Clinical and gene mutation characteristics of patients with hereditary ellipsocytosis: nine cases report and literature review / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To report gene mutations in nine patients with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) and analyze the characteristics of pathogenic gene mutations in HE. Methods: The clinical and gene mutations of nine patients clinically diagnosed with HE at Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital from June 2018 to February 2022 were reported and verified by next-generation sequencing to analyze the relationship between gene mutations and clinical phenotypes. Results: Erythrocyte membrane protein gene mutations were detected among nine patients with HE, including six with SPTA1 mutation, one with SPTB mutation, one with EPB41 mutation, and one with chromosome 20 copy deletion. A total of 11 gene mutation sites were involved, including 6 known mutations and 5 novel mutations. The five novel mutations included SPTA1: c.1247A>C (p. K416T) in exon 9, c.1891delG (p. A631fs*17) in exon 15, E6-E12 Del; SPTB: c.154C>T (p. R52W) ; and EPB41: c.1636A>G (p. I546V) . Three of the six patients with the SPTA1 mutation were SPTA1 exon 9 mutation. Conclusion: SPTA1 is the most common mutant gene in patients with HE.

Associação entre eliptocitose e esferocitose hereditária em um idoso. Relato de caso / Association between elliptocytosis and hereditary spherocytosis in an elderly patient. Case report

A anemia é muito prevalente em idosos; todavia, a eliptocitose hereditária, uma anemia hereditária caracterizada pela presença de eritrócitos em forma elíptica no sangue periférico; raramente causa anemia sintomática em pacientes idosos. A eliptocitose esferocítica é uma anemia hereditária com caráter autossômico dominante. A associação entre essas duas eritroenzimopatias hereditárias é rara e seu curso varia com alterações da forma eritrocitária, observando-se a presença simultânea de eliptocitose e esferocitose no sangue periférico. A hemólise pode variar de média a moderada intensidade. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente adulta idosa com eliptocitose esferocítica revelada após 26 anos, sendo realizada a esplenectomia para resolução do quadro de hemólise.

Anemia is very prevalent in the elderly; however, hereditary elliptocytosis, an inherited anemia characterized by the presence of elliptical erythrocytes in the peripheral blood; rarely causes symptomatic anemia in elderly patients. Spherocytic elliptocytosis is an inherited anemia with an autosomal dominant character. The association between these two hereditary erythroenzyopathies is rare and its course varies with alterations of the erythrocyte form, observing the simultaneous presence of elliptocytosis and spherocytosis in the peripheral blood. Hemolysis can range from medium to moderate intensity. We report the case of a patient with spherocytic elliptocytosis revealed after 26 years, and splenectomy was performed to resolve the hemolysis.

Spectrin Tunis (Sp alpha I/78) in a Korean Family with Hereditary Elliptocytosis

No abstract available.

Eliptocitose hereditária diagnosticada em paciente idosa: relato de caso / Hereditary elliptocytosis diagnosed in elderly patient: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anemia é extremamente prevalente na população idosa, implicando na necessidadede uma investigação aprofundada, com o intuito de se obter melhora na qualidade de vida desses pacientes. A eliptocitose hereditária, que é caracterizada pela presença de eritrócitos em forma elíptica no sangue periférico, raramente é determinante de anemia sintomática em idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de eliptocitose hereditária como causa de anemia sintomática em paciente idosa e discutir seus aspectos clínicos, evolutivos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos, ressaltando a importância da avaliação criteriosa de alterações clínicas sugestivas de anemia em idosos. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 67 anos, que se apresentou com anemia hemolítica (hemoglobina reduzida e reticulocitose) sintomática (dores nas pernas, astenia e fadiga) e diagnosticada com eliptocitose hereditária através da visualização de 40% de eliptócitos na análise do esfregaço de sangue periférico, após vários anos de evolução clínica. Recebeu ácido fólico apresentando melhora clínica e dos valores hematimétricos. CONCLUSÃO: Embora a eliptocitose hereditária seja rara, deve fazer parte dos diagnósticos diferenciais de anemia sintomática em idosos, principalmente na vigência de sinais de hemólise (reticulócitos aumentados). A análise do esfregaço sanguíneo na busca de eliptócitos é essencial para a confirmação diagnóstica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anemia is a common condition in the older population, implying the need for a thorough investigation in order to achieve improved quality of life for these patients. Hereditary elliptocytosis, characterized by the presence of elliptically red cells on peripheral blood smear, has been rarely described as a determinant of symptomatic anemia in the elderly. The aim of this study was to report a case of hereditary elliptocytosis as a cause of symptomatic hemolytic anemia in an elderly patient and to discuss its clinical, evolutionary, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects, emphasizing the importance of a careful assessment of clinical alterations suggestive of anemia in older persons. CASE REPORT: A female patient, 67 years old, who presented with symptomatic (leg pain, weakness and fatigue) hemolytic anemia (reduced hemoglobin and reticulocytosis) was diagnosed with hereditary elliptocytosis by visualization of 40% of elliptical erythrocytes in the analysis of peripheral blood smear, after several years of clinical evolution. She was given folic acid, presenting clinical and hematological values improvement. CONCLUSION: Although the hereditary elliptocytosis is rare, it should be part of the differential diagnosis of symptomatic anemia in older persons, especially in the presence of hemolytic signs (increased reticulocytes). Analysis of peripheral blood smear for search for elliptocytes is essential for diagnosis.

Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia in Korea: a Retrospective Study from 1997 to 2006

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, clinical and laboratory findings of hereditary hemolytic anemia (HHA) in Korea from 1997 to 2006 and to develop the appropriate diagnostic approach for HHA. METHODS: By the use of questionnaires, information on the clinical and laboratory findings ofHHA diagnosed from 1997 to 2006 in Korea was collected and analyzed retrospectively. A total of 431 cases were enrolled in this study from 46 departments of 35 hospitals. RESULTS: The overall frequency of HHA did not change through the 10-year period for pediatrics but did show an increasing tendency for internal medicine. The overall male to female sex ratio did not show sex predominance (1.17:1), but a significant male predominance with a ratio of 1.49:1 was seen for pediatrics while a significant female predominance with a ratio of 1:1.97 was seen forinternal medicine. Of the total cases, 74.2% (282/431) were diagnosed before the age of 15 years. The etiologies of HHA were classified as red cell membrane defects, hemoglobinopathies, red cell enzyme deficiencies and unknown causes. There were 382 cases (88.6%) of red cell membrane defects with 376 cases (87.2%) of hereditary spherocytosis and 6 cases (1.4%) of hereditary elliptocytosis, 20 cases (4.6%) of hemoglobinopathies with 18 cases (4.2%) of beta-thalassemia, a case (0.2%) of alpha-thalassemia and a case (0.2%) of Hemoglobin Madrid, 7 cases (1.6%) of red cell enzyme deficiencies with 5 cases (1.2%) of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency, a case (0.2%) of pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency and a case (0.2%) of enolase deficiency, and 22 cases (5.1%) of unknown causes. The most common chief complaint in pediatric patients was pallor and that in adult patients was jaundice. In the red cell membrane defect group of patients, the level of hemoglobin was significantly higher than in adult patients. The mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, corrected reticulocyte count, total and indirect bilirubin level and lactate dehydrogenase levels in the hemoglobinopathy group of patients were significantly lower than the values in the red cell membrane defect group of patients. The mean concentration of G-6-PD was 0.8+/-0.7U/1012RBC in the G-6-PD deficient patients, PK was 1.7U/1010 RBC in the PK deficient patient, and the level of enolase was 0.04U/g of Hb in the enolase deficient patient. CONCLUSION: The most prevalent cause of HHA in Korea during 1997 to 2006 was hereditary spherocytosis, but HHA by other causes such as hemoglobinopathy and red cell enzyme deficiency gradually increased with the development of molecular diagnostic methods and increasing general interest. However, the etiologies of HHA need to be pursued further in 5.1% of the patients. An systematic standard diagnostic approach is needed in a nationwide prospective study for correct diagnoses and appropriate management of HHA.

Human anion exchanger1 mutations and distal renal tubular acidosis.

The human anion exchanger 1 (AE1 or SLC4A1) gene encodes anion exchanger 1 (or band 3) protein in erythrocytes and in alpha-intercalated cells of the kidney. Thus, AE1 mutations show pleiotrophic effects resulting in two distinct and seemingly unrelated defects, an erythrocyte abnormality and distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO), a well-known red blood cell (RBC) defect, which is widespread in Southeast Asian regions, is caused by AE1 mutation due to a deletion of 27 base pairs in codons 400-408 (delta400-408) leading to an in-frame 9 amino-acid loss in the protein. Co-existence of SAO and dRTA is usually not seen in the same individual. However, the two conditions can co-exist as the result of compound heterozygosities between delta400-408 and other mutations. The reported genotypes include delta400-408/G701D, delta400-408/R602H, delta400-408/deltaV850, and delta400-408/A858D. The presence of dRTA, with or without RBC abnormalities, may occur from homozygous or compound heterozygous conditions of recessive AE1 mutations (eg G701D/G701D, V488M/V488M, deltaV850/deltaV850, deltaV850/A858D, G701D/S773P) or heterozygous dominant AE1 mutations (eg R598H, R589C, R589S, S613F, R901X). Codon 589 of this gene seems to be a 'mutational hot-spot' since repeated mutations at this codon occurring in different ethnic groups and at least two de novo (R589H and R589C) mutations have been observed. Therefore, AE1 mutations can result in both recessive and dominant dRTA, possibly depending on the position of the amino acid change in the protein. As several mutant AE1 proteins still maintain a significant anion transport function but are defective in targeting to the cell surface, impaired intracellular trafficking of the mutant AE1 is an important molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of dRTA associated with AE1 mutations.

Eletroforese de proteínas de membrana eritrocitária no diagnóstico de doença hemolítica por defeito de membrana / Electrophoresis of erythrocyte membrane and hemolytic diseases caused by membrane abnormalities

A membrana eritrocitária contém as proteínas do citoesqueleto, e proteínas integrais, imersas na bicamada lipídica , todas importantes para a manutenção da integridade e da forma celular. Neste trabalho, estudou-se 14 pacientes portadores de doença hemolítica, atendidos no Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Paraná (HEMEPAR) em relação a grupo controle de 20 voluntários saudáveis. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em citrato-fosfato-dextrose (CPD). Após o isolamento das membranas [Dodge et al.,Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 100:199, 1963] e a determinação da concentração de proteínas [Lowry et al., J.Biol.Chem. 193: 265, 1951], as proteínas foram submetidas à eletroforese vertical em SDS-Page [Laemmli, Nature 227: 680, 1970]. Os valores obtidos no grupo controle (porcentagem; n=10), foram: espectrinas = 29,67 ± 4,14; anquirinas = 3,97 ± 1,84; banda 3 = 38,70 ± 4,96; banda 4.1 = 6,79 ± 1,60; banda 4.2 = 5,00 ± 1,43; banda 4.5 = 1,89 ± 0,96; banda 4.9 = 1,83 ± 1,22; banda 5 = 6,54 ± 3,13; banda 6.0 = 2,70 ± 1,24; banda 7.0 = 2,36 ± 1,33. Os valores médios para os portadores de esferocitose foram 24,4 porcento para espectrina e 35,8 porcento para banda 3 (teste t; p<0,05). A observação de esferócitos ou eliptócitos no sangue periférico, associados a um perfil eletroforético com deficiência de espectrina e/ou proteína 3 sugere esferocitose ou eliptocitose hereditária, respectivamente. Portadores assintomáticos de defeitos moleculares de membranas eritrocitária podem ser também detectadas através de SDS-Page.

Erythrocyte membrane proteins in healthy Saudis and patients with hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis

Little is known about hereditary spherocytosis [HS] and hereditary elliptocytosis [HE] in the native population of Saudi Arabia, even though these conditions are seemingly common. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the protein make-up of the red cell membrane in healthy Saudis and in patients with HS and HE. Patients and Eighteen healthy Saudi subjects [13 males and 5 females], 11 patients with HS [6 males and 5 females] and 11 patients with HE [7 males and 4 females] were studied. All normal controls and patients underwent SDS-PAGE red cell membrane protein analysis in duplicate and the stained protein bands were identified and quantitated by densitometry. In normal, healthy Saudis, the mean values for seven membrane proteins [alpha spectrin, spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, protein 4.1, protein 4.2, and actin] were similar to those published for normal, healthy Americans. Of the eleven cases with HS, 7 [64%] demonstrated detectable protein abnormalities while 4 [36%] were apparently normal. The electrophoretic patterns of membrane proteins in Saudis with HS differed from those of patients with HS in other parts of the world. Of the 11 cases of HE, 7 [64%] displayed abnormalities while 4 [36%] were normal. The electrophoretic pattern of the main proteins in the membranes of red blood cells in healthy Saudis is similar to that reported from the USA. However, significant differences exist in the electrophoretic patterns between Saudi patients with HS and patients from other parts of the world

Malaria species and Southeast Asian ovalocytosis defined by a 27-bp deletion in the erythrocyte band 3 gene.

To evaluate the resistance of SAO against species specific malaria infection, relationships between parasite species and the 27-bp deletion in the band 3 gene were studied in malaria endemic Sumba Island, eastern Indonesia. Thick blood films were prepared from patients with malaria symptoms (n=129) and healthy controls (n=231). Species of Plasmodium was identified by microscopic observation. The 27-bp deletion was screened by the PCR method. Among 231 healthy controls, 29 (12.6%) had the 27-bp deletion, whereas 14 (10.9%) among 129 patients confirmed with malaria infection harbored the 27-bp deletion. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of the 27-bp deletion between controls and patients (p>0.8). There was no significant difference in the frequency of the 27-bp deletion between P. vivax and P. falciparum infected subjects at 5% level by Fisher's exact test. The present result showing no correlation between the presence of the 27-bp deletion and infected parasite species is consistent with the post-invasion resistance hypothesis that may involve not a single malaria species.

SDS-PAGE Analysis of Red Cell Membrane Proteins in Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia / 대한혈액학회지

BACKGROUND: Red cell membrane is a lipid bilayer laminated by the membrane cytoskeleton at the surface of inner monolayer. A class of hemolytic anemia, such as hereditary spherocytosis (HS) or hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is mainly caused by the abnormalities of the protein components in the cytoskeleton, which is useful to diagnosis each disorder. We investigated red cell membrane protein defects in HS and HE using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). METHODS: We studied 10 normal healthy volunteers, 27 HS cases and 5 HE cases. Erythrocyte membrane proteins were prepared by hypotonic lysis, and fractionated by SDS-PAGE using both the Fairbanks system (3.5~17% exponential gradient gel), and the Laemmli system (4~17% linear gradient gel). Fractionated proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue and scanned to quantitate each protein using a densitometer. RESULTS: We detected nine peaks in Fairbanks' gel and eight peaks in Laemmli's. We identified red cell membrane abnormalities in 18 of 27 HS patients (66.7%) : Spectrin deficiency alone was in 7.4% of HS cases (2/27), ankyrin deficiency alone in 29.6% (8/27), combined spectrin and ankyrin deficiency in 3.7% (1/27), band 3 deficiency in 11.1% (3/27) and protein 4.2 deficiency in 14.8% (4/27). In HE, three of five cases showed protein 4.1 deficiency. RBC membrane protein deficiencies were not observed in nine HS cases and two HE case. CONCLUSION: In HS, Ankyrin deficiency is the most common RBC membrane protein abnor mality, and protein 4.2 deficiency is more frequently found in Korean HS patients than in Caucasians. In HE patients, protein 4.1 deficiencies is the main red cell membrane protein defect, which is rarely reported in Caucasians.

Malaria protection in hereditary ovalocytosis: relation to red cell deformability, red cell parameters and degree of ovalocytosis.

In the culture of red cells with Plasmodium falciparum, erythrocytes from both Thai patients and subjects (patient's parents) with hereditary ovalocytosis have a protective effect against malarial infection. High percentage of ovalocyte (75-100%) was found in patients whereas their parents had lower percentage (25-50%). Invasion index (II) and multiplication ratio (MR) of P. falciparum in these abnormal red cells from the patients were significantly decreased as compared to those in normal red cells (patients: II = 1.52 +/- 0.91, MR = 8.83 +/- 6.73; normal subjects: II = 4.45 +/- 1.51, MR = 25.23 +/- 6.25). This suggests that the red cells from these patients had significant degree of malaria protection. The significant protection was also shown in red cells from the parent group (II = 1.86 +/- 0.81, MR = 15.69 +/- 3.50). Although the parents had lower ovalocyte percentage, degree of protection against malaria parasite was as effective as those found in patients with high ovalocytic red cells. This has been confirmed by statistical analysis showing nonsignificant difference in II value between the two groups. In contrast, red cells of both groups had poor deformability (deformability index, DI) as compared to the normal group. No statistically different DI values were demonstrated between the two. This indicates that poorly deformable red cells, not their ovalocytic shape, make a significant contribution to limitation of malaria parasite invasion. The MR values in patients were less than those found in the parent group but statistical analysis showed no significant difference. Reduced MR values were found with increased numbers of microcytic, hyperchromic and hypochromic red cells in patients.

Two Cases of Transient Aplastic Crisis Associated with Human Parvovirus Bl9 Infection in Hereditary Spherocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis / 대한임상병리학회지

Among the causes of pure red cell aplasia, human parvovirus B19 has been shown to be cytotoxic to erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow associated with chronic hemolytic anemia with rapidly dividing erythroids and persistently to be suppression of erythropoiesis in immunocompromised individuals related with failure to produce neutralizing antibody to the virus. In a patient with hereditary spherocytosis presenting acute onset of reticulocytopenia during hospitalization, who had shown severe anemia and prodromal symptoms including fever, fatigue and dizziness, infection of parvovirus Bl9 was proven by the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies to parvovirus Bl9, the detection of viral DNA using PCR technique in her serum and the decreased erythroid cells, especially late normoblasts in bone marrow, Also in the other who was diagnosed as hereditary elliptocytosis and complained of fever, headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea, an episode of reticulocytopenia and the nearly absence of late normoblasts in the bone marrow were observed. IgM antibodies to parvovirus Bl9 and the viral DNA were detected in her serum, too.

Two Cases of Transient Aplastic Crisis Associated with Human Parvovirus Bl9 Infection in Hereditary Spherocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis / 대한임상병리학회지

Among the causes of pure red cell aplasia, human parvovirus B19 has been shown to be cytotoxic to erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow associated with chronic hemolytic anemia with rapidly dividing erythroids and persistently to be suppression of erythropoiesis in immunocompromised individuals related with failure to produce neutralizing antibody to the virus. In a patient with hereditary spherocytosis presenting acute onset of reticulocytopenia during hospitalization, who had shown severe anemia and prodromal symptoms including fever, fatigue and dizziness, infection of parvovirus Bl9 was proven by the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies to parvovirus Bl9, the detection of viral DNA using PCR technique in her serum and the decreased erythroid cells, especially late normoblasts in bone marrow, Also in the other who was diagnosed as hereditary elliptocytosis and complained of fever, headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea, an episode of reticulocytopenia and the nearly absence of late normoblasts in the bone marrow were observed. IgM antibodies to parvovirus Bl9 and the viral DNA were detected in her serum, too.

Anemias hemolíticas por alteraciones de la membrana del glóbulo rojo: evaluación bioquímica y clínica de 22 pacientes / Hemolytic anemias due to red membrane chamges: biochemical and medical assessment of 22 patients

Se evaluaron 22 pacientes: 14 con esferocitosis hereditaria (EH) y 8 con eliptocitosis hereditaria (EpH), atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "William Soler" y el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología. El diagnóstico de la EH y EpH se realizó por medio de distintas pruebas de laboratorio y se recogieron además datos clínicos de interés. Para precisar la forma d eherencia se estudiaron también a los padres. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes en al EH al momento del diagnóstico fueron anemia (100 por ciento ), esplenomegalia(71,4 por ciento ), e ictericia neonatal (71,4 por ciento ). La manifestación clínica más frecuente en la EpH en el momento del diagnóstico y durante el curso clínico de la enfermedad, fue la anemia de intensidad variable. Los resultados de este trabajo, incluido el estudio realizado a los padres, permitió comprobar la heterogenidad clínica y de laboratorio de estas 2 entidades

Eliptocitosis hereditaria con anemia hemolítica durante el embarazo / Hereditary eliptocitosis with hemolytic anemia during pregnancy

Se presenta un caso inusual de eliptocitosis hereditaria con anemia hemolítica para ilustrar como este defecto hereditario de los eritrocitos puede complicar el embarazo

Eliptocitosis hereditaria con anemia hemolítica durante el embarazo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Un caso inusual de eliptocitosis hereditaria con anemia hemolítica es presentado, para ilustrar cómo este defecto hereditario de los eritrocitos puede complicar el embarazo