Infección del tracto genital superior femenino: revisión pictográfica por tomografía computada según clasificación clínica / Infection of the female upper genital tract: pictorial review by computed tomography according to clinical classification

La infección del tracto genital superior (ITGS) femenino o enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica (EIP) comprende una serie de condiciones inflamatorias del tracto reproductivo femenino. La presentación clínica es variada y la mayoría se presenta como un dolor abdominal de cuadrantes inferiores o dolor pélvico, pudiendo ser incluso difuso y muchas veces manifestarse como un dolor abdominal agudo de difícil diagnóstico. Las formas de presentación clínica y el compromiso anatómico son variados. En 1982 Monif diseñó una clasificación que se basa en el compromiso anatómico de las estructuras afectadas, desde una infección localizada como salpingitis, hasta cuadros más graves con riesgo vital como un absceso tubo oválico (ATO) roto. Las imágenes junto a la clínica forman un pilar fundamental para el diagnóstico y así definir una conducta terapéutica. En el siguiente artículo se presenta una serie de casos con sus principales hallazgos a la tomografía computada (TC) clasificados por los estadios de Monif.

Abstract: Upper genital tract infection (UGTI) or female pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) comprises a number of inflammatory conditions of the female reproductive tract. The clinical presentation is varied and most occur as a lower quadrant abdominal pain or pelvic pain, and may even be diffuse and often manifest as an acute abdominal pain difficult to diagnose. The clinical presentation and anatomic involvement are varied. In 1982 Monif designed a classification based on the anatomical commitment of the affected structures, from a localized infection such as salpingitis, to more serious conditions such as life-threatening ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). Images together with case history form a fundamental basis for the diagnosis and so define therapeutic management. In the following article a series of cases are presented with their main findings to the computed tomography (CT) classified according to Monifs staging.

Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis as a rare pathologic aspect of chronic active pelvic inflammatory disease.

Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis (XGS) is a rare form of chronic inflammation of the fallopian tubes. A 41-year old woman with a history of secondary infertility for 2 years is presented. The patient underwent bilateral salpingooopherectomy with presumptive diagnosis of adnexal mass with cystic component. Intraoperative pathology consultation was done. The diagnosis of bilateral XGS associated with chronic active follicular salpingitis was made. XGS is reported to be caused by an unsuccesfully treated pelvic inflammatory disease. Its association with chronic active follicular salpingitis has not been previously reported. Chronic active follicular salpingitis with xanthogranulomatous inflammation might give the impression of a cystic adnexal mass with septations on preoperative pelvic computed tomography. Frozen sections are necessary to rule out malignancy as done in our case.

Positive correlation between serum and peritoneal fluid CA-125 levels in women with pelvic endometriosis / Correlação positiva entre os níveis séricos e no fluido peritonial de CA-125 em mulheres com endometriose pélvica

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One of the diagnostic markers of endometriosis is CA-125, and elevated levels of this are caused by high concentrations in the ectopic endometrium. The objective of this study was to correlate CA-125 levels in serum and peritoneal fluid from women with and without pelvic endometriosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, controlled study of consecutive pa-tients undergoing laparoscopy for infertility, pelvic pain or tubal ligation, during early follicular phase, at the university hospital of Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. METHODS: Fifty-two patients were divided into two groups: endometriosis group, consisting of 35 patients with biopsy-confirmed pelvic endometriosis, and control group, consisting of 17 patients without endometriosis. CA-125 levels in serum samples and peritoneal fluid were determined by chemiluminescence. RESULTS: CA-125 levels in serum and peritoneal fluid were higher in patients with advanced pelvic endometriosis (means of 39.1 ± 45.8 U/ml versus 10.5 ± 5.9 U/ml in serum, p < 0.005; 1,469.4 ± 1,350.4 U/ml versus 888.7 ± 784.3 U/ml in peritoneal fluid, p < 0.05), and showed a positive correlation between each other (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.4880). Women with more advanced degrees of endometriosis showed higher CA-125 levels in both serum and peritoneal fluid (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: There is a positive correlation between serum and peritoneal fluid values of CA-125 in women with and without endometriosis, and their levels are higher in peritoneal fluid. Advanced endometriosis is related to higher levels in both serum and peritoneal fluid.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Um dos marcadores diagnósticos de endometriose é o CA-125, e seus níveis elevados são devidos à alta concentração no endométrio ectópico. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar os níveis de CA-125 no soro e fluido peritonial de mulheres com e sem endometriose pélvica. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, controlado, de pacientes consecutivas submetidas a laparoscopia por infertilidade, dor pélvica ou laqueadura tubária, durante a fase folicular precoce no Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e duas pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo endometriose, com 35 pacientes com biópsia confirmada de endometriose pélvica, e grupo controle, com 17 pacientes sem endometriose. Níveis de CA-125 em amostras no soro e fluido peritonial foram determinadas por quimiluminescência. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de CA-125 no soro e fluido peritonial foram mais altos nas pacientes com endometriose pélvica avançada (média 39,1 ± 45,8 U/ml versus 10,5 ± 5,9 U/ml no soro, p < 0,005, 1469,4 ± 1350,4 U/ml versus 888,7 ± 784,3 U/ml no fluido peritonial, p < 0,05), e o estudo mostrou uma correlação positiva entre eles (coeficiente de correlação = 0,4880). Mulheres com estágios mais avançados de endometriose mostraram níveis de CA-125 maiores em ambos soro e fluido peritonial (p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Há uma correlação positiva entre os valores de CA-125 no soro e no fluido peritonial em pacientes com e sem endometriose e seus níveis são maiores no fluido peritonial. Endometriose avançada é relacionada com níveis mais altos de CA-125 em ambos soro e fluido peritonial.

Spontaneous inflammatory pelvic disease in adult non-castrated female rats treated with estrogen

The adaptive immune response of the genital tract is under the control of sexual steroids; however, the influence of sex hormones on innate immune mechanisms of the genital mucosa are only beginning to be understood. We found that long-term estrogen treatment increases the risk for inflammatory pelvic diseases in adult non-castrated female rats. Female rats (110 g to 130 g) received estrogen (10 rats; 17-beta estradiol, 50 mg pellet; 10 rats: subcutaneous weekly injection of estradiol valerate 0.166 mg/kg). Ten rats received a pellet of 17-beta estradiol and were treated with amoxicillin, 50 mg/kg after the 90th day of exposure to estrogen. Three control groups of ten rats were also used. The estrogen-treated rats developed an inflammatory pelvic disease, with abscess formation after the third month of hormonal treatment. All the surviving animals were killed after six months of hormonal exposure. Among 15 survivors of the two groups that received estrogen 13 animals presented tuboovarian abscesses. Among eight survivors of the group treated with amoxicillin, six had tuboovarian abscesses. None of the 30 control rats presented macro or microscopic signs of inflammatory disease in the uterus, tubes or ovaries. We conclude that estrogen impairs the defense mechanisms of the genital tract of non-castrated female rats, enhancing bacterial growth in the vagina and ascending infection to the uterus, tubes and ovaries.

Doença inflamatória pélvica infecçäo do trato genital superior feminino / Pelvic inflammatory disease superior female genital tract infection

Foi feito uam revisäo sobre o tema doença inflamatória pélvica especialmente dirigida para uma discussäo sobre o próprio título, uma vez que analisando a etiopatogenia, pode-se admitir a nomenclatura de infecçäo do trato genital superior feminino como a opçäo mais correta

Enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica / Pelvic inflammatory disease

La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica es una de las infecciones más frecuentes y serias de la mujer en edad reproductiva, la cual está asociada a microorganismos adquiridos por transmisión sexual. Su patogénesis está relacionada con la propagación por vía ascendente de microorganismos provenientes de la vagina y cérvix. Existen múltiples factores de riesgo tales como la edad, la promiscuidad y dispositivos intrauterinos. Es una infección polimicrobiana sin síntomas específicos. El tratamiento tiene por objeto además de administrar antibióticos con el fin de eliminar el cuadro inflamatorio agudo, el prevenir las secuelas a largo plazo

La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica y su indicación quirúrgica / Pelvic inflammatory disease and surgical indication

Se analizan 87 pacientes con EIP aguda tratadas en la Maternidad, Santa Ana, del I.V.S.S. durante el lapso de 5 años, comprendido del año 1963 al 1987. La mayoría de los pacientes mejoraron con el tratamiento médico a base de antibióticos por vía parenteral, siendo los más usados ampicilina, penicilina y gentamicina. Sólo dos pacientes fueron tratadas quirúrgicamente, practicándose en un caso una laparatomía exploradora y en el otro caso un drenaje de absceso del Douglas por colpotomía posterior. La morbilidad fue baja y no hubo casos de mortalidad en esta serie

Processos inflamatórios dos anexos do útero / Adnexial inflammatory processes of the uterus

Revisaram-se os laudos anatomopatológicos de 867 casos de doença inflamatória pélvica. A incidência de abscessos tubo-ovarianos situou-se em torno de 8,5%

Análisis de 3 casos de actinomicosis pélvica en el Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital México / Analysis of 3 cases of pelvic actinomycosis in the Gynecological Service of the Hospital México

Se analizan 3 casos de Actinomicosis Pélvica, entidad poco frecuente. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura médica sobre este padecimiento, sus complicaciones y tratamiento adecuado del mismo