Parasitosis intestinales y medidas antropométricas en preescolares del cantón de Portoviejo, Ecuador / Intestinal parasites and anthropometric measurements in preschoolers from the canton of Portoviejo, Ecuador

Las enteroparasitosis son un problema de salud pública a nivel global con mayor impacto en los países subdesarrollados asociadas a condiciones de vida inadecuadas. La población infantil es más suceptible para desarrollar sintomatología provocando cuadros disentéricos, vomitos, síndrome de mal absorción, lo que influye en deficiencia de nutrientes y vitaminas, como consecuencia retraso en el crecimiento, malnutrición, trastornos del desarrollo físico y cognitivo. Se realizó una investigación epidemiológica, de corte transversal para estimar la prevalencia de parásitos instestinales y las diferencias en relación a las medidas antropométricas, en 283 escolares de la Capital de la provincia de Manabí. Las variables peso, talla parada, circunferencia de brazo izquierdo, pliegues de tríceps y subescapular, índice de masa corporal, área magra y área grasa fueron seleccionadas para establecer la relación. El coproparasitológico se realizó con el método directo (solución salina 0,9% y Lugol) y Kato Katz. Los resultados mostraron 62,54% de prevalencia, sin distingo de sexo, ni edad. Blastocytis spp., la especie más frecuente, confirmándose el comportamiento epidemiológico a nivel mundial a expensa de los protozoarios, con presencia de especies comensales (E. nana) relacionada con el fecalismo. A pesar de la alta prevalencia, no se observó diferencia significativa entre variables antropométricas analizadas en los escolares parasitados y no parasitados. Se infiere que es debido al tipo de especies y la intensidad de la infestación. Se recomienda realizar campañas de educación sanitaria y promover hábitos de higiene, así como dirigir investigaciones para determinar el papel epidemiológico del agua de consumo y las enteroparasitosis(AU)

Enteroparasitosis is a global public health problem with the greatest impact in underdeveloped countries associated with inadequate living conditions. The child population is more susceptible to developing symptoms causing dysentery, vomiting, malabsorption syndrome, which influences nutrient and vitamin deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, malnutrition, physical and cognitive development disorders. A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the differences in relation to anthropometric measurements, in 283 schoolchildren from the capital of the province of Manabí. The variables weight, standing height, left arm circumference, triceps and subscapular folds, body mass index, lean area, and fat area were selected to establish the relationship. Coproparasitology was performed with the direct method (saline solution 0.9% and Lugol) and Kato Katz. The results showed 62.54% prevalence, regardless of sex or age. Blastocytis spp., the most frequent species, confirming the epidemiological behavior worldwide at the expense of protozoa, with the presence of commensal species (E. nana) related to fecalism. Despite the high prevalence, no significant difference was observed between the anthropometric variables analyzed in parasitized and non-parasitized schoolchildren. It is inferred that it is due to the type of species and the intensity of the infestation. It is recommended to carry out health education campaigns and promote hygiene habits, as well as to conduct research to determine the epidemiological role of drinking water and enteroparasitosis(AU)

Factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la olla común / Risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the common pot

Diversos factores de riesgos pueden condicionar las prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales en niños. Como objetivo se propuso determinar los factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la Olla Común ubicada en Villa Mara del Triunfo-Perú durate el año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva-experimental y correlativa con una muestra de 160 niños <10 años de ambos sexos. Como instrumento de recolección se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas dicotómicas para conocer las prácticas de higiene de los niños y se efectuó la recolección y procesamiento de muestras con técnicas de Solución Salina S.S.F al 85%, Lugol, Método de Kato y Método de concentración-Flotación de Faust. Para analizar los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el software SPSS, estadística descriptica y hallar tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes y Prueba de correlación entre los elementos de riesgo y la frecuencia de signos de los parásitos. Como resultado, el cálculo estadístico con el método de Spearman mostró una concordancia positiva con el coeficiente de correlación 0,725 y con un valor de 0,001<0,05; donde los niveles de factores de riesgo en los infantes mostraron que el 31,3% se encontraban en riesgo bajo con un nivel bajo de síntomas y sin evidencia de parásitos intestinales, el 18,8% en riesgo medio y el 12,5% en riesgo alto y un nivel alto de síntomas y parasitosis intestinal confirmado; la mayoría de los niños se encuentran en un entorno de bajo riesgo. Se hace necesario e indispensable continuar con invesigaciones en zonas adyacentes(AU)

Various risk factors can condition the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in children. The objective was to determine the risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the Common Pot located in Villa Mara del Triunfo-Peru during the year 2022. The research was descriptive-experimental and correlative with a sample of 160 children <10 years of both sexes. As a collection instrument, a questionnaire with dichotomous questions was applied to know the hygiene practices of the children and the collection and processing of samples was carried out with techniques of Saline Solution S.S.F at 85%, Lugol's, Kato's Method and Concentration-Flotation Method. of Faust. To analyze the data, Microsoft Excel and the SPSS software were used, descriptive statistics and finding tables of frequencies and percentages and a correlation test between the risk elements and the frequency of signs of the parasites. As a result, the statistical calculation with the Spearman method showed a positive agreement with the correlation coefficient 0.725 and with a p value of 0.001<0.05; where the levels of risk factors in infants showed that 31.3% were at low risk with a low level of symptoms and no evidence of intestinal parasites, 18.8% at medium risk and 12.5% at high risk and a high level of symptoms and confirmed intestinal parasitism; most children are in a low-risk environment. It is necessary and essential to continue with investigations in adjacent areas(AU)

Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en trabajadores de la florícola Irose de la provincia de Pichincha ­ Cantón Pedro Moncayo 2019 / Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in workers of the irose florícola of the province of pichincha - Canton Pedro Moncayo

Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales son de ocurrencia constantes y se encuentran asociadas al incumplimiento de las medidas sanitarias por parte de la población. El objetivo de esa investigación fue establecer la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal por protozoos y helmintos en trabajadores de la florícola iRose de la provincia de Pichincha-Cantón Pedro Moncayo mediante el examen coproparasitario realizado en el mes de agosto de 2019. Correspondió a un estudio transversal, descriptivo y de tipo observacional. La población estuvo integrada por 88 personas, quienes son trabajadores de la florícola iRose, Provincia de Pichincha, cantón Pedro Moncayo, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: 49 trabajadores del sexo masculino y 39 trabajadores del sexo femenino. La técnica de recolección de datos utilizada fue la encuesta y la observación directa y luego de obtener las muestras biológicas, la detección de parásitos intestinales se realizó mediante el método de coproparasitario en muestras heces. Los resultados evidencian presencia de protozoos en un 92.5% de las muestras estudiadas, mientras que el 7.5% presentan helmintos; mientras que el 40% de los estudios revelan quistes de endolimax nana, detectándose en el 25% de la muestra de los trabajadores de sexo masculino y con una presencia del 15% en los trabajadores del sexo femenino. Por lo que se recomienda realizar el examen coproparasitario al menos dos veces al año y paralelamente fortalecer las estrategias de promoción y prevención(AU)

Infections with intestinal parasites are of constant occurrence and are associated with non-compliance with health measures by the population. The objective of this research was to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis by protozoa and helminths in la workers IRose flower farm of the province of Pichincha-Canton Pedro Moncayo through the coproparasitario examination carried out in august 2019. It corresponded to a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. The population was composed of 88 people, who are workers of the floricultural iRose, Province of Pichincha, canton Pedro Moncayo, distributed as follows: 49 male and 39 female workers. The data collection technique used was survey and direct observation and after obtaining biological samples, detection of intestinal parasites was performed using the coproparasitario method in fecal samples. The results showed the presence of protozoa in 92.5% of the samples studied, while 7.5% showed helminths; while 40% of studies reveal endolimax nana cysts, being detected in 25% of the sample of male workers and with a presence of 15% in female workers. Therefore, it is recommended to perform the coproparasitario examination less twice a year and in parallel strengthen strategies promotion and prevention(AU)

Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela / Enteric Parasite Contamination Frequency on Bus Handrails in Barquisimeto, Venezuela / Frequência da contaminação por enteroparasitos em corrimãos de ônibus em Barquisimeto, Venezuela

Introducción. La contaminación enteroparasitaria en autobuses por parte de usuarios infectados con malas conductas sanitarias potencia el riesgo de infección del resto de los pasajeros con el subsecuente peligro del desarrollo de patologías gastrointestinales. Por esto se evaluó la frecuencia de contaminación de autobuses con el fin de aportar datos que son desconocidos en Venezuela e inexistentes en Latinoamérica. Metodología. El trabajo fue descriptivo, transversal, con muestra no probabilística y accidental, donde la obtención de la muestra consistió en frotar el pasamanos de cada autobús (100 vehículos examinados) tres veces con un hisopo impregnado en solución salina isotónica 0.85%, resuspendiendolo en un tubo de ensayo con 10 ml de solución salina. La muestra se centrifugó a 3000 rpm por diez minutos para luego observar el sedimento al microscopio. Resultados. El 16% de las muestras presentaron contaminación, encontrándose solo dos especies de enteroparásitos, Blastocystis spp. (14% del total de muestras examinadas) y Endolimax nana (5%). Discusión. La abundancia del potencial patógeno Blastocystis sp., se relaciona con lo descrito en exámenes de heces de habitantes de Barquisimeto y del estado Lara, demostrando que los usuarios enfermos con malas conductas higiénicas convierten a los autobuses en un foco de infección que debe ser controlado. Conclusión. La falta de aseo constante en unidades de transporte público y la ausencia de conciencia sanitaria de algunos pasajeros infectados facilitan la transmisión de enteroparásitos endémicos potencialmente productores de enfermedades gastrointestinales. Cómo citar: Traviezo, L. Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. MedUNAB. 2020;23(3):434-440 doi: doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3913

Introduction. Enteroparasite contamination by infected users with poor sanitary habits in buses increases other passengers' risk of infection, with the subsequent danger of developing gastrointestinal pathologies. For this reason, bus contamination frequency was evaluated in order to provide data that is unknown in Venezuela and non-existent in Latin America. Methodology. The work was descriptive and cross-sectional, with non-probability and accidental sampling. The sample was obtained by rubbing each bus' handrail (100 examined vehicles) three times with a swab permeated with a 0.85% isotonic saline solution, resuspending it in a test tube with 10 ml of saline solution. The sample was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for ten minutes to then observe the sediment under a microscope. Results. Sixteen percent of samples were contaminated, observing only two species of enteroparasites, Blastocystis sp. (14% of total examined samples) and Endolimax nana (5%). Discussion. The abundance of the potential pathogen, Blastocystis sp. is related to what has been described in feces exams on the inhabitants of Barquisimeto and the state of Lara, demonstrating that sick users with poor hygiene habits make buses a point of infection that must be controlled. Conclusion. The lack of constant cleaning in public transportation units and the absence of some infected passengers' sanitary awareness facilitates transmitting endemic enteroparasites that could potentially produce gastrointestinal diseases. Cómo citar: Traviezo, L. Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. MedUNAB. 2020;23(3):434-440 doi: doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3913

Introdução. A contaminação enteroparasitária em ônibus por usuários infectados com comportamentos sanitários inadequados aumenta o risco de infecção do resto dos passageiros com o consequente perigo de desenvolvimento de patologias gastrointestinais. Por isso, avaliou-se a frequência de contaminação de ônibus, a fim de fornecer dados até agora desconhecidos na Venezuela e inexistentes na América Latina. Metodologia. O trabalho foi descritivo, transversal, com amostra não-probabilística e acidental, em que a obtenção da amostra consistiu em esfregar o corrimão de cada ônibus (100 veículos examinados) três vezes com um cotonete impregnado em solução salina isotônica 0.85%, ressuspendendo-o em um tubo de ensaio com 10 ml de solução salina. A amostra foi centrifugada a 3,000 rpm por dez minutos para posteriormente observar o sedimento ao microscópio. Resultados. 16% das amostras apresentaram contaminação, sendo encontradas apenas duas espécies de enteroparasitas, Blastocystis sp. (14% do total das amostras examinadas) e Endolimax nana (5%). Discussão. A abundância do potencial patógeno Blastocystis sp., está relacionada ao que foi descrito em exames de fezes de moradores dos estados de Barquisimeto e Lara, mostrando que usuários doentes e com comportamentos sanitários inadequados fazem do ônibus um foco de infecção que deve ser controlado. Conclusão. A falta de limpeza constante nas unidades de transporte público e a falta de conscientização sobre a saúde de alguns passageiros infectados facilitam a transmissão de enteroparasitos endêmicos potencialmente produtoras de doenças gastrointestinais. Cómo citar: Traviezo, L. Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. MedUNAB. 2020;23(3):434-440 doi: doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3913

Frequência de enteroparasitos em mulheres não grávidas e seus filhos e grávidas atendidas em uma unidade de saúde / Frequency of enteroparasites in non-pregnant women and their children and pregnant women attended at a public health unit

As infecções parasitárias intestinais são amplamente distribuídas em todo o mundo e a população infantil é a mais afetada. A prevalência das infecções parasitárias intestinais materna e infantil de pacientes atendidos em uma unidade de saúde pública do município de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais foi avaliada pela técnica de centrífugo sedimentação em formol-éter. A positividade foi de 41,7% para gestantes, 37,3% para mães e 35,7% em crianças. Endolimax nana (17,1%) e Giardia intestinalis (17,1%) foram os parasitos mais frequentemente detectados em crianças com idade inferior a dois anos e em gestantes (33,3%). Para as mães, G. intestinalis (20,3%) foi o parasito mais prevalente seguido de Entamoeba coli (17%). A infecção simultânea de mãe e filho foi detectada em 7 das 25 crianças infectadas. Apesar das ações de educação em saúde, melhoria no nível educacional e acesso a serviços médicos, a frequência de infecções por endoparasitas permanece alta. A literatura é escassa em relação ao tema e acredita-se que a deficiência na aplicação de medidas de educação sanitária possa fazer com que mães infectadas possam contribuir para a infecção parasitária de seus filhos, assim como os filhos podem ser fonte de infecção para suas mães.

Intestinal parasitic infections are widely distributed throughout the world and children are the most affected population. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic maternal and infant intestinal infection of patients attended at a public health unit in the municipality of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. The centrifugal-sedimentation in formol-ether was the technica used for stool analysis. Positivity was observed in 41.7% for pregnant women, 37.3% for mothers and 35.7% for children. Endolimax nana (17.1%) and Giardia intestinalis (17.1%) were the most frequently detected parasites in children under two-years old and pregnant women (33.3%). For mothers, G. intestinalis (20.3%) was the most prevalent parasite followed by Entamoeba coli (17%). Simultaneous infection of mother and child was detected in 7 of 25 infected children. Despite health educations actions, improvement in educational level, and access to medical services, the frequency of endoparasite infections remains high. Literature is scarce in relation to the present theme and it is believed that infected mothers can contribute for parasitic infection of their kids, just as children can be a source of infection for their mothers.

Enteroparasitism and Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Manifestations in Children and Adults of Jalisco State in Western Mexico

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in the population of San Juan Cosala, Jalisco, Mexico. METHODS: A total of 277 samples from 104 participants were analysed using direct smear, flotation, formaldehyde/ethyl acetate, and modified Kinyoun’s acid-fast stain methods. The Graham method was applied only for samples from children under 12 years of age for the diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. RESULTS: The prevalence of parasite infections in the study population was 77.9% including: Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii/E. bangladeshi (37.5%), Giardia intestinalis (11.5%); commensals: Endolimax nana (44.2%), Entamoeba coli (27.9%), Chilomastix mesnili (6.7%) and Iodamoeba bütschlii, (2.9%); emerging intestinal protozoans: Blastocystis spp. (49%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.7%) and Cyclospora cayetanensis (2.9%); and helminths: Enterobius vermicularis (18.3%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.8%). The results also showed that 58.64% of the studied population presented polyparasitism. A significant association was found between protozoan infections and housewives, and houses that were not built with concrete ceilings, brick walls and cement floors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Polyparasitism was observed in over half the study population. The most prevalent parasite was Blastocystis spp, whilst the prevalence of helminths was less than that of protozoans. The risk factors for infection to intestinal parasites were being a housewife and not having solid brick, cement and concrete materials for house construction.

Internal Quality Assurance Status of Stool Examination as Assessed by a Questionnaire in Korean Clinical Laboratories

This study aimed to survey the status of quality control (QC) assurance for stool examinations at clinical laboratories in Korea. We sent a questionnaire related to QC practices in stool examination by electronic mail to Korean clinical laboratories that performed stool examination. Overall, 20 of the 39 laboratories (51.3%) reported performing stool concentration methods, and 28 (71.8%) examined the slides using only saline. A large proportion (74.4%) of respondents did not check the internal QC because of the restriction of appropriate control materials. Only four laboratories (10.3%) checked the reactivity of the dye solution routinely. For appropriate external QC systems, QC slides (43.6%) were preferred, followed by QC materials (30.8%), virtual slides (17.9%), and a combination of the above options (7.7%). The most commonly observed parasites in stool samples at the clinical laboratories were Clonorchis sinensis (75%), followed by Endolimax nana, Enterobius vermicularis, and Entamoeba coli. The present study describes the difficulties in internal QC assessment due to the absence of standardized QC materials and systems. We hope the findings of this report will provide a foundation for a QC assessment program for stool examinations in the near future.

Análise parasitológica em estudantes com deficiência intelectual e/ou múltipla (o múltiple) / Parasitological analysis in students with intellectual and/or multiple disabilities

O parasitismo acontece quando há associação de dois seres vivos onde um deles se desenvolve e prejudica de alguma forma o outro ser, chamado hospedeiro (El parasitismo ocurre cuando existe una asociación de dos seres vivos, donde uno de ellos se desarrolla y afecta de algún modo al otro, que se llama huésped). Alguns parasitos como Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia solium, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura e Enterobius vermicularis são transmitidos pela água e/ou (se transmiten por el agua o por) alimentos contaminados e afetam grande parte da população mundial no desempenho (y afectan a una gran parte de la población mundial en el desarrollo) de suas atividades físicas, mentais e sociais, expondo-a a diversas manifestações clínicas que podem gerar elevados níveis (pueden generar altos niveles) de morbidade. Considerando que, aproximadamente, 11% da população brasileira sofrem com algum tipo de deficiência intelectual e/ou múltipla e pouco se tem estudado sobre a ocorrência (y poco se ha estudiado acerca de la existencia) de enteroparasitos nesse grupo populacional, estudos parasitológicos laboratoriais foram realizados em 50 estudantes da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) da cidade de São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Do total de amostras analisadas 28 (56%) estavam positivas para um ou mais parasitos e comensais, sendo (uno o más parásitos y comensales, siendo) 5 (17.85%) por G. lamblia, 7 (25.00%) por E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moschkovskii, 11 (39.28%) por Entamoeba coli, 6 (21.43%) por Balantidium coli, 2 (7.14%) por Endolimax nana e 3 (10.7%) por E. vermicularis. Considerando a elevada frequência de indivíduos parasitados torna-se necessário a busca (se hace necesaria la búsqueda) de investimentos em profilaxia e educação higiênico-sanitária, além da realização (además de la realización) constante de exames parasitológicos, garantindo uma melhor (garantizando una mejor) qualidade de vida à população da APAE de São Mateus.

Parasitism occurs when there is an association between two living beings, in which one develops and in some way harms the other being, called host. Some parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia solium, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis are transmitted by contaminated water and/or food and affect a large number of the world population in their physical, mental and social activities, exposing them to diverse clinical manifestations that can generate high levels of morbidity. Considering that approximately 11% of the Brazilian population suffers from some type of intellectual and/or multiple deficiency and little has been studied about the occurrence of enteroparasites in this population group, laboratory parasitological studies were performed in 50 students of the Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) of the city of São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil. From the total of the analyzed samples, 28 (56%) were positive for one or more parasites and commensals, of which 5 (17.85%) were positive for G. lamblia, 6 (25.00%) for E. histolytica/E. dispar, 11 (39.28%) for Entamoeba coli, 7 (21.43%) for Balantidium coli, 2 (7.14%) for Endolimax nana and 3 (10.7%) for E. vermicularis. Considering the high prevalence of parasitic infection in this population, it is necessary to seek greater investment in prophylaxis and hygienic-sanitary education, in addition to constantly conducting parasitological examinations that might guarantee a better quality of life for the population of São Mateus APAE.

Avaliação das características microbiológicas das saladas de frutas comercializadas por ambulantes de Juazeiro do Norte, CE / Evaluation of microbiological features of fruit salads sold by street vendors in Juazeiro do Norte, CE

Introdução: A salada de frutas é um alimento saboroso, nutritivo e comercializado pronto para consumo, porém, muitas vezes o seu preparo e manipulação podem ser feitos de forma inadequada, tornando-a, quando contaminada, um veículo para a disseminação de doenças. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características microbiológicas das saladas de frutas comercializadas por ambulantes em Juazeiro do Norte, CE. Método: As amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente nas ruas do município em estudo e, posteriormente, diluídas em solução salina estéril, filtradas e inoculadas em tubo contendo o meio Brain Heart Infusion e posteriormente em Ágar Sabouraud, Ágar Eosin Methilen Blue e Ágar Salmonella Shigella. Resultados: Das 10 amostras, 60% apresentaram Klebsiella spp. e Escherichia coli, seguido de E. coli, com 20%, Klebsiella spp., com 10%. Os 10% restantes não apresentaram contaminação. Quanto à análise micológica, todas as amostras apresentaram-se contaminadas por fungos. As amostras ainda foram submetidas à técnica de Hoffman Modificado para análise parasitológica, tendo como parasita mais prevalente Endolimax nana, estando presente de forma isolada, em 40% das amostras, e associada com Entamoeba coli em 20%, Entamoeba histolytica em 10%, Giardia spp. em 10%, enquanto 20% não apresentou contaminação parasitária. Conclusão: Os dados demonstraram que a maioria das saladas de frutas analisadas estava contaminadas por microrganismos patogênicos, havendo assim uma necessidade ainda maior de programas de capacitação higiênica e que os órgãos responsáveis disponibilizem produtos para a higienização dos manipuladores e do local onde acontece a manipulação desses alimentos no momento do seu preparo.(AU)

Introduction: A fruit salad is a delicious food, nutritious and sold ready to eat, but often their preparation and handling can be performed improperly, making it, when contaminated, a vehicle for the spread of diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of fruit salads sold by street vendors in Juazeiro do Norte, CE. Methods: The samples were collected randomly in the city's streets in study and further diluted in sterile saline, filtered, and inoculated into tube containing the medium Brain Heart Infusion Agar Sabouraud and later, Agar Eosin Methilen Blue Agar Salmonella and Shigella. Results: Of the 10 samples, 60% were Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli, E. coli followed with 20%, Klebsiella spp. with 10% and the remaining 10% showed no contamination. The mycological analysis, all samples had infected by fungi. The samples were further subjected to Hoffman technique modified for parasitological analysis, with the more prevalent parasitic Endolimax nana, being present separately, in 40% of samples, and is associated with Entamoeba coli 20%, Entamoeba histolytica in 10% Giardia spp. 10%, while 20% showed no parasitic contamination. Conclusion: The data show that most of the analyzed fruit salads were contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, so there is an even greater need for hygienic training programs and the bodies make available products for the hygiene of food handlers and where happens the handling of these foods in time of its preparation.(AU)

Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR

A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.

Parasitosis intestinales y factores socioambientales: estudio preliminar en una población de horticultores / Intestinal parasitoses and socio-environmental factors: a preliminary study on a population of horticulturists

Introduction: Various families of small horticultural producers who supply the regional market live in Pereyra Iraola Park. This paper addresses an integral parasitological study designed to assess the sanitary conditions in the place and their impact on human health. Material and methods: Serial human stool and anal swabs (n = 80), canine faeces (n = 8), farm animals (n = 12), and vegetables samples (n = 21) were analyzed. Concentration techniques by flotation and sedimentation were applied. Through semi-structured surveys socio-environmental variables were studied. Results: The study showed that 84% of the human population was parasitized. The highest prevalence corresponded to Blastocystis sp. (41.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.5%) and Entamoeba coli (33.7%). Significant associations between parasitic species were found. Trichuris vulpis (37.5%) was the most prevalent species in canines followed by Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and Toxocara canis (25%). Farm animals showed Balantidium coli, Trichuris suis, Capillaria sp., Heterakis sp., Trichostrongylus sp., among others. In vegetables, amoeba cysts, coccidia oocysts, strongylid eggs and larvae of free-living nematodes were found. The presence of G. lamblia in the human population was significantly associated with irregular work of the mother, the lack of parental education and the possession of a vegetable garden. Conclusions: The results observed in the population, and species of zoonotic importance in animals and vegetables suggest that these studies should be furthered and control and environmental sanitation measures implemented in order to improve the quality of life of horticulturists and their productive activity

Introducción: En el parque Pereyra Iraola viven familias de pequeños productores hortícolas que abastecen al mercado regional. El presente trabajo aborda un estudio parasitológico integral, con el fin de evaluar las condiciones sanitarias y su impacto en la salud humana. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron muestras seriadas de heces humanas y escobillado anal (n = 80), heces caninas (n = 8), de animales de cría (n = 12), y muestras de hortalizas (n = 21). Se aplicaron técnicas de concentración por flotación y sedimentación. Mediante encuestas semiestructuradas se relevaron variables socioambientales. Resultados: El 84% de la población humana resultó parasitada. Las mayores prevalencias correspondieron a Blastocystis sp. (41.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.5%) y Entamoeba coli (33.7%). Se hallaron asociaciones significativas entre especies parásitas. En perros, la especie más prevalente fue Trichuris vulpis (37.5%), seguida de Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala y Toxocara canis (25%). En animales de cría se halló Balantidium coli, Trichuris suis, Capillaria sp., Heterakis sp., Trichostrongylus sp., entre otros. En las hortalizas se encontraron quistes de amebas, ooquistes de coccidios, huevos de estrongilídeos y larvas de nematodes de vida libre. La presencia de G. lamblia en la población humana se asoció significativamente con trabajo inestable de la madre, falta de educación paterna y tenencia de huerta. Conclusiones: Los resultados observados en la población y las especies de importancia zoonótica en animales y hortalizas sugieren profundizar estos estudios y llevar adelante medidas de control y saneamiento ambiental, que mejoren la calidad de vida de los horticultores y su actividad productiva

Intestinal parasites in children and soil from Turbaco, Bolívar and associated risk factors / Parásitos intestinales en niños y suelo de Turbaco, Bolívar y factores de riesgo asociados

Objective To determine the frequency of intestinal parasites in children and soil from Turbaco- Bolívar and associated risks factors. Methods Analytical study in which 390 children between 2 and 12 years old from 10 neighborhoods of Turbaco were included, whose legal representatives gave informed consent. Three serial samples of feces and 10 soil samples were processed. Risk factors were determined through an interview. Physicochemical and structural characteristics of soils were also evaluated. Results Parasites were found in 30.5 % of children. 162 parasites were observed; the most frequent protozoan was Endolimax nana (30.3 %) and in terms of helminthes, the most frequent was Ascaris lumbricoides (4.9 %). No statistical association between age or sex and intestinal parasites (p>0.05) or between risk factors and intestinal parasites (p>0.05) was found. Low frequencies of intestinal parasites were encountered in soil samples, being more common Entamoeba spp., Giardia spp., and Ascaris lumbricoides. Neighborhoods of Turbaco had sandy dry soil with low content of ions, low conductivity and low organic matter. Conclusion This study showed a low frequency of intestinal parasites in feces and soils. Despite this, pathogenic parasites were found which can affect the health of the population. Besides this, a high percentage of intestinal parasites that are transmitted through feces were detected indicating fecal contamination and low level of hygiene.(AU)

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y suelos de Turbaco -Bolívar y su asociación con factores de riesgo. Métodos Estudio analítico realizado en Turbaco-Bolívar. Fueron Incluidos 390 niños entre 2 y 12 años de 10 barrios, cuyos representantes legales dieron un consentimiento informado. Fueron procesadas 3 muestras seriadas de heces fecales y 10 muestras de suelos. Los factores de riesgo fueron evaluados a través de una entrevista. Además se determinaron las características fisicoquímicas y estructurales de los suelos. Resultados Se encontraron parásitos en 30,5 % de los niños. Se observaron 162 parásitos, siendo Endolimax nana (30,3 %) el protozoo más frecuente y Ascaris lumbricoides (4,9 %) el helminto más frecuente. No se encontró asociación estadística entre la edad, el sexo y los factores de riesgo con la presencia de parásitos intestinales (p>0,05). Se encontró una baja frecuencia de parásitos en las muestras de suelo, siendo más comunes Entamoeba spp., Giardia spp. y Ascaris lumbricoides. Los barrios de Turbaco tuvieron suelo arenoso, seco con bajo contenido de iones, baja conductividad y poca materia orgánica. Conclusión Este estudio determinó una baja frecuencia de parásitos intestinales en heces y suelos. Sin embargo, se encontraron parásitos patógenos que pueden afectar la salud de la población. Se detectó un alto porcentaje de parásitos que son transmitidos a través de las heces indicando contaminación fecal y bajo nivel de higiene.(AU)

Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoans among Schoolchildren in Suburban Areas near Yangon, Myanmar

Although intestinal protozoans are common etiologies of diarrhea, few studies have been conducted in Myanmar. This study planned to investigate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, and Endolimax nana among schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. We performed a cross-sectional survey among schoolchildren and their guardians from 7 primary schools in South Dagon and Hlaing Thar Yar districts, Yangon, Myanmar. Stool samples were observed with a microscope after concentration technique and iodine staining. Total 821 stool samples, including 556 from schoolchildren and 265 from guardians, were examined. The median age was 6 years old for schoolchildren and 36 years old for guardians. A 53.1% of the school children and 14.6 % of the guardians were males. The overall prevalence of each intestinal protozoan species was as follows: 3.4% (28/821) for G. lamblia; 3.5% (29/821) for E. coli; 1.2% (10/821) for E. histoytica, and 3.0% for E. nana. This study showed that intestinal protozoans are common in primary schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. Health interventions, such as hand washing education, improvement of sanitation, and establishment of water purification systems are urgently needed in this area.

A Survey of Intestinal Parasite Infection during a 10-Year Period (2003-2012) / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Due to a reduction in the number of parasite infections, attention paid to the importance of intestinal parasites has decreased. However, intestinal parasite infections remain ubiquitous and have reappeared as a growing problem in recent decades due to changing lifestyles such as increased overseas travel. In this study, we evaluated trends in intestinal parasite infection using stool examination in a single institute. METHODS: From January 2003 to December 2012, we reviewed all stool examination results performed at Samsung Medical Center. Fecal examinations were performed by formalin-ether sedimentation. RESULTS: A total 429,866 stool examinations were performed resulting in 14,672 cases with positive findings of helminth eggs or protozoan cysts, of which the positive rate was 3.41% on average. The annual positive rate decreased from 5.68% in 2003 to 2.43% in 2012. The positive rate of intestinal parasites, excepting Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli, was 1.52% on average. Positive rates decreased from 2.13% to 1.10% for helminth egg detections and from 2.55% to 1.30% for protozoan cyst detections during the same time period. Among nematodes, Trichuris tricuria was the most common and had an increasing positive rate after 2010. Clonorchis sinensis was the most prevalent trematode parasite, with an annual average of 528 cases. CONCLUSION: Infection rates of intestinal parasites have decreased over the last 10 years. However, Trichuris tricuria has reappeared and has become a major contributor to parasite infections. Further education and control efforts are needed for greater prevention and eventual eradication of parasitic infections.

Perfil enteroparasitológico dos habitantes de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil / Enteroparasitological profile of inhabitants from a city of Northeast Brazil

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A elevada prevalência de parasitoses em países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, é responsável por quadros clínicos variáveis, os quais, frequentemente, encontram-se associados à diarreia crônica e à desnutrição.O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar o perfil enteroparasitológico dos habitantes de um município do nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, com dados secundários, realizado no período de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010. Todas as informações foram obtidas por meio dos laudos dos exames coproparasitológicos.Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, com o auxílio do programa estatístico R. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05).RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 42,07% da amostra analisada possuíam pelo menos uma espécie de parasita intestinal, além disso, que o helminto Ascaris lumbricóides e o protozoário Endolimaxnana foram os parasitas mais frequentes nesses exames positivos,com porcentagem de 6,93% e 13,59%, respectivamente. Constatou-se também que os parasitas ancilostomídeos e Giardia lamblia estiveram mais frequentes nos homens e o parasita Endolimax nana nas mulheres, e que o parasita Giardia lamblia foi o mais frequente nos pacientes menores de cinco anos de idade.CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se ser alta a frequência de indivíduos parasitados, bem como que espécies de parasitas com potencial patogênico fazem parte do perfil parasitológico da referida população.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The high prevalence of parasitic diseases in underdeveloped and developing countries is responsible for variables clinical symptoms, which often are associated with chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. The objective of this study was to obtain the enteroparasitological profile of inhabitants from a city of Northeast Brazil. METHOD: A retrospective study using secondary data was carried out, from January 2009 to January 2010. All information was obtained through the results of coproparasitological samples. The data were processed and analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher Exact test, of the statistical software R. The level of significance was 5 % (p < 0.05).RESULTS: It was observed that 42.07% of the sample had at least one species of intestinal parasite, the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides and protozoa Endolimax nana were the most frequently positive in these tests, with a percentage of 6.93% and 13.59% respectively. It was also found that the parasites Giardia lamblia and hookworms were the most frequent in males and Endolimax nana was the most frequent in females. The parasite Giardia lamblia was the most frequent in patients under five years old. CONCLUSION: We found high frequency of infected individuals and the parasite species with potential pathogenic are presentat the profile of this population.

Prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en escuelas públicas de Quetzaltenango ciudad de Quetzaltenango / Intestinal parasitoid in public schools of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en los niños escolares de nivel primario de cuatro escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Quetzaltenango, así como estimar la frecuencia de los parásitos en base a género y especie, en la población escolar estratificada por grado escolar. Para ello, se evaluaron las muestras fecales de alumnos de 5 a 14 años, de 4 escuelas públicas...

[ species of intestinal parasites and their prevalence in children in elementary educational level in rural of Damascus-Kalamoon-Syria]

708 stool samples were collected from children in elementary educational level in Kalamoon area [Nabek-Deratiah-Kara], in rural of Damascus-Syria, and were examined. That was done between November-January of 2009-2010. The aim of this study is to find out the species of intestinal parasites spread in this area [This study is done as the first time in this area]. We found that 125 samples contain parasite, which equals to 17.65%, and 65 samples contain human pathogenic parasites 52%. The pathogenic parasites according to their prevalence: Giardia lambilia 6.07%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.14% and Candida SP 2.96%. While the nonpathogenic parasites prevalence: Entamoeba coli 1.27%, Blastocystis hominis 8.05%, Endolimax nana 0.98%. It is worthy to mention that no case of intestinal worm ova such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica has been diagnosed in our study

Frequency of intestinal parasites in Tehran

For a long time, intestinal parasite infections are among the major problems of public health in Iran. Our aim was epidemiological studies on the frequency of intestinal parasites in patients referred to three hospitals in Tehran during 2007-2008. During 2007-2008, by simple random selection, 1000 stool samples were collected from Milad, Hazrat-e-Rasoul and Shahid Fahmideh hospitals in Tehran, Iran. We examined the samples using direct smear, formol-ethyl acetate concentration, Agar-plate culture and Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. The frequency of intestinal parasites were: Blastocystis hominis 12.8%, Giardia lamblia 2.5%, Entamoeba coli 4.8%, lodamoeba butschlli 0.9%, unknown 4 nuclei cysts 0.4%, Endolimax nana 3.2%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.4%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.1%, Hymenolepis nana 0.2% and Taenia saginata 0.2%. Coccidian parasites were not found. Results show that infection with intestinal parasites does not statistically significant according to sex and age. The intestinal parasites, especially helminthic infections have been decreased during recent years

Examination for helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in fecal samples from healthy Korean adults, 2000~2006 / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Contemporary clinicians have very little understanding of the importance of preventing parasitic disease. This aim of this study was to estimate trends in intestinal parasitic disease via stool examination in healthy Korean adults. METHODS: We reviewed stool examination results to detect any intestinal parasite infections in newly examined healthy patients at the Health Promotion Center of Samsung Medical Center from 2000 to 2006. RESULTS: The rates of overall intestinal parasite infection showed substantial growth from 2000 to 2006: 2.51%, 2.63%, 3.56%, 4.04%, 4.48%, 3.94%, and 4.45% (p<0.001) for 2000 to 2006, respectively. Rates of infection with helminthic eggs (five species) increased from 0.80% in 2000 to 1.50% in 2006 (p<0.001). This trend corresponds to the positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis helminthes (0.45% to 1.43%; p<0.001). Total protozoan cysts infection (four species) also increased (from 1.96% to 2.99%, p<0.001), especially with infection of Endolimax nana (1.15% to 2.23%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of intestinal parasite infection have increased over the last seven years, especially with C. sinensis and E. nana. These results demonstrate that Korean doctors should pay more attention to the diagnosis and treatment of parasite infections to further patient education and prevent parasitic infections.

Examination for helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in fecal samples from healthy Korean adults, 2000~2006 / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Contemporary clinicians have very little understanding of the importance of preventing parasitic disease. This aim of this study was to estimate trends in intestinal parasitic disease via stool examination in healthy Korean adults. METHODS: We reviewed stool examination results to detect any intestinal parasite infections in newly examined healthy patients at the Health Promotion Center of Samsung Medical Center from 2000 to 2006. RESULTS: The rates of overall intestinal parasite infection showed substantial growth from 2000 to 2006: 2.51%, 2.63%, 3.56%, 4.04%, 4.48%, 3.94%, and 4.45% (p<0.001) for 2000 to 2006, respectively. Rates of infection with helminthic eggs (five species) increased from 0.80% in 2000 to 1.50% in 2006 (p<0.001). This trend corresponds to the positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis helminthes (0.45% to 1.43%; p<0.001). Total protozoan cysts infection (four species) also increased (from 1.96% to 2.99%, p<0.001), especially with infection of Endolimax nana (1.15% to 2.23%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of intestinal parasite infection have increased over the last seven years, especially with C. sinensis and E. nana. These results demonstrate that Korean doctors should pay more attention to the diagnosis and treatment of parasite infections to further patient education and prevent parasitic infections.