejo apropriado de tais disfunções. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi feita pelo Medline (de 1966 a março de 2005), PsycInfo (de 1974 a março de 2005) e Biblioteca Cochrane (de 1965 a março de 2005) e incluiu qualquer tipo de desenho de estudo de relato de caso a estudos clínicos randomizados. RESULTADOS: As disfunções sexuais mais comuns encontradas na literatura foram diminuição da libido, dificuldades em alcançar e manter ereção, disfunção ejaculatória, orgásmica e irregularidades menstruais. Treze artigos foram encontrados: oito deles eram estudos abertos, quatro descrições de casos e somente um estudo clínico randomizado. Todos eram de curta duração e com tamanho de amostra pequeno. Os agentes usados foram: bromocriptina, cabergolina, ciproheptadina, amantadina, shakuyaku-kanzo-to, sildenafil e selegilina. DISCUSSÃO: Não há evidências de eficácia apropriada destes agentes no tratamento da disfunção sexual induzida por antipsicóticos. Um algoritmo foi sugerido para manejo da disfunção sexual induzida por antipsicóticos, suportando decisões clínicas. Como o desfecho da esquizofrenia é fortemente relacionado a adesão ao tratamento com antipsicóticos, a prevenção da disfunção sexual é melhor que seu tratamento, visto que muito poucos dados estão disponíveis sobre a eficácia de intervenções destes problemas.

Bethanecol chloride for treatment of clomipramine-induced orgasmic dysfunction in males

OBJETIVO: Investigar se o uso do cloridato de betanecol é uma alternativa útil no manejo clínco da disfunção orgásmica induzida pela clomipramina, relatada por até 96 % dos usuários do sexo masculino. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 12 pacientes do sexo masculino em remissão completa de transtorno de pânico porém com queixas de disfunção orgásmica grave secundária ao uso da clomipramina. Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos ao tratamento com cloridrato de betanecol (20 mg quando necessário) ou placebo em um estudo duplo cego "crossover" de dois períodos. RESULTADOS: Foi observado um benefício claro no período de uso da droga ativa. Não foram observados efeito placebo ou "carry-over" nos pacientes inicialmete alocados ao medicamento ativo. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o cloridato de betanecol, usado em doses únicas, 45 minutos antes da relação sexual, pode ser útil em pacientes do sexo masculino apresentado disfunção orgásmica secundária ao uso da clomipramina.

investigation of the possible mechanism for propranolol induced sexual dysfunction

Propranolol as a beta adrenergic blocking agent is widely used in therapeutics for many indications. The drug has been observed to produce sexual dysfunction in many patients. However, the mechanisms of this effect is still unclarified. The present work is designed to investigate the effect of subchronic administration of propranolol on rat testicular tissues and serum testosterone level. Propranolol was given in 3-dose levels for 4 weeks. Results revealed that propranolol could produce degenerative changes in the interstitial cells of Leydig as well as the sperm cells and this associated with significant reduction in serum testosterone level. These changes may be the cause of sexual dysfunction that complicate propranolol therapy. The possible mechanisms underlying these changes were discussed