Divertículo de Zenker / Zenker's Diverticulum

Introducción: Los divertículos de Zenker son los más frecuentes del esófago. El tratamiento quirúrgico más utilizado es la diverticulectomía con miotomía cricofaríngea abierta. Objetivo: Describir un paciente con diagnóstico de divertículo de Zenker cuya presentación fue la disfagia e infecciones respiratorias recurrentes. Presentación del caso: Describimos el caso de una paciente de 73 años con disfagia alta e infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, con el diagnóstico de divertículo de Zenker, a quien se le realiza diverticulectomía más miotomía. Conclusiones: El divertículo de Zenker o divertículo yuxtaesfinteriano faringoesofágico es una entidad de baja prevalencia que se presenta en pacientes entre los 50 y 70 años, predominantemente en los de sexo masculino. La radiografía contrastada del tracto digestivo superior y endoscopia determinan el diagnóstico en su mayoría y la diverticulectomía más cricomiotomía es la técnica más empleada(AU)

Introduction: Zenker's diverticula are the most frequent diverticula of the esophagus. The most commonly used surgical treatment is diverticulectomy with open cricopharyngeal myotomy. Objective: To describe a patient with a diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum and whose presentation was dysphagia and recurrent respiratory infections. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 73-year-old female patient with high dysphagia and recurrent respiratory infections, with the diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum, and who underwent diverticulectomy plus myotomy. Conclusions: Zenker's diverticulum or pharyngoesophageal juxtasphincteric diverticulum is a low-prevalence condition that occurs in patients between 50 and 70 years of age, predominantly in males. Contrast radiography of the upper digestive tract and endoscopy determine the diagnosis in the majority of cases, while diverticulectomy plus cricomyotomy is the most commonly used technique(AU)

Z-POEM: ¿Procedimiento ideal para el tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker? / Z-POEM: Ideal procedure for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum?

Introducción. El divertículo de Zenker es una patología poco frecuente, caracterizada por la presencia de disfagia, halitosis, tos y pérdida de peso, que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y las técnicas han evolucionado de forma permanente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la mejoría de la disfagia en pacientes a quienes se les realizó la técnica de miotomía endoscópica peroral (Z-POEM). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de una serie de 23 pacientes con divertículo de Zenker diagnosticado por endoscopia y esofagograma, tratados entre mayo de 2018 y noviembre de 2021 en diferentes instituciones de la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, mediante una miotomía endoscópica del cricofaríngeo con la técnica de Z-POEM. Resultados. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron adultos mayores, de sexo masculino. Los síntomas más frecuentes correspondieron a disfagia y regurgitación. El tamaño promedio del divertículo fue de tres centímetros. La estancia hospitalaria fue de un día. Un paciente presentó disfagia postoperatoria en relación con los clips y otro presentó un absceso mediastinal, el cual fue resuelto de manera endoscópica. Actualmente, todos los pacientes se encuentran asintomáticos y no han presentado recurrencia. Conclusiones. El tratamiento endoscópico mínimamente invasivo mediante la miotomía endoscópica peroral (Z-POEM) en el paciente con divertículo de Zenker es una alternativa segura y eficaz, con buenos resultados y poca morbilidad

Introduction. Zenker's diverticulum is a rare pathology characterized by the presence of dysphagia, halitosis, cough, and weight loss, which affect the patients' quality of life. The treatment is surgical and the techniques have evolved permanently. The objective of this study was to evaluate the improvement of dysphagia in patients who underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy technique (Z-POEM). Methods. Descriptive study of a series of 23 patients with Zenker's diverticulum diagnosed by endoscopy and esophagram, treated between May 2018 and November 2021 at different institutions in Bogotá, Colombia, by means of an endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy with the Z-POEM technique. Results. Most of patients were older males. The most frequent symptoms corresponded to dysphagia and regurgitation. The average size of the diverticulum was three centimeters. The hospital stay was one day. One patient presented postoperative dysphagia related to the clips and another presented a mediastinal abscess which was resolved endoscopically. Currently, all patients are asymptomatic and have not presented recurrence. Conclusions. Minimally invasive endoscopic treatment by peroral endoscopic myotomy (Z-POEM) in patients with Zenker's diverticulum is a safe and effective alternative, with good results and low morbidity

Caso clínico-radiológico: divertículo de Zenker / Clinical-radiological case: Zenker's diverticulum

Zenker's diverticulum develops in the hypopharynx, usually between the cricopharyngeus muscle and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, at the level of the C5 and C6 vertebrae. It often manifests clinically with dysphagia, persistent reflux, and halitosis. Its reference diagnosis is through barium video swallowing observed by fluoroscopy. Management is surgical with a cervical or transoral approach, the latter having a better safety profile

Preescolar con divertículo de Zenker y hallazgo intraoperatorio de cuerpo extraño esofágico / Preschool-age child with Zenker's diverticulum and intraoperative finding of an esophageal foreign body

Introducción. El divertículo de Zenker es una evaginación sacular ciega que puede presentarse a nivel faringoesofágico. No se conoce exactamente su incidencia en la edad pediátrica, constituyendo una patología muy infrecuente. La sintomatología es inespecífica, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico precoz y determina un mayor riesgo de complicaciones asociadas. Caso clínico. Paciente preescolar femenina con cuadro recurrente de emesis con deshidratación, posteriormente asociado a disfagia, a quien se le diagnosticó un divertículo de Zenker. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico con hallazgo intraoperatorio de dilatación esofágica, un área de estenosis secundaria al hallazgo incidental de un cuerpo extraño y divertículo de Zenker en la región lateral del esófago dilatado. Discusión. Esta patología es extremadamente rara, pero se debe tener en cuenta dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales en pacientes con sintomatología faringo-esofágica. Conclusión. Se presenta una preescolar sin antecedente de procedimientos esofágicos o malformaciones congénitas asociadas con diagnóstico de un divertículo de Zenker y dilatación esofágica por un cuerpo extraño, tratada quirúrgicamente de forma exitosa.

Introduction. Zenker's diverticulum is a blind saccular evagination that can present at the pharyngoesophageal level. Its incidence in pediatric age is not exactly known, constituting a very infrequent pathology. The symptoms are nonspecific, which makes early diagnosis difficult and determines a higher risk of associated complications.Clinical case. Female preschool patient with recurrent dehydration due to emesis, later associated with dysphagia, who was diagnosed with Zenker's diverticulum. Surgical treatment was performed with intraoperative finding of esophageal dilation, an area of stenosis secondary to the incidental finding of a foreign body, and a Zenker's diverticulum in the lateral region of the dilated esophagus. Discussion. This pathology is extremely rare, but it should be taken into account within the differential diagnoses in patients with pharyngo-esophageal symptoms. Conclusion: We present a preschool female patient with no history of esophageal procedures or congenital malformations associated with a diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal dilation due to a foreign body, successfully treated surgically.

Divertículo de Zenker: manejo endoscópico con o sin diverticulotomo / Zenker's diverticulum: endoscopic treatment with or without diverticulotome

Resumen El divertículo de Zenker se define como un divertículo localizado en la pared esofágica posterior que tiene como cuello proximal al músculo cricofaríngeo. La mayoría de los pacientes presenta síntomas después de los 60 años de edad. Antes el manejo estándar se realizaba la diverticulotomía quirúrgica, pero desde hace más de 20 años se introdujo el manejo endoscópico. Desde hace más de 15 años se introdujo un diverticulotomo que facilita la realización del procedimiento, pero su uso no se ha instaurado ampliamente en Colombia. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar si la diverticulotomía endoscópica con el uso de este dispositivo es más fácil (rápida) que el método estándar. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo evaluando dos métodos endoscópicos para tratar el divertículo de Zenker, con el objetivo principal de conocer en cuál de ellos el tiempo de incisión del tabique era menor. El tiempo del procedimiento se contaba después de la colocación de la sonda en el método estándar o después de colocar el diverticulotomo en posición (método con diverticulotomo), ya que es el momento exacto en el cual se inicia el corte del tabique y se contabilizaba el tiempo (registro en video) cuando este corte terminaba. Resultados: de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2018 en total se incluyeron 20 pacientes. El diagnóstico de Zenker fue realizado por una endoscopia y esofagograma para clasificar el tamaño del mismo. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 61 años (46-85). En cada uno de los grupos se asignaron 10 pacientes. En 7 pacientes del grupo método estándar se resolvieron los síntomas, en comparación con 9 del grupo del método con diverticulotomo. Los tres pacientes que no respondieron presentaron en el seguimiento a 18 meses un estadio II de la escala de deglución de resultados funcionales. El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue de 32 (25-45) minutos en el grupo del método estándar y 12 (7-15) minutos en el grupo de método con diverticulotomo (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La miotomía del divertículo de Zenker con el uso de endoscopia flexible utilizando el diverticulotomo tiene beneficios potenciales en términos de tiempos operatorios más cortos, estancias posoperatorias más cortas y un inicio más temprano de la dieta. Desde el punto de vista técnico, permite una mejor exposición del tabique, lo que facilita su corte, pero se necesitan estudios más grandes para confirmar estos resultados.

Abstract Zenker's diverticulum is defined as a diverticulum located in the posterior esophageal wall, just above the cricopharyngeal muscle. Most patients experience symptoms in this area after the age of 60. In the past, the standard treatment was surgical diverticulotomy, but endoscopic treatment was introduced over 20 years ago. For more than 15 years, overtubes are introduced to facilitate the procedure, but their use is not been widely established in our country. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether endoscopic diverticulotomy with the use of this device is easier (faster) than the standard method. Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted to establish which of the two endoscopic methods to treat Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) made the septum incision time shorter. The time count was done using video recording and started when the probe -standard method (SM)- or the overtube (MD) were placed, as this is the exact moment when septum cutting begins. The count stopped when the cut was finalized. Results: A total of 20 patients were treated from January 2015 to December 2018. Zenker's diverticulum diagnosis was achieved by endoscopy and esophagogram to classify the size of the tumor. The average age of the patients was 61 years (46-85). Ten patients were assigned to each group. Symptoms resolved in 7 patients of the SM group, compared to 9 in the MD group. The three patients who did not respond to the treatment were classified as stage II in the functional outcome swallowing scale at 18 months of follow-up. The average time of the procedure was 32 (25-45) minutes in the SM group and 12 (7-15) minutes in the MD group (p <0.001). Conclusions: ZD myotomy with flexible endoscopy using an overtube has potential benefits in terms of shorter operative times, shorter post-operative stays, and an earlier reintroduction of food. From a technical point of view, this method allows for better exposure of the septum, which facilitates cutting. However, more extensive studies are needed to confirm these results.

Manejo clásico del Divertículo de Zenker. Serie de seis casos / Clinical management of Zenker's diverticulum

Los divertículos faringoesofágicos son bolsas revestidas de epitelio que sobresalen de la luz esofágica. Fueron descriptos por Abraham Ludlow siendo luego estudiados porZenker en 1878 por lo que recibieron dicha denominación. Son los divertículos más comunes también llamados falsos ya que no tienen todas las capas de la pared esofágica. Su incidencia es de 2/100 000 habitantes. Predomina en pacients masculinos a partir de la séptima década de la vida. Actualmente, existen diversas modalidades terapéuticas, desde la dilatación del esófago hasta la cirugía con resección del divertículo. A pesar de la revolución de la cirugía de mínimo acceso con la introducción de técnicas innovadoras por vía endoscópica todavía existen dudas en relación con la elección del tratamiento ideal. Este análisis de casos de seis pacientes con divertículo de Zenker que fueron a tratamiento quirúrgico fue diseñado para con la intención de definir las indicaciones y los resultados alcanzados en el tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker según el método abierto siendo las variables estudiadas: acceso, tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo para reanudar la vía oral, estadía hospitalaria, complicaciones, persistencia de síntomas, recidivas, reoperaciones y mortalidad

Pharyngoesophageal diverticula are epithelial-lined bags that protrude from the esophageal lumen. They were described by Abraham Ludlow and then studied by Zenker in 1878 for which they received the name. They are the most common divertícula also called false because they do not have all the layers of the exophageal wall. Its incidence is 2/100 000 inhabitants. It predominates in male patients from the seventh decade of life. Currently, there are various therapeutic modalities, from dilation of the esophagus to surgery with resection of the diverticulum. Despite the revolution in minimally invasive surgery with the introduction of innovative techniques through endoscopy, there are still doubts regarding the choice of the ideal treatment. This case analysis of six patients with Zenker's diverticulum who underwent surgical treatment was designed with the intention of defining the indications and results achieved in the treatmente of Zenker's diverticulum accordin to the open method, with the variables studied being: access, surgical time, time to resume the oral route, hospital stay, complications, persistence of symptoms, recurrences, reoperations and mortality

A Case of Zenker's Diverticulum Mimicking a Right Side Thyroid Nodule

Zenker's diverticulum, a pulsion diverticulum of the hypopharynx, is a rare lesion that commonly occurs in left side of hypopharynx. The incidence of esophageal diverticula is much lower than that of focal lesions or nodules of thyroid. In an ultrasonography, the outpouching just like a focal thyroid lesion, may present as an oval or circular structure. The food remnants or gas bubbles present in the diverticulum may mimic microcalcifications presented in papillary thyroid carcinoma. We reported a case of right side Zenker's diverticulum mimicking a thyroid cancer in thyroid ultrasonography.

Uso seguro y eficaz del IT-Knife-2 en el manejo endoscópico del divertículo de Zenker (DZ) / Efficacy and safety of the endoscopic management of Zenker diverticulum with IT-Knife 2 device

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del manejo endoscópico del DZ con IT-knife 2. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico (Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins y la Clínica El Golf). Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con DZ sintomáticos desde setiembre 2013 a agosto 2016, los cuales fueron sometidos a miotomía cricofaringea endoscópica. Técnica: se afrontó el septo del DZ con un cap y luego se seccionó con el IT-Knife 2 (ENDOCUT Q Efecto 3-2-5) hasta su base. Se comparó la escala de disfagia antes y después del procedimiento, al 1er mes y luego de los 3 meses. Resultados: Se incluyeron 20 pacientes (11 varones; edad promedio: 71 años). El tamaño promedio del DZ fue de 40,5 mm. El tiempo promedio de la miotomía cricofaringea fue de 13,75 minutos. El éxito clínico fue del 100%, presentando un descenso estadísticamente significativo (p<0,001) en el score de disfagia de 2+/-0,86 pre-tratamiento a 0,05+/-0,22 al primer mes post- tratamiento. La recurrencia clínica a partir del tercer mes fue de 15%, resolviendo por completo con un segundo tratamiento endoscópico. No se presentó ningún caso de perforación ni sangrado. Dos pacientes cursaron con neumonía. Conclusión: El tratamiento endoscópico del DZ mediante el uso del IT-knife 2 es altamente eficaz y seguro, y de menor complejidad que la experiencia previa

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the endoscopic management of Zenker Diverticulum with IT-Knife 2 device. Materials and methods: prospective and multicenter study (Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital and Golf Clinic). We included all patients with sintomatic Zenker Diverticulum that were treated with endoscopic cricopharyngeal miotomy from september 2013 until august 2016. Technique: the diverticulum septum was faced with a cap, and then it was cut by the IT-Knife 2 (ENDOCUT Q, effect 3-2-5) until its baseline. Disphagia score was compared before and 1 and 3 months after the procedure. Results: 20 patients were included (11 men; average age: 71 years). The median size of Zenker Diverticulum was 40.5 mm. The median duration of the cricopharyngeal miotomy was 13.75 minutes. Clinical success was 100%. There was a significative decrease (p<0.001) in the disphagia score from 2+/-0.86 before the procedure to 0.05+/-0.22 one month after it. Recurrence after 3 months was 15% and it was completely solved after a second endoscopic treatment. Niether perforation nor bleeding was reported. Two patients had pneumonia. Conclusion: the endoscopic management of Zenker Diverticulum with IT-Knife 2 is highly effective, safe and less complex than previous technique experience

Preliminary results of submucosal tunneling endoscopic septum division in the treatment of esophageal diverticulum / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the safety and efficacy of submucosal tunneling endoscopic septum division (STESD) for escophageal diverticulum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of six consecutive patients with symptomatic esophageal diverticula who received STESD in Endoscopy Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from April 2016 to November 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. STESD was performed as following: mucosal entry was made 3 cm from the septum of esophageal diverticulum; submucosal tunnel was created towards the septum; after the satisfactory exposure of the septum, endoscopic division was made down to the bottom of the diverticulum; mucosal closure of the tunnel entry was made. The symptoms were scored using a system modified according to Eckardt score, namely dysphagia, heartburn, regurgitation, weight loss and retrosternal pain with each ranging from 0 to 3 (maximum score 15, minimum score 0, the higher the score, the more severe the symptoms).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were four males and two females with median age of 56.5 (range 50-67) years. Four patients were epiphrenic diverticula, and the other two were Zenker's diverticula. Median duration of disease was 2.5 years (range 5 months-29 years). No previous treatment was attempted. All the patients completed STESD successfully. The median septum division length was 2.5(1-4) cm. The median number of metallic clips for mucosal closure was 5(2-6). The median operation time was 51.5 (33-135) min. No major adverse events, such as perforation or bleeding were found in perioperative period. The median time of hospital stay was 5(3-9) days. All the patients had symptom relief after operation. One patient with Zenker's diverticulum reported foreign body sensation after operation and experienced relief two weeks afterwards. During a median follow-up time of 5(4-10) months, the median symptom score of 6 cases was 4.5 (1-13) before and 0.5 (0-4) after operation. The symptom scores went down to zero in 3 patients (preoperative scores 13, 1, 1, respectively), and down to 1 in 2 patients with main symptom of backflow (preoperative scores 5, 4, respectively). One patient with 29 years history of disease did not report obvious improvement in symptoms (preoperative and postoperative scores 5, 4, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Submucosal tunneling endoscopic septum division is efficient and safe to relieve symptomatic esophageal diverticulum in short term.</p>

Tratamiento actual para el divertículo de Zenker / Current treatment of Zenker´s diverticulum

Introducción: la cirugía es el tratamiento de elección para los divertículos de Zenker, pero existen diferencias en relación con el acceso a utilizar: abierto o endoscópico. Objetivo: comparar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrico del divertículo de Zenker de acuerdo con el acceso utilizado. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medline con las palabras: divertículo, Zenker, faringoesofágico, cricofaríngeo, diverticulectomía, diverticulopexia, diverticulotomía, diverticulostomía publicados entre 2006 y 2016. Se incluyeron estudios con más de 40 casos, comparativos o no, en los idiomas inglés, español, portugués, francés e italiano. Las variables estudiadas fueron: indicaciones quirúrgicas, recidiva del divertículo, tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo para la alimentación oral, estadía hospitalaria, reoperaciones, complicaciones, mejoría de los síntomas y mortalidad. Resultados: no se encontraron ensayos aleatrorizados. Se incluyeron cuatro revisiones sistemáticas y un metanálisis, además de un grupo de estudios que comparan los accesos peroral y transcervical y otros que comparan los resultados entre diferentes técnicas de los accesos endoscópico y convencional. La mayoría de los estudios son de carácter retrospectivo.Para evaluar los resultados a largo plazo se tomaron los artículos con seguimiento mayor de 12 meses. Conclusiones: con el acceso abierto se logran mejores resultados a largo plazo, pero tiene más complicaciones inmediatas. Es preferible usarlo en pacientes jóvenes y cuando existen condiciones anatómicas desfavorables para la endoscopia. El tratamiento endoscópico constituye una opción adecuada para pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico y anestésico(AU)

Introduction: Surgery is the treatment of choice in Zenker´s diverticula, but there are different opinions about the access to be used, that is, open or endoscopic. Objective: To compare the results of the surgical treatment results of Zenker´s diverticulum according to the access employed. Methods: A literature review was made in PubMed/Medline using the keywords: diverticulum, Zenker, pharyngoesophageal, crycopharyngeal, diverticulectomy, diverticulopexy, diverticulotomy, diverticulostomy in articles published from 2006 to 2016. There were included several studies of more than 40 cases, either comparative or not in English, Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese languages. The studied variables were surgical indications, recurrence, surgical time, length of time for oral feeding, hospital stay, reoperations, complications, symptoms improvement and mortality. Results: Randomized studies were not found. Four systematic reviews, one meta-analysis, comparative studies on perioral and transcervical access and others which compare the results of the endoscopic and of the conventional access were all included. Most of them were retrospective. For evaluation of long-term results, those articles with follow-up periods over 12 months were taken. Conclusions: The open access provides better long-term results, but it has more immediate complications. It is advisable to use it in young patients and when anatomic conditions are unfavorable for the endoscopic treatment. Finally, the endoscopic treatment is an adequate choice for patients with high surgical and anesthetic risk(AU)

Manejo del divertículo de Zenker con endoscopia avanzada / Advanced endoscopic management of Zenker´s diverticulum

El divertículo de Zenker es un saco que protruye a través de los músculos constrictor inferior de la faringe y cricofaríngeo (triángulo de Killian); es una alteración que ocasiona disfagia como síntoma principal y se puede manejar con el endoscopio flexible con buenos resultados. Objetivo. Describir la experiencia preliminar en el manejo endoscópico del divertículo de Zenker en el Hospital de San José. Métodos. Se trata de una serie de casos llevada a cabo desde diciembre de 2014 hasta abril de 2016 en el Hospital de San José, en la cual se utilizó el endoscopio flexible para la diverticulotomía en pacientes ambulatorios. Resultados. Se intervinieron seis pacientes, en los cuales se llevaron a cabo nueve procedimientos. El diagnóstico se hizo mediante esofagogastroduodenoscopia y esofagograma. La edad promedio fue de 65 años y cuatro pacientes eran hombres. En todos se practicó el procedimiento bajo anestesia general, usando endoscopio flexible, sonda orogástrica y capuchón. No se usaron antibióticos profilácticos y todos los pacientes se atendieron en forma ambulatora. Conclusión. La diverticulotomía endoscópica con equipo de endoscopia flexible es una técnica que ha sido adoptada por los gastroenterólogos intervencionistas debido a su seguridad y buenos resultados. Por lo anterior, esta técnica se debe tener en cuenta en los pacientes con esta enfermedad

Zenker's diverticulum is a sac that protrudes through the inferior constrictor muscles of the pharynx and cricopharyngeus (Killian triangle), a condition that causes dysphagia as the main symptom and can be managed by flexible endoscopy with good results. Objective: To describe the preliminary experience in the endoscopic management of Zenker's diverticulum at Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: This is a case series conducted from December 2014 to April 2016 utilizing the flexible endoscope for divericulectomy as an outpatient procedure. Results: Nine procedures were performed in six patients. Diagnosis was made by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and barium swallow. Average age was 65 years, and four patients were men. All the procedure were carried out under general anesthesia using flexible endoscope, orogastric tube and cap. We do not use prophylactic antibiotics and all were outpatients. Conclusion: Endoscopic equipment diverticulectomy with flexible endoscopy is a technique that has been adopted by the interventional gastroenterologists because of its safety and good results. Therefore, this technique should be considered in patients with this pathology

Acquired Pharyngeal Diverticulum after Anterior Cervical Fusion Operation Misdiagnosed as Typical Zenker Diverticulum

A pharyngeal diverticulum is a rare complication of an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). We present a case of a pharyngeal diverticulum after an ACDF, which was misdiagnosed as a typical Zenker diverticulum. A 54-year-old woman presented with dysphagia and a sense of irritation in the neck following C5 through C7 cervical fusion 3 years prior. The patient underwent open surgery to resect the diverticulum with concurrent cricopharyngeal myotomy. An ACDF-related diverticulum is difficult to distinguish from a typical Zenker diverticulum.

ASSESSMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MANUAL SUTURE IN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE PHARYNGOESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULUM / AVALIAÇÃO DA SUTURA MECÂNICA E MANUAL NO TRATAMENTO CIRÚRGICO DO DIVERTÍCULO FARINGOESOFÁGICO

Background: The occurrence of the pharyngoesophageal, or Zenker diverticulum is not frequent in the national scenario, and the technique of the diverticulectomy with cricomyotomy in medium and great dimension diverticula is still the most indicated. Because the resection of the diverticulum requires the suture of the pharynx, dehiscence can occur, thereafter delaying swallowing. Hence, the idea is to accomplish this surgical procedure, comparing the manual and mechanical suture, in order to evaluate the real benefit of the mechanical technique. Aim: To evaluate the results of the pharyngoesophageal diverticulectomy with cricomyotomy using manual and mechanical suture with regard to local and systemic complications. Method: Fifty-seven patients with pharyngoesophageal diverticula diagnosed through high digestive endoscopy and pharyngeal esophagogram were studied. The applied surgical technique was diverticulectomy with myotomy of the cricopharyngeal muscle, done in 24 patients (42.2%) the mechanical suture (group A) with the mechanical linear suture device and in 33 (57.8%) a manual closure of the pharynx (group B). Results: In the postoperative period, one patient of group A (4.1%) presented fistula caused by dehiscence of the pharyngeal suture, and three of group B (15.1%) presented the same complication, with a good outcome using a conservative treatment. In the same group, three patients (9.0%) presented stenosis of the suture of the pharynx, with good outcome and with endoscopic dilatations, and no patient from group A presented such complication. Lung infection was present in five patients, being two (8.3%) of group A and three (9.0%) on B, having good outcomes after specific treatment. In the late review, done with 43 patients (94.4%) of group A and 22 (88.0%) on B, the patients declared to be pleased with the surgical procedure, because they were able to regain normal swallowing. Conclusion: The diverticulectomy with myotomy and pharyngeal closure using mechanical suture was proven appropriate, for having restored regular swallowing in most of the patients, and the mechanical closure of the pharynx proved to be more effective in comparison to the manual one, because it provided a lower index of local post-surgical complications.

Racional: A ocorrência do divertículo faringoesofágico, ou de Zenker, é pouco frequente no cenário nacional, sendo que a técnica da diverticulectomia com cricomiotomia em divertículos de média e grandes dimensões ainda é a mais indicada. Devido à ressecção do divertículo necessitar de sutura da faringe ocorre possibilidade de deiscência, o que retarda o retorno da deglutição. Daí a ideia de realizar este procedimento cirúrgico, comparando a sutura manual com a mecânica, para avaliar o real benefício da técnica mecânica. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados da diverticulectomia faringoesofágica com cricomiotomia utilizando à sutura manual e mecânica em relação às complicações locais e sistêmicas. Métodos: Foram estudados 57 pacientes com divertículos faringoesofágicos diagnosticados através da endoscopia digestiva alta e faringoesofagograma. A técnica cirúrgica empreendida foi a diverticulectomia com miotomia do músculo cricofaríngeo, sendo a sutura mecânica realizada em 24 pacientes (42,2%, grupo A) com o aparelho linear e em 33 (57,8%, grupo B) a manual para o fechamento da faringe. Resultados: Na avaliação do pós-operatório precoce, um paciente do grupo A (4,1%) apresentou fístula consequente à deiscência da sutura da faringe e três do grupo B (15,1%) ambos com boa evolução com tratamento conservador. Neste mesmo grupo, três pacientes (9,0%) apresentaram estenose da sutura da faringe, com boa evolução com dilatações endoscópicas sendo que nenhum do grupo A apresentou esta complicação. A infecção pulmonar esteve presente em cinco pacientes, dois (8,3%) do grupo A e três (9,0%) do grupo B, com boa evolução com tratamento específico. Na avaliação tardia, realizada em 43 pacientes, 17(94,4%) do grupo A e 22 (88,0%) do grupo B, os pacientes referiram estarem satisfeitos com o procedimento cirúrgico, pois conseguiram resgatar a deglutição normal. Conclusões: A diverticulectomia com a miotomia do cricofaríngeo demonstrou ser procedimento cirúrgico ...

Tialismo como presentación clínica atípica del divertículo de Zencker: reporte de un caso / Ptyialism as an atypical clinical presentation of Zencker diverculum: a case report

Fundamento: El divertículo de Zencker es relativamente infrecuente, puede presentarse con sintomatologías típicas de la enfermedad o con otras manifestaciones atípicas, como el tialismo o crisis sialorreica. Objetivo: Describir el tialismo o crisis sialorreica como forma de presentación no habitual del divertículo de Zencker. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 60 años de edad que acudió a la consulta de gastroenterología porque desde hacía un año presentaba exceso de salivación o crisis sialorreica, acompañado en ocasiones de regurgitaciones y acidez. Entre los medios diagnósticos utilizados estuvo el esofagograma contrastado mediante el cual se diagnosticó un divertículo de Zencker. Al paciente se le realizó una cervicotomía lateral izquierda con resección del divertículo y ligadura de su base. Conclusiones: El método clínico es la piedra angular para sospechar el diagnóstico del divertículo de Zencker aunque su forma de presentación clínica sea infrecuente o atípica, como lo es el tialismo o la crisis sialorreica.

Background: Zencker diverculum is relatively infrequent, it can be presented with typical symptomatologies of the disease or with other atypical manifestations, as ptyalism or sialorrhea. Objective: to describe ptyalism or crisis of sialorrhea as a non-habitual presentation of Zencker diverculum. Case presentation: a 60 year-old male patient who attended the gastroenterology consultation as he was suffering from excessive salivation or sialorrhea since a year ago, sometimes along regurgitations and acidity. The contrasted oesophagogram was among the diagnostic means used, through which a Zencker diverculum was diagnosed. A left lateral cervicotomy with diverculum resection and ligature of its base was performed. Conclusions: the clinical method is the key to suspect the diagnosis of Zencker diverculum though its clinical presentation is infrequent and atypical as it is ptyalism or sialorrhea.

Abordagem endoscópica do divertículo de Zenker / Endoscopic approach for Zenkers diverticulum

O Divertículo de Zenker (DZ) é o mais comum dos divertículos do esôfago. Consiste numa desordem rara caracterizada pela protrusão da hipofaringe posterior numa região de fragilidade anatômica. É uma doença do idoso, do sexo masculino que tem, como principal sintoma, a disfagia e possui tratamento essencialmente cirúrgico. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar quatro casos clínicos de divertículo de Zenker com enfoque para o tratamento endoscópico dessa afecção, demonstrando as principais vantagens desse procedimento em relação às técnicas de cirurgia aberta.

Zenkers diverticulum is the most common esophageal diverticula. It is a rare disorder characterized by the protrusion of the posterior hypopharynx in an anatomic weak region. It is a male, elderly disease whose main symptom is dysphagia and it has surgical treatment essentialy. The aim of this study is to report four clinical cases of Zenkers diverticulum focusing on endoscopic management of this problem, showing the main advantages of this procedure compared to open surgery techniques.

Late Infection from Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion after Twenty Years

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been performed for degenerative and traumatic cervical diseases to improve pain and neurologic symptoms including sensory change and motor weakness. Infection, however, is a rare complication of ACDF, and late infection is even much rarer. We present a case of late Infection from ACDF C4-5 using Biocompatible Osteoconductive Polymer (BOP) after twenty years in the absence of an esophageal perforation, Zenker's diverticulum, or recent surgery or bacteremia. Late infection from ACDF after 20 years is extremely rare in the literature. However, possibility of such a late complication should be appreciated during the follow-up period and surgical resection will be required for proper treatment.

Miomectomía endoscópica del divertículo esofágico de Zenker: técnica modificada / Myomectomy endoscopic of Zenker’s esophageal diverticulum: modified technique

El divertículo de Zenker, también llamado divertículo faringoesofágico, es un tipo de divertículo de la mucosa de la faringe, que se ubica en la parte superior del músculo cricofaríngeo, es decir, por encima del esfínter esofágico superior. Es un falso divertículo en el sentido que no compromete todas las capas de la pared faríngea. Los mecanismos de formación aunque controversiales son por pulsión y tracción. Los divertículos de Zenker pueden causar halitosis, regurgitación de alimento no digerido, disfagia orofaríngea e incluso una obstrucción completa por compresión. Como complicaciones puede provocar broncoaspiración, formación de fístulas entre el divertículo y la tráquea, hemorragia intradiverticular y más raro, carcinoma epidermoide dentro del divertículo. Una serie esofágica con trago de bario normalmente detecta el divertículo. El tratamiento establecido del divertículo de Zenker consiste en la miotomía quirúrgica del músculo cricofaríngeo asociada a diverticulectomía o diverticulopexia y, como alternativa, la diverticulostomía o miomectomía endoscópica. El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar un caso clínico, describir el procedimiento endoscópico usando cápsula distal acrílica dentada y disección de capas posterior a esclerosis de solución de adrenalina. Se presentan fotos de este procedimiento que ofrece más firmeza en el corte porque evita el desplazamiento de la punta del endoscopio, ningún sangrado, mejor exposición de las capas musculares y mejor visibilidad para el corte. Debe ser validada con una serie de casos

Zenker's diverticulum, also called pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, is a type of diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, which is located at the top of the cricopharyngeal muscle, ie above the upper esophageal sphincter. It is a false diverticulum in the sense that it undertakes all layers of the pharyngeal wall. The formation mechanisms are controversial even drive and traction. Zenker diverticula can cause halitosis, regurgitation of undigested food, oropharyngeal dysphagia and even complete obstruction by compression. As complications may cause aspiration, fistula formation between the diverticulum and trachea, hemorrhage and rarest intradiverticular, epidermoid carcinoma in the diverticulum. A number esophageal barium swallow normally detects the diverticulum. The established treatment of Zenker's diverticulum is surgical myotomy of the cricopharyngeal muscle associated with diverticulectomy or diverticulopexy and, alternatively, the diverticulostomía or The objective of this study is to present a case, describe the endoscopic procedure using acrylic capsule toothed distal dissection layers sclerosis after epinephrine solution. We present photo of this procedure provides more firmly in the court because it prevents the displacement of the endoscope puna, no bleeding, better exposure of the muscle layers, and better visibility for cutting. Validity must be a number of cases

Divertículo faringoesofagiano: avaliação dos resultados do tratamento / Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum: evaluation of treatment results

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com divertículo faringoesofagiano submetidos aos tratamentos cirúrgico e endoscópico. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados de maneira retrospectiva 36 pacientes com divertículo faringo-esofagiano atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos, na dependência do tratamento: grupo 1 (n=24) - diverticulectomia associada á miotomia do cricofaríngeo, através de cervicotomia esquerda; grupo 2 (n=12) - diverticulostomia endoscópica usando grampeador linear. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade operatória foi nula em ambos os grupos. Complicações precoces: grupo 1 - dois pacientes desenvolveram fistula cervical e outros dois, rouquidão; grupo 2 - sem complicações. Complicações tardias: grupo 1 - sem complicações: grupo 2: recidiva da disfagia em quatro pacientes (p=0,01). O seguimento médio foi 33 meses para o grupo 1 e 28 meses para o grupo 2. CONCLUSÃO: Os dois procedimentos foram eficazes na remissão da disfagia. O tratamento cirúrgico apresentou superioridade em relação ao endoscópico, com resolução da disfagia com um único procedimento. O tratamento endoscópico deve ser reservado para os mais idosos e portadores de comorbidades.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postoperative outcome of patients with pharyngoesophageal diverticulum submitted to surgical and endoscopic treatments. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 36 patients with pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum treated at the Hospital of the Medical School of Botucatu - UNESP. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on the treatment: group 1 (n = 24): diverticulectomy associated myotomy through a left cervicotomy; group 2 (n = 12): endoscopic diverticulostomy with linear stapler. RESULTS: Operative mortality was zero in both groups. Early complications: group 1- two patients developed cervical fistula and two, hoarseness; group 2 - none. Late complications: group 1 - none; group 2: recurrence of dysphagia in four patients (p = .01). Mean follow-up was 33 months for group 1 and 28 months for group 2. CONCLUSION: Both procedures were effective in remission of dysphagia. Surgical treatment showed superiority to endoscopy, with resolution of dysphagia with a single procedure. Endoscopic treatment should be reserved for the elderly and those with comorbidities.

Diverticulopexia no tratamento do divertículo de Zenker / Diverticulopexy for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum

O divertículo de Zenker é um pseudodivertículo que se origina de um defeito muscular na parede posterior da faringe, na área de transição entre o músculo constritor inferior da faringe e o músculo cricofaringeo. Apesar do avanço das técnicas endoscópicas, o tratamento cirúrgico persiste como o tratamento padrão. Duas técnicas são possíveis: diverticulectomia (ressecção do divertículo) e a diverticulopexia. As vantagens da diverticulopexia estão ligadas à ausência de anastomose esofágica e suas possíveis complicações: fistulas cervicais, mediastinite, estenose esofágica e infecção de ferida. Em ambas as técnicas a secção das fibras musculares do músculo cricofaringeo (ou, esfíncter superior do esôfago) é fundamental. O objetivo do presente artigo é descrever em detalhes a técnica de diverticulopexia junto ao ligamento pré-vertebral associada à miotomia do músculo cricofaríngeo.

Zenker´s diverticulum is a pseudodiverticulum through a muscular defect in the posterior pharyngeal wall at the area between the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles of the pharynx and the cricopharyngeus muscle. Although endoscopic techniques have made significant progress, the surgical treatment remains the gold standard. There are two main techniques: diverticulectomy (resection of the diverticulum) and diverticulopexy. The main advantages of diverticulopexy are mostly linked to the absence of an esophageal anatomosis and its possible complications: cervical fistulae, mediastinitis, esophageal stenosis and wound infection, which allows a rapid recover with satisfactory oral intake. The purpose of this article is to describe in details the technique for diverticulopexy to the prevertebral ligament in association with a miotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle.