Narrativas policiais sobre prevenção da violência e juventudes: experiências no Brasil e na Escócia / Police reports on the prevention of violence among youths: experiences in Brazil and Scotland

Resumo Esse estudo analisa as narrativas de policiais sobre iniciativas de prevenção da violência na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no Brasil e na cidade de Glasgow, na Escócia. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico-metodológico das ciências sociais, com os aportes da antropologia interpretativa. Os resultados apontam para a produção de intervenções cada vez mais precoces dirigidas às juventudes de periferias urbanas nos dois países. Prevalecem narrativas que reforçam ideias do ambiente familiar desestruturado, da vulnerabilidade social e do envolvimento com o crime como fatores de risco. Tais narrativas privilegiam a ótica do negativismo e da juventude como "problema social", unificando formulações que se estruturam a partir da simbiose entre o papel de agente do estado e o ethos moral que sustenta as decisões individuais de policiais. O estudo sinaliza para a complexidade das intervenções, bem como para a disputa em torno dos modos de controle e da produção da ordem nos dois contextos analisados. Sugere-se investigar, em estudos futuros, como a racionalidade presente no campo da saúde pública vem sendo incorporada em políticas e programas de segurança pública. Ressaltam-se os riscos das narrativas que reforçam estigmas sobre os jovens pobres em iniciativas de prevenção da violência.

Abstract This study analyzes the reports of police officers on violence prevention initiatives in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The theoretical-methodological framework of the social sciences, based on interpretative anthropology, was used to analyze the data. The results reveal the demand for intervention at an increasingly early stage, aiming at young people from outlying urban neighborhoods in both countries. Dysfunctional family environment, social vulnerability and involvement with crime are cited as risk factors. Reports such as these, promote the prospect of negativity and of labeling youth as a "social problem", reuniting formulations that are structured on the basis of the symbiosis between the role of agent of the state and the moral ethos that supports the individual decisions of police officers. The study highlights the complexity of the interventions, and the dispute around the forms of control and the maintenance of order in the two contexts analyzed. It is suggested that future studies investigate how the rationale present in the field of public health has been incorporated into public safety policies and programs. The risks of narratives reinforcing the stigmatization of underprivileged youths in violence prevention initiatives are emphasized.

Rehabilitation doxa and practitioner judgment. An analysis of symbolic violence on health care provision in the Scottish prison system / Doxa da rehabilitação e o julgamento professional. Uma análise da violência simbólica na provisão de cuidados em saúde no sistema prisional escocês

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the symbolic conditions which govern health care provision in the Scottish prison system. The paper considers the wider context of Scottish prisons, where health care provision follows a similar structure both in juvenile and adult prisons. Our intention is to provoke a debate about the doxa (Bourdieu, 1977), which underlies decision making in respect of health care in prison, in a political environment where pragmatism, allied to the 'pathologisation' of social policies, health and criminal justice has been a hegemonic force.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma análise das condições simbólicas que governam a provisão de saúde nos sistemas prisional escocês. O artigo considera o contexto ampliado do sistema prisonal escocês, onde a provisão de saúde segue uma estrutura similar tanto nas unidades juvenis quanto nas de adultos. Nossa intenção é provocar um debate sobre a doxa (Bourdieu, 1977) que sustenta as tomadas de decisão sobre provisão de saúde nas prisões, onde o contexto político marcado pelo pragmatismo, aliado à 'patologização' das políticas sociais, de saúde e de justiça criminal, tem sido uma força hegemônica.

Mary Broadfoot Walker: 83 years since a historical discovery / Mary Broadfoot Walker: 83 anos desde uma descoberta histórica

ABSTRACT Mary Broadfoot Walker was a Scottish physician who, in 1935, described in great detail the effect of an anticholinesterase drug (physostigmine) on the signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis. An original five-minutes movie is available online and the skepticism of her contemporary British medical doctors is understandable when the drastic effect of the treatment is shown in this movie. What Mary Walker taught us, more than eight decades ago, about myasthenia gravis continues to be the basis of a pharmacological diagnostic test and treatment of this disease.

RESUMO Mary Broadfoot Walker foi uma médica escocesa que em 1935 descreveu em grande detalhe o efeito de uma droga anticolinesterásica (fisostigmina) nos sinais e sintomas da myasthenia gravis. Um filme original com cinco minutos de duração está disponível online e a reação cética dos colegas médicos contemporâneos de Mary é compreensível dado o drástico efeito terapêutico mostrado neste filme. O que Mary Walker nos ensinou mais de oito décadas atrás continua a ser a base de um teste diagnóstico farmacológico e do tratamento da myasthenia gravis.

Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2016

“Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2016” is the 3rd edition of clinical practice guideline (CPG) for stroke rehabilitation in Korea, which updates the 2nd edition published in 2014. Forty-two specialists in stroke rehabilitation from 21 universities and 4 rehabilitation hospitals and 4 consultants participated in this update. The purpose of this CPG is to provide optimum practical guidelines for stroke rehabilitation teams to make a decision when they manage stroke patients and ultimately, to help stroke patients obtain maximal functional recovery and return to the society. The recent two CPGs from Canada (2015) and USA (2016) and articles that were published following the 2nd edition were used to develop this 3rd edition of CPG for stroke rehabilitation in Korea. The chosen articles' level of evidence and grade of recommendation were decided by the criteria of Scotland (2010) and the formal consensus was derived by the nominal group technique. The levels of evidence range from 1++ to 4 and the grades of recommendation range from A to D. Good Practice Point was recommended as best practice based on the clinical experience of the guideline developmental group. The draft of the developed CPG was reviewed by the experts group in the public hearings and then revised. “Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2016” consists of ‘Chapter 1; Introduction of Stroke Rehabilitation’, ‘Chapter 2; Rehabilitation for Stroke Syndrome, ‘Chapter 3; Rehabilitation for Returning to the Society’, and ‘Chapter 4; Advanced Technique for Stroke Rehabilitation’. “Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2016” will provide direction and standardization for acute, subacute and chronic stroke rehabilitation in Korea.

Reproducibility of Left Ventricular Mass by Echocardiogram in the ELSA-Brasil / Reprodutibilidade de Medidas Ecocardiográficas da Massa Ventricular Esquerda no ELSA-Brasil

Background: Echocardiography, though non-invasive and having relatively low-cost, presents issues of variability which can limit its use in epidemiological studies. Objective: To evaluate left ventricular mass reproducibility when assessed at acquisition (online) compared to when assessed at a reading center after electronic transmission (offline) and also when assessed by different readers at the reading center. Methods: Echocardiographers from the 6 ELSA-Brasil study investigation centers measured the left ventricular mass online during the acquisition from 124 studies before transmitting to the reading center, where studies were read according to the study protocol. Half of these studies were blindly read by a second reader in the reading center. Results: From the 124 echocardiograms, 5 (4%) were considered not measurable. Among the remaining 119, 72 (61%) were women, mean age was 50.2 ± 7.0 years and 2 had structural myocardial abnormalities. Images were considered to be optimal/ good by the reading center for 110 (92.4%) cases. No significant difference existed between online and offline measurements (1,29 g, CI 95% −3.60-6.19), and the intraclass correlation coefficient between them was 0.79 (CI 95% 0.71-0.85). For images read by two readers, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.86 (CI 95% 0.78-0.91). Conclusion: There were no significant drifts between online and offline left ventricular mass measurements, and reproducibility was similar to that described in previous studies. Central quantitative assessment of echocardiographic studies in reading centers, as performed in the ELSA-Brasil study, is feasible and useful in clinical and epidemiological studies performed in our setting. .

Fundamento: A ecocardiografia, apesar de não invasiva e de relativo baixo custo, tem na variabilidade de medidas repetidas um dos principais limitantes a sua utilização em estudos epidemiológicos. Objetivo: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da massa ventricular esquerda obtida em centros de investigação (on-line) com aquela obtida em centro de leitura (off-line) e entre medidas realizadas por diferentes avaliadores no centro de leitura. Métodos: Ecocardiografistas dos seis centros de investigação do ELSA-Brasil mediram on-line a massa ventricular esquerda e outras medidas ecocardiográficas de 124 exames antes de enviá-los ao centro de leitura, onde foram lidos off-line de acordo com o protocolo do estudo. Metade desses exames foi medida de forma cega por um segundo leitor. Resultados: Dos 124 exames, cinco (4%) foram considerados não mensuráveis. Dos 119 restantes, 72 (61%) eram de mulheres, com idade média de 50,2 ± 7,0 anos, sendo apenas dois exames com alteração estrutural cardíaca. Em 110 (92,4%) dos exames, as imagens foram consideradas ótimas/boas pelo centro de leitura. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias da massa ventricular esquerda obtidas on-line e off-line (1,29 g, IC 95% −3,60-6,19), sendo o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,79 (IC 95% 0,72-0,85). Para as medidas realizadas no centro de leitura, % 0,78-0,91). Conclusão: Não houve diferenças sistemáticas relevantes na medida da massa ventricular esquerda on-line versus off-line e a reprodutibilidade das medidas foi similar à de estudos anteriores. A realização das medidas em centros de leitura, como utilizado no ELSA-Brasil, é factível e útil em estudos clínico-epidemiológicos realizados em nosso meio. .

The Characteristics of Non-Retinal Lesions in the Ultra-Wide Field Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Image

PURPOSE: To evaluate various types and; characteristics of non-retinal lesions associated with ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscope images. METHODS: This retrospective study included 139 eyes of 139 patients with non-retinal lesions observed on color images obtained using Optomap 200Tx (Optos PLC, Dunfermline, Scotland, UK). The non-retinal lesion is a hyperreflective or hyporeflective shadow due to anterior segment of the eye or vitreous except the retina. Types and characteristics of red laser separation, green laser separation and autofluorescence images of non-retinal lesions were evaluated. RESULTS: All non-retinal lesions in images were categorized into 2 groups according to the location of non-retinal lesions. The anterior non-retinal lesions group included corneal opacity, cataract and posterior capsular opacity. The posterior non-retinal lesions group included asteroid hyalosis, posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous opacity and vitreous hemorrhage. Anterior non-retinal lesions were more often hyporeflective in red and green laser separation images (p < 0.001). Posterior non-retinal lesions were more often hyperreflective in green laser separation images and hyporeflective in red laser separation images (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscope images can frequently have various shadows from anterior or posterior lesions of the eye. These shadows show a difference in reflectivity depending on their origins. To understand the difference helps in the interpretation of the fundus images.

Mapping and Changing Informal Nurse Leadership Communication Pathways in a Health System

PURPOSE: Social network analysis (SNA) is increasingly being used to provide a visual and quantitative analysis of relationships among groups of staff and other subjects of interest. This paper examines the role SNA can play in identifying existing networks, and measures the impact of participation in brief task-focused project groups on the underlying communication pathways. METHODS: An SNA of a closed group of nurse leaders was conducted in a health system in Scotland, UK. Data were collected on two occasions 6 months apart. Analysis of both whole network and individual node-based (nurse leader) measures were undertaken. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that the initial network structure was related to functional departments. By establishing task and finish groups, network density and other key measures could be improved. CONCLUSIONS: SNA is a useful tool in mapping existing networks and evaluating how these can be strengthened through the use of task orientated project work. This easy-to-use technique can provide useful insights and a means of targeting management action to improve communication pathways in a moderately large and complex nurse leadership group. Further clinical and academic potential uses of the technique are suggested.

Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2012

"Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2012" is a 2nd edition of clinical practice guideline (CPG) for stroke rehabilitation in Korea, which updates the 1st edition published in 2009. After 1st stroke rehabilitation CPG, many studies concerning stroke rehabilitation have been published and the necessity for update has been raised. The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supported the project "Development of Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation" in 2012. Thirty-two specialists in stroke rehabilitation from 18 universities and 3 rehabilitation hospitals and 10 consultants participated in this project. The scope of this CPG included both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke from the acute to chronic stages. The purpose of this CPG is to provide guidelines for doctors and therapists to make a decision when they manage stroke patients and ultimately, to help stroke patients obtain maximal functional recovery and return to the society. "Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea 2012" consists of 'Chapter 1; Introduction of Stroke Rehabilitation', 'Chapter 2; Rehabilitation for Stroke Syndrome, 'Chapter 3; Rehabilitation for Return to the Society', and 'Chapter 4; Advanced Technique for Stroke Rehabilitation'. Both the adaptation and de novo development methods were used to develop this 2nd edition of CPG. The appraisal of foreign CPGs was performed using 'Korean appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation II' (K-AGREE II); moreover, four CPGs from Scotland (2010), Austrailia (2010), USA (2010), Canada (2010) were chosen for adaptation. For de novo development, articles that were published following the latest foreign CPGs were searched from the database system, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library. Literatures were assessed in the aspect of subjects, study design, study results' consistency, language and application possibility in the Korean society. The chosen articles' level of evidence and grade of recommendation were decided by the criteria of Scotland (2010) and the formal consensus was derived by the nominal group technique. The levels of evidence range from 1++ to 4 and the grades of recommendation range from A to D. GPP (Good Practice Point) was recommended as best practice based on the clinical experience of the guideline developmental group. The draft of the developed CPG was reviewed by the experts group in the public hearings and then revised.

Development of Mental Health Indicators in Korea

OBJECTIVE: Promoting mental health and preventing mental health problems are important tasks for international organizations and nations. Such goals entail the establishment of active information networks and effective systems and indicators to assess the mental health of populations. This being said, there is a need in Korea develop ways to measure the state of mental health in Korea. METHODS: This paper reviews the mental health indicator development policies and practices of seven organizations, countries, and regions: WHO, OECD, EU, United States, Australia, UK, and Scotland. Using Delphi method, we conducted two surveys of mental health indicators for experts in the field of mental health. The survey questionnaire included 5 domains: mental health status, mental health factor, mental health system, mental health service, and quality of mental health services. We considered 124 potential mental health indicators out of more than 600 from indicators of international organizations and foreign countries. RESULTS: We obtained the top 30 mental health indicators from the surveys. Among them, 10 indicators belong to the mental health system. The most important five mental health indicators are suicide rate, rate of increase in mental disorder treatment, burden caused by mental disorders, adequacy of identifying problems of mental health projects and deriving solutions, and annual prevalence of mental disorders. CONCLUSION: Our study provides information about the process for indicator development and the use of survey results to measure the mental health status of the Korean population. The aim of mental health indicator development is to improve the mental health system by better grasping the current situation. We suggest these mental health indicators can monitor progress in efforts to implement reform policies, provide community services, and involve users, families and other stakeholders in mental health promotion, prevention, care and rehabilitation.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes y las enfermedades infecciosas / Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes and infectious diseases

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, además de ameno escritor de best sellers, era médico y escribió excelentes cuentos sobre el ejercicio de su profesión en Inglaterra. Sin embargo, a pesar de mencionar The British Medical Journal y The Lancet en sus historias de Sherlock Holmes, al introducir enfermedades infecciosas en sus tramas, ignora descubrimientos importantes ya realizados en su época en el campo del tétanos. En todo caso, las apariciones de las enfermedades infecciosas en las historias del detective son escasas: una mención del tétanos, otra de la lepra y -la más analizada en la literatura médica- un caso de asesinato realizado mediante la inoculación de una bacteria, probablemente del agente de la melioidosis. También hizo a su héroe descubrir las acciones tóxicas de una medusa y de un trasplante de órganos. Poco para un médico y poco para un autor que también escribía ciencia ficción: pareciera que la historia de los grandes descubrimientos médicos de fines del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI pasó por su lado... y no la vio.

Besides a pleasant author of best sellers, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a medical doctor, writing excellent short stories about the exercise of his profession in England. However, even he mentions The British Medical Journal and The Lancet in the Sherlock Holmes’s stories, when in the plot introduces infectious diseases, Conan Doyle ignores important discoveries in the field of tetanus. Anyway, the appearing of infectious diseases in the adventures of the detective are rare: one mention of tetanus, another of leprosy and- the most analyzed in medical literature -a case of murder by inoculation of bacteria, probably the agent of melioidosis. Also he makes his hero discovers the toxic actions of a medusa and a transplant of solid organ. Little for a physician and less for an author who also wrote science fiction: it seems that the history of the great medical discoveries at the end of nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth has passed by his side… and he just couldn’t see it.