Association between enuresis and obesity in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of obesity was related with symptoms of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and the efficacy of behavioral intervention in the treatment of NE. Materials and Method The patients diagnosed with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) were studied retrospectively. NE severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe according to the frequency of enuresis. The children were divided into three groups, namely normal weight (5th-84th percentile), overweight (85th-94th percentile), and obesity (≥95th percentile), according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) percentage. The relationship between obesity level and enuresis severity was analyzed. After three months of behavioral therapy, the efficacy of treatment among normal, overweight, and obese groups were evaluated. Moreover, the predictive risk factors for treatment failure were investigated. Results The rates of severe enuresis in patients with normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 63.9%, 77.5%, and 78.6%, respectively. Obese children depicted higher odds of having severe enuresis compared with normal-weight children (OR: 1.571; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.196-2.065; P=0.001). The odds of presenting with severe enuresis were 1.99 times higher in children who are obese or overweight compared to children with normal weight (OR: 1.994; 95% CI: 1.349-2.946; P=0.001). The complete response of the normal group was higher than those of the overweight and obese groups (26.8% vs. 14.0%, P=0.010; 26.8% vs. 0.0%, P=0.000). Overweight children showed higher complete response than obese ones (14.0% vs. 0.0%, P=0.009). Logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity level and enuresis frequency were significantly related to the treatment failure of behavioral intervention. Conclusions Obesity is associated with severe enuresis and low efficacy of behavioral therapy in children with nocturnal enuresis.

Study of the profile of behavioral problems and quality of life indexes in a pediatric cohort of monosymptomatic enuresis / Estudo do perfil dos problemas de comportamento e dos índices de qualidade de vida numa coorte pediátrica de enurese monossintomática

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and correlate, before and after the therapeutic intervention, the behavioral problem scores evaluated by the CBCL/6-18 questionnaire and the quality of life indexes evaluated by the PedsQL™ 4.0 in patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Method: After the initial evaluation and completion of the CBCL/6-18 questionnaire, a multidisciplinary evaluation and completion of the PedsQL™ 4.0 questionnaire was performed. Of the initially evaluated 140 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years, 58 were excluded due to non-monosymptomatic enuresis or associated comorbidities. Of the initially included 82 patients, who were randomized to three treatment groups, 59 completed the CBCL/6-18 and PedsQL™ 4.0 questionnaires at the end of the treatment and were included in this study. The α error was set at 5% for ruling out the null hypothesis. Results: Of the total of 59 participants, 45.8% responded with total success, 23.7% were partially successful, 23.7% did not reach the improvement criteria, and 6.8% gave up the treatment. There was a significant increase in quality of life indexes and a reduction of post-intervention behavioral problem scores, in the three proposed modalities, in patients who had a total or partial response to treatment. There was no correlation between higher scores of pre-treatment behavior problems and therapeutic failure. Conclusions: Only the participants who successfully responded to interventions showed improvement in quality of life and behavioral problems, which indicates that enuresis is a primary problem that has a negative impact on these parameters. The authors suggest that it is possible to achieve success in the treatment of monosymptomatic enuresis, even in patients with high pre-intervention behavioral problem scores.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar e relacionar, pré e pós-intervenção terapêutica, em pacientes com enurese noturna monossintomática, os escores de problemas de comportamento, avaliados pelo questionário CBCL/6-18, e os índices de qualidade de vida, avaliados pelo PedsQL™ 4.0. Método: Após avaliação inicial e preenchimento CBCL6/18, procedeu-se avaliação multidisciplinar e preenchimento do PedsQL™ 4.0. Das 140 crianças e adolescentes de 6 a 16 anos inicialmente avaliados, 58 foram excluídos por enurese não monossintomática ou comorbidades associadas. Dos 82 pacientes inicialmente incluídos e randomizados em três grupos de tratamento, 59 preencheram o CBCL/6-18 e PedsQL™ 4.0 no fim do tratamento e puderam ser incluídos neste trabalho. O erro alfa foi estabelecido em 5% para descarte da hipótese de nulidade. Resultados: Dos 59 participantes 45,8% responderam com sucesso total, 23,7% tiveram sucesso parcial, 23,7% não atingiram critério de melhoria e 6,8% desistiram do tratamento. Verificou-se aumento significativo dos índices de qualidade de vida e redução dos escores de problemas de comportamento pós-intervenção, nas três modalidades propostas, nos pacientes que obtiveram resposta total ou parcial ao tratamento. Não se demonstrou correlação entre maiores escores de problemas de comportamento pré-tratamento e insucesso terapêutico. Conclusões: Apenas os participantes que responderam com sucesso às intervenções melhoraram em sua qualidade de vida e problemas comportamentais, o que indica que a enurese é um problema primário que impacta negativamente esses parâmetros. Sugere-se que é viável obter sucesso no tratamento da enurese monossintomática, mesmo em pacientes com altos escores de problemas de comportamento pré-intervenção.

Pelvic floor muscle training alone or in combination with oxybutynin in treatment of nonmonosymptomatic enuresis. A randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow up / Exercícios dos músculos do assoalho pélvico exclusivos ou em combinação com oxibutinina no tratamento da enurese não monossintomática. Um estudo randomizado controlado com 2 anos de seguimento

Abstract Objective To compare the results of the standard urotherapy alone and associated with pelvic floor muscle training alone, and in combination with oxybutynin in treatment of nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Methods A total of 38 children aged 5 to 10 years were randomized into three groups: Group I (n=12) that was submitted to standard urotherapy; Group II (n=15), standard urotherapy associated with pelvic floor muscle training; and Group III (n=11), standard urotherapy associated with pelvic floor muscle training and oxybutynin; the treatment lasted 12 weeks. The assessment tools used were playful bladder diary, and a 48-hour bladder diary, before and after treatment. After 2 years, patients were assessed by telephone using a standardized questionnaire. Results The data of children from the three groups were homogeneous at baseline. After 12-week treatment, all children showed improved symptoms and signs of nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, but the differences were not significant among the groups. After 2 years, the three groups showed maintenance of treatment results, but no differences among them. Conclusion All treatment modalities were effective regarding improved enuresis and lower urinary tract symptoms, but the sample was not large enough to show differences among groups.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os resultados da uroterapia padrão isolada e associada ao treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico isoladamente e em combinação com a oxibutinina no tratamento da enurese noturna não monossintomática. Métodos Trinta e oito crianças entre 5 e 10 anos de idade foram randomizadas em três grupos: Grupo I (n=12) realizou uroterapia padrão; Grupo II (n=15) realizou uroterapia padrão associada ao treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico; e Grupo III (n=11) realizou uroterapia padrão associada ao treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico e oxibutinina. O tratamento teve duração de 12 semanas. Os instrumentos de avaliação foram diário miccional lúdico e diário miccional de 48 horas, antes e depois do tratamento. Após 2 anos, os pacientes foram avaliados por telefone, usando um questionário padronizado. Resultados Os dados das crianças dos três grupos eram homogêneos no início do estudo. Após 12 semanas de tratamento, todas as crianças apresentaram melhora em relação aos sinais e sintomas de enurese noturna não monossintomática, mas as diferenças não foram significativas entre os grupos. Depois de 2 anos, os resultados do tratamento se mantiveram nos três grupos, mas não houve diferenças entre os grupos. Conclusão As três modalidades de tratamento foram eficazes na melhora da enurese e dos sintomas do trato urinário inferior, mas o tamanho da amostra não foi grande o suficiente para mostrar diferenças entre os grupos.

Are uroflowmetry and post - void residual urine tests necessary in children with primary nocturnal enuresis?

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine the benefits of repetitive uroflowmetry and post void residual urine (PVR) tests in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). Material and methods: Children aged ≥6 years with PNE who visited our clinics for management of enuresis were included for study. Patients were requested to complete a questionnaire including baseline characteristics and Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS), 2-day bladder diary, and Rome III criteria for constipation. Two uroflowmetry and PVR tests were requested. Children with congenital or neurogenic genitourinary tract disorders were excluded. All children underwent urotherapy and desmopressin combined with anticholinergics or laxatives if indicated. The definition of abnormal flow patterns (≥1 abnormal), elevated PVR (≥1 abnormal), small maximal voided volume (MVV), nocturnal polyuria (NP) and response to treatment complied with the ICCS standardization document. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional-hazards regression tests were used to evaluate the predictors of response. Results: In total, 100 children aged 8.5±2.3 years were enrolled for study (M: F=66:34) with 7.3±7.4 months of follow-up. Poor correlation was observed between DVSS/small MVV and PVR (p>0.05). Univariate analysis revealed that elevated PVR is associated with significantly less hazard of complete response to medical treatment (HR: 0.52, p=0.03), while not significantly associated with abnormal flow patterns, NP, constipation or small MVV. Multivariate analysis revealed that only elevated PVR (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.80) and NP (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.10-7.28) were significant predictors for complete response. Conclusions: In managing pediatric enuresis, elevated PVR is a significant predictor for lower chance of complete response to treatment whether they had high DVSS or not.

Adesão em saúde e psicoterapia: conceituação e aplicação na enurese noturna / Adherence in health and psychotherapy: conceptualization and application in nocturnal enuresis / L'adhésion dans la santé et la psychothérapie: concepts et l'application avec l'énurésie nocturne / La adhesión en la salud y la psicoterapia: conceptuación y aplicación en la enuresis nocturna

Existem diversos estudos sobre preditores da não adesão, mas poucos mostram estratégias efetivas para lidar com esse problema. Uma revisão da literatura sobre desistência em psicoterapia mostrou que quase metade dos pacientes que ingressam num atendimento não o concluem. A medida na psicoterapia em geral é a de não adesão, ou desistência do tratamento; no presente trabalho serão apresentados dados relativos à adesão ao tratamento da enurese com alarme de urina. A taxa de desistência em um grupo de 61 crianças e adolescentes foi levantada considerando três condições: suas famílias não compareceram aos atendimentos, não responderam ao contato telefônico ou relataram ter abandonado os procedimentos. A desistência correspondeu a 19,6% da amostra e a idade do grupo dos desistentes era significativamente inferior, quando comparada à daqueles que aderiram ao tratamento. A já demonstrada associação entre a intolerância parental e a idade do filho explica os resultados e aponta para a necessidade de trabalho educativo intenso com os pais de adolescentes portadores de enurese.

Although there are several studies about adherence prevalence and predictors, few of them demonstrate efficient strategies to deal with this issue. A literature review found that about half of the patients that initiate psychotherapy do not conclude the process. Therefore, the measure of adherence is usually non-adherence, assessed by treatment dropout. In this paper, we present data related to dropout of alarm treatment for nocturnal enuresis. Sixty-one children and adolescents that initiated alarm treatment were included. Families missing appointments, not replying to phone calls or stating that treatment procedures were abandoned characterized dropout. Twelve families dropped out from treatment, corresponding to 19.6% of the sample. Only age was significantly related to dropout: younger children were more likely to abandon treatment. The already known relation between age and parents’s intolerance explains the results and determinates the necessity of an intense informative work with parents of enuretic children.

Il existe plusieurs études sur l’adhésion avec une ênfase dans la prévalence et les facteurs prédictifs de non-adhésion, mais peu de ces montre des stratégies efficaces pour faire face à ce problème. Une revue de la littérature sur l'abandon dans la psychothérapie a montré que près de la moitié des patients admis dans un soin de ne pas conclure. La mesure de la psychothérapie en général cést la non adhésion, représenté par l'abandon ou la cessation du traitement. Le document présente des données sur le traitement d'énurésie nocturne avec l’alarm de urine. Nous avons mené une enquête sur les niveaux de retrait d'un groupe de 61 enfants et adolescents. Lorsque les familles n'ont pas assisté aux séances, ne répondent pas au téléphone ou auraient abandonné les procédures ont été considérés comme des décrocheurs. Le retrait est intervenu dans 12 des 61 cas, représentant 19,6% de l'échantillon. Considérant l'âge moyen des participantesverifica que ceux qui ont abandonné le traitement étaient significativement plus jeunes. L'association précédemment établie entre l'intolérance des parents et l'âge de l'enfant explique les résultats et les points à la nécessité d'un travail pédagogique intensif avec les parents d'adolescents atteints d'énurésie.

Hay diversos estudios sobre la prevalencia y predictores de la no adhesión, pero pocos muestran estrategias efectivas para hacer frente a este problema. Una revisión de la literatura sobre la deserción en la psicoterapia mostró que casi la mitad de los pacientes que ingresan en la atención no la concluyen. La medida en la psicoterapia en general es la de no adhesión, representada por el abandono o deserción del tratamiento. En este trabajo serán presentados datos relativos a la deserción al tratamiento de la enuresis través de la alarma de orina. Fue realizada una investigación sobre los niveles de la deserción de un grupo de 61 niños y adolescentes. Cuando las familias no comparecerán a las sesiones, no contestarán al telefono, o relatabán tener abandonado los procedimientos, fueron considerados desertores. La deserción ocurrió en 12 de 61 casos, lo que representa 19,6% de la muestra. La asociación ya establecida entre la intolerancia de los padres y la edad del niño explica los resultados y señala la necesidad de una intensa labor educativa con los padres de los adolescentes con enuresis.

Behavioral alarm treatment for nocturnal enuresis

PURPOSES: To investigate the efficacy of alarm treatment in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis and relate treatment success to age and type of clinical support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During 32 weeks, 84 children and adolescents received alarm treatment together with weekly psychological support sessions for individual families or groups of 5 to 10 families. RESULTS: 71 percent of the participants achieved success, defined as 14 consecutive dry nights. The result was similar for children and adolescents and for individual or group support. The time until success was shorter for participants missing fewer support sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Alarm treatment was effective for the present sample, regardless of age or type of support. Missing a higher number of support sessions, which may reflect low motivation for treatment, increased the risk of failure.

Changes in parents' and self-reports of behavioral problems in Brazilian adolescents after behavioral treatment with urine alarm for nocturnal enuresis

PURPOSE: Compare parents' reports of youth problems (PRYP) with adolescent problems self-reports (APSR) pre/post behavioral treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE) based on the use of a urine alarm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents (N = 19) with mono-symptomatic (primary or secondary) nocturnal enuresis group treatment for 40 weeks. Discharge criterion was established as 8 weeks with consecutive dry nights. PRYP and APSR were scored by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). RESULTS: Pre-treatment data: 1) Higher number of clinical cases based on parent report than on self-report for Internalizing Problems (IP) (13/19 vs. 4/19), Externalizing Problems (EP) (7/19 vs. 5/19) and Total Problem (TP) (11/19 vs. 5/19); 2) Mean PRYP scores for IP (60.8) and TP (61) were within the deviant range (T score ≥ 60); while mean PRYP scores for EP (57.4) and mean APSR scores (IP = 52.4, EP = 49.5, TP = 52.4) were within the normal range. Difference between PRYP' and APSR' scores was significant. Post treatment data: 1) Discharge for majority of the participants (16/19); 2) Reduction in the number of clinical cases on parental evaluation: 9/19 adolescents remained within clinical range for IP, 2/19 for EP, and 7/19 for TP. 3) All post-treatment mean scores were within the normal range; the difference between pre and post evaluation scores was significant for PRYP. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral treatment based on the use of urine alarm is effective for adolescents with mono-symptomatic (primary and secondary) nocturnal enuresis. The study favors the hypothesis that enuresis is a cause, not a consequence, of other behavioral problems.

Nocturnal enuresis and its impact on growth

Nocturnal enuresis is a common developmental-behavioral problem in children. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis and to determine its impact on physical growth of the first grade elementary school children. This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 350 first-grade children [6 to 6.5 yr old] elementary schools in Gonabad through random stratified sampling. All children had primary nocturnal enuresis. A questionnaire containing demographic criteria and various factors that may play a role in bed-wetting was filled out; a digital scale and a non-expanding measuring tape were used to collect data. Diagnosis of enuresis considered nocturnal voiding twice a week for at least three consecutive months. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis was 21% for boys and 14.9% for girls, and the overall prevalence was 17.5%. The average weight of enuretic children was lower than that of the non-affected ones. In addition, these children were in average shorter compared to those without enuresis. This study demonstrates that growth failure is a coexisting problem in children with primary nocturnal enuresis. Since enuresis and other stressful conditions in family can cause growth failure in children, the treatment of enuresis eliminating a stressful condition could be an effective measure in improving children's physical growth

Tratamiento de la enuresis nocturna: psicoterapia vs desmopresina / Treatment of nocturnal enuresis: desmopressin vs psychotherapy

Emiliano tiene 7 años y viene a la consulta por presentar una enuresis nocturna primaria, y de tiempoen tiempo, tics. nació de un embarazo de 8 meses y pesó 2500g. Las pautas psicomotrices se desarrollaron connormalidad. Cuando él tenía 3 años nació su hermana: reaccionó con celos, envidia y actitudes agresivas. Esun niño muy sobreprotegido y egocéntrico que le ha costado mucho adaptarse a la escolaridad. La madre es de una personalidad inestable, haestado en tratamiento antidepresivo y vive con mucha angustia la anorexia de otro de sus hijos. El médico pediatra se plantea, ¿cuál será el tratamiento másefectivo para el niño? ¿La psicoterapia o el tratamiento farmacológico con desmopresina?

Enuresis persisting into adulthood

Nocturnal enuresis is a very common finding in children to the extent that many families and caregivers, alike, may dismiss it as a developmental stage rather than a disease. Persistence of nocturnal enuresis into adulthood, however, has received little discussion and is surrounded by fallacies. All existing literature cited in PubMed between 1970 and 2005 were reviewed using the search entries "nocturnal enuresis AND adult". Of the 220 papers reviewed, enuresis persisting into adulthood was covered in only 87. Those aspects pertinent to this subset of patients were placed in focus. In contrast to the numerous researches on childhood enuresis, persistent adulthood enuresis is an underdiscussed subject, distinct in a few aspects of its etiology and management described herein

Effect of the rapid maxillary expansion on the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis [clinical study]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion [RME] the primary nocturnal enuresis [NE]. A sample consists of 19 patients, with resistant primary nocturnal enuresis, aged 6-15 years, treated by banded Hyrax expander in the College of Dentistry University Baghdad, 7 patients out of study group considered as control group at first to exclude placebo effect of the appliance. CT scan was used to evaluate the increase in the nasal cavity width at the level of inferior choncha, rhinomanometry used to assess nasal airflow and nasal resistance, osmolality measured to evaluate plasma antidiuretic hormone [ADH] all these parameters done before and 2-3 months at expansion in Al-Kadhymia Teaching Hospital. Patients in the study group underwent rapid maxilla expansion in 10-15 days, after 2 to 3 months of expansion most of the patients show complete dryness and others show notable improvement in nocturnal enuresis. The improvement in nocturnal enuresis following rapid maxillary expansion may be due to: -1-Restoration of normal sleep patterns, that make the patient wake easily, this caused by improvement nasal breathing, snoring, deep sleep, and treatment of mouth breathing following rapid maxilla expansion. -2-Increase in the antidiuretic hormone secretion, that causes decrease in the plasma osmolality and urine production following rapid maxillary expansion

Nocturnal enuresis in children

Nocturnal enuresis is a common childhood problem which affects around 15-25% of 5 year olds and upto 2% of young adults. The etiology is multifactorial and a number of theories have been proposed. Studies indicate a hereditary basis for nocturnal enuresis. A detailed history, relevant physical examination and urinalysis is important for evaluation. Non-pharmacological treatment is preferred due to a high success rate and no potential adverse effects. A positive approach by the physician is necessary to enhance the motivation of the family and the child in the treatment