Modelagem celular in vitro da Doença de Huntington com ácido 3-nitropropiônico e ácido quinolínico & Avaliação das funções neuroprotetoras da adenosina / In vitro cell modeling of Huntington's Disease with 3-nitropropionic acid and quinolinic acid and evaluation of the neuroprotective functions of adenosine

A Doença de Huntington (Huntington's disease - HD) trata-se de uma patologia neurodegenerativa hereditária caracteriza por meio da expressão das proteínas huntingtinas mutantes (mHtt), das mortes dos neurônios espinhais médios (medium spiny neurons MSNs) GABAérgicos D2-positivos do striatum e da hipercinesia. Uma hipótese se refere à função das mHtts de potencializarem os efeitos excitotóxicos das estimulações dos receptores de NMDA (NMDAR) por meio da inibição da succinato desidrogenase, resultando em desequilibrio das [Ca2+]i, estresse oxidativo e apoptose. A adenosina agonista dos receptores purinérgicos P1 tem sido descrita por conta das suas funções neuroprotetoras e neuromodulatórias. Assim, estabelecemos dois modelos in vitro da HD fundamentados nas neurodiferenciações das linhagens murinas de célula-tronco embrionárias E14-TG2a e progenitoras neurais do hipocampo HT-22; seguidas pelos tratamentos com ácido quinolínico (QA) agonista seletivo dos NMDARs , na ausência e na presença do ácido 3-nitropropiônico (3-NP) inibidor irreversível da succinato desidrogenase. Estes modelos foram utilizados nas avaliações das funções neuroprotetoras da adenosina. Os neurônios pós-mitóticos das culturas de E14-TG2a diferenciadas foram caracterizados conforme os MSNs GABAérgicos do striatum; enquanto os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados foram caracterizados de modo inespecífico. Metodologia: imunofluorescência (microscopia e citometria); PCR em tempo real; análise das variações dos potenciais das membranas plasmáticas e das variações transientes das [Ca2+]i por microfluorimetria; e quantificações das reduções do AlamarBlue® (% de sobrevida celular) e das atividades extracelulares de LDH (U/L) (necrose) por espectrometria. Avaliamos a capacidade do 3-NP de potencializar os efeitos excitotóxicos do QA comparando dois grupos de neurônios HT-22 diferenciados: QA 8mM (EC50) (controle); e 3-NP 5mM/QA 8mM. Avaliarmos o potencial neuroprotetor da adenosina comparando quatro grupos de neurônios HT-22 diferenciados: QA 8mM; adenosina 250µM/QA 8mM; 3-NP 5mM/QA 8mM; 3-NP 5mM/adenosina 250µM/QA 8mM. Os neurônios pós-mitóticos derivados das E14TG2a foram classificados como MSNsGABAérgicos do striatum integrantes de uma cultura neuronal heterogênea semelhante às conexões nigroestriatais, corticoestriatais, striatonigral e striatopallidal. Os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados perfaziam uma cultura neuronal heterogênea, não totalmente madura, composta por neurônios glutamatérgicos, dopaminérgicos, colinérgicos e GABAérgicos. Os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados 3-NP 5mM apresentaram menores % de sobrevida celular após os tratamentos com QA 8mM por 24h (p<0.05); e maiores amplitudes das variações das [Ca2+]i dependentes do QA 8mM (p<0.05) (cinética 6 minutos). Por outro lado, os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados pré- tratados com 3-NP 5mM apresentaram menores atividades extracelulares de LDH após o tratamento com QA 8mM por 24h menor proporção de necrose. Os pré-tratamentos com adenosina 250µM indicaram uma tendência dos efeitos neuroprotetores (p>0.05) maiores % de sobrevida celular; menores atividades extracelulares de LDH; e menores amplitudes das variações transientes das [Ca2+]i. Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que a inibição da succinato desidrogenase potencializa os efeitos excitotóxicos dos NMDARs por meio da alteração das [Ca2+]i e, provavelmente, dos mecanismos de morte celular; enquanto a adenosina apenas tendeu à neuroproteção

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative pathology characterized by mutant huntingtin proteins (mHtt) expression, striatum D2-positive GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) cell death and hyperkinetic motor symptoms development. One hypothesis refers to the principle that mHtt potentiates the excitotoxic effects of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulation by the inhibition of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, resulting in [Ca2+]i imbalance, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Adenosine P1 purinergic receptor agonist is related to neuroprotective and neuromodulatory functions. Thus, we established two in vitro HD models based on the neurodifferentiation of murine embryonic stem cell lines E14-TG2a and hippocampal neuroprogenitor cell line HT-22 followed by treatment with quinolinic acid (QA) selective agonist of NMDARs , in the absence and in the presence of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. These models were used to assess the neuroprotective functions of adenosine. Post-mitotic neurons from differentiated E14-TG2a cultures were characterized according to striatum's GABAergic MSNs; while the differentiated HT-22 neurons were characterized in a non-specific way. Methodology included immunofluorescence (microscopy and cytometry); real-time PCR; analysis of variations in the plasma membrane potentials and of transient variations in the [Ca2+]i by microfluorimetry; and quantification of AlamarBlue® reductions (% cell survival) and of extracellular LDH activity (U/L) (necrosis) by spectrometry. We evaluated the ability of 3-NP to potentiate the excitotoxic effects of QA by comparing two groups of differentiated HT-22 neurons: 8mM QA (control); and 5mM 3-NP/8mM QA. We evaluated the neuroprotective potential of adenosine comparing four groups of differentiated HT-22 neurons: QA 8mM; 250µM adenosine/8mM QA; 5mM 3-NP/8mM QA; 5mM 3-NP/250µM adenosine/8mM QA. Postmitotic neurons derived from E14TG2a were classified as striatums GABAergic MSNs that are part of a heterogeneous neuronal culture similar to nigrostriatal, corticostriatal, striatonigral, and striatopallidal connections. Differentiated HT-22 neurons consisted of a heterogeneous neuronal culture and not fully mature glutamatergic,dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. Differentiated HT-22 neurons following 5mM 3-NP treatment showed lower % cell survival after treatments with 8mM QA for 24h (p<0.05); and higher amplitudes of the variations of [Ca2+]i induced by 8mM QA (p<0.05) (kinetics 6 minutes). On the other hand, differentiated HT-22 neurons 5mM 3-NP showed lower extracellular LDH activities after treatment with 8mM QA for 24h indicating a lower proportion of necrotic cells. Pretreatments with 250µM adenosine indicated a trend towards neuroprotective effects, such as higher percentages of cell survival; lower extracellular LDH activities; and lower amplitudes of transient variations of [Ca2+]i. Taken together, our results indicate that succinate dehydrogenase inhibition potentiated the excitotoxic effects of NMDARs by altering [Ca2+]i and, probably, cell death mechanisms, while adenosine only to neuroprotection

Receptores NMDA: plasticidad sináptica y supervivencia neuronal / NMDA Receptors: Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Survival

Un objetivo clave de las investigaciones actuales es el estudio de las redes de señalización intracelular vinculadas a la plasticidad sináptica, así como a la supervivencia y a la muerte neuronal. Haremos una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la neurotransmisión glutamatérgica, en especial de los receptores NMDA, de las variantes en la composición de sus subunidades, y de su localización sináptica o extrasináptica que nos acerca a la comprensión de los mecanismos paradigmáticos de plasticidad sináptica como la potenciación de largo plazo (LTP) y la depresión de largo plazo (LTD), relacionados con la memoria y el aprendizaje, así como con las enfermedades neurodegenerativas generadas por la excitotoxicidad. También analizaremos las diferencias y roles opuestos del factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF) y del pro-BDNF en la supervivencia neuronal y la apoptosis. Y en una aplicación clínica de estos conceptos, revisaremos su influencia en el desarrollo de la enfermedad de Huntington...

A key goal of current research is to study the intracellular signaling networks associated with synaptic plasticity and survival and neuronal death. We will do a bibliographic review on glutamatergic neurotransmission, especially NMDA receptors, the variations in the composition of its subunits, and its synaptic or extrasynaptic localization, bringing us closer to understanding the paradigmatic mechanisms of LTP and LTD, related with memory and learning, as well as neurodegenerative diseases generated by excitotoxicity. We will also analyze the differences and opposing roles of BDNF and pro-BDNF in neuronal survival and apoptosis. And by clinically applying these concepts, we shall review its influece in the development of Huntington's disease...

Studying neurodegenerative diseases in culture models

Neurodegenerative diseases are pathological conditions that have an insidious onset and chronic progression. Different models have been established to study these diseases in order to understand their underlying mechanisms and to investigate new therapeutic strategies. Although various in vivo models are currently in use, in vitro models might provide important insights about the pathogenesis of these disorders and represent an interesting approach for the screening of potential pharmacological agents. In the present review, we discuss various in vitro and ex vivo models of neurodegenerative disorders in mammalian cells and tissues.

Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases

The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), increases with age, and the number of affected patients is expected to increase worldwide in the next decades. Accurately understanding the etiopathogenic mechanisms of these diseases is a crucial step for developing disease-modifying drugs able to preclude their emergence or at least slow their progression. Animal models contribute to increase the knowledge on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. These models reproduce different aspects of a given disease, as well as the histopathological lesions and its main symptoms. The purpose of this review is to present the main animal models for AD, PD, and Huntington's disease.

Striatal and extrastriatal atrophy in Huntington's disease and its relationship with length of the CAG repeat

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects the striatum most severely. However, except for juvenile forms, relative preservation of the cerebellum has been reported. The objective of the present study was to perform MRI measurements of caudate, putamen, cerebral, and cerebellar volumes and correlate these findings with the length of the CAG repeat and clinical parameters. We evaluated 50 consecutive patients with HD using MRI volumetric measurements and compared them to normal controls. Age at onset of the disease ranged from 4 to 73 years (mean: 43.1 years). The length of the CAG repeat ranged from 40 to 69 (mean: 47.2 CAG). HD patients presented marked atrophy of the caudate and putamen, as well as reduced cerebellar and cerebral volumes. There was a significant correlation between age at onset of HD and length of the CAG repeat, as well as clinical disability and age at onset. The degree of basal ganglia atrophy correlated with the length of the CAG repeat. There was no correlation between cerebellar or cerebral volume and length of the CAG repeat. However, there was a tendency to a positive correlation between duration of disease and cerebellar atrophy. While there was a negative correlation of length of the CAG repeat with age at disease onset and with striatal degeneration, its influence on extrastriatal atrophy, including the cerebellum, was not clear. Extrastriatal atrophy occurs later in HD and may be related to disease duration.

Clinical presentation of juvenile Huntington disease

OBJETIVO: Descrever o quadro clínico de um grupo de pacientes com forma juvenil da doença de Huntington.MÉTODO: Os pacientes foram entrevistados seguindo um questionário clínico estruturado; genotipados para a repetição do trinucleotídeo citosina-adenina-guanina (CAG) no gene da doença de Huntington; e realizaram exame de RM de alta resolução. RESULTADOS: Identificamos 4 pacientes com doença de Huntington de início juvenil dentre 50 pacientes com doença de Huntington seguidos prospectivamente em nosso ambulatório de neurogenética. A idade de início variou entre 3 e 13 anos (2 meninos e 2 meninas). Três pacientes tiveram herança paterna da doença. O tamanho do alelo expandido da doença de Huntington variou entre 41 a 69 repetições de trinucleotídeos. As principais manifestações clínicas no início da doença foram rigidez, bradicinesia, distonia, disartria, crises epilépticas e ataxia. A RM mostrou acentuada atrofia dos núcleos caudado e putamem (p=0.001) e redução do volume cerebral e cerebelar (p=0.01). CONCLUSÃO: 8% dos pacientes com doença de Huntington acompanhados em nosso ambulatório apresentaram início juvenil da doença. Estes pacientes não apresentaram a manifestação típica de coréia observada em adultos. Houve predomínio de rigidez, bradicinesia, crises epilépticas e ataxia, o que tem relação com a atrofia cortical e cerebelar precoce na RM.

Aspectos etiopatogênicos da Doença de Huntington / Etiopathogenic aspects of Huntington's disease

A doença de Huntington (DH) é um distúrbio hereditário autossômico dominante, que está relacionado à expansão das repetições de CAG (citosina-adenina-guanina) no braço curto do cromossomo 4, o que leva à formação de uma proteína mutante associada, principalmente, à destruição neuronal do estriado. Manifesta-se por transtornos motores, cognitivos e neuropsicológicos, evoluindo progressivamente para estado demencial grave. A patogênese da doença ainda apresenta pontos obscuros. No entanto, recentes investigações têm possibilitado maior entendimento de sua origem e evolução, assim como de outras doenças neurodegenerativas

Huntington's disease is a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder which occurs due to the expansion of the repetitions CAG on the short arm of chromosome 4, which leads to the formation of a mutant protein itself associated principally to the destruction of neuronal of the striated tissue. It manifests through motor, cognitive and neuropsychological disorders where it evolves progressively to a serious demential state. The pathogenesis of this disease still presents obscure points although recent investigations made it possible to understand it better in its origin and evolution, the same as with other neurodegenerative diseases

Apoptose e sistema complemento: mecanismos participantes da neurodegeneracao na doenca de Huntington / Apoptosis and complement system: participating mechanisms in Huntington's disease neurodegeneration

A doenca de Huntington (DH) e uma patologia neurodegenerativa de heranca autossomica dominante, que, geralmente, tem inicio nas terceiras e quarta decadas de vida. Atinge homens e...

Corea de Huntington. Rasgos sobresalientes de dos casos de autopsia / Huntington chorea. Prominent features in two autopsy cases

Se presentan dos casos de Corea de Huntington con autopsia completa, en dos hombres de 70 y 43 años en quienes no se hizo el diagnóstico en vida. Los hallazgos macroscópicos son muy característicos en los dos encéfalos, con atrofia principalmente del caudado y en menor grado del putamen y el globus pallidus, que microscópicamente se corrobora por la presencia de pérdida neuronal, rarefacción y gliosis poco acentuada. Se comenta acerca del diagnóstico premortem y la hipótesis actual sobre el mecanismo de la enfermedad

Patologia das doenças degenerativas: parte II / Pathology of degenerative diseases: part II

As doenças degenerativas, como a demência senil, as enfermedades de Alzheimer, Pick e Creutzfeldt-Jakob, dentre outras, despertam interesse crescente entre os clínicos, sendo porém necessária uma visäo realista das mesmas, o que só é possível à luz da patologia