Clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy with the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine(2023) / 中国骨伤

The "Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy with the Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine" were formulated by the Orthopedic and Traumatology Professional Committee of the Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine and expert consensus, and provide clinicians with academic guidance on clinical diagnosis and treatment of CSM. The main content includes diagnostic points, disease grading assessment, TCM syndrome differentiation, surgical indications and timing, integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment, and postoperative rehabilitation. This guideline proposes for the first time that the treatment of CSM should follow the principle of grading, clarify the timing and methods of surgical treatment, establish common TCM syndrome differentiation and classification, attach importance to postoperative integrated rehabilitation of Chinese and Western medicine, and strengthen daily follow-up management. It hopes to promote the standardization, effectiveness, and safety of clinical treatment of CSM.

Comparative analysis of clinical efficacy between posterior percutaneous endoscopic discectomy and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical efficacy of posterior percutaneous endoscopic discectomy(PPECD) in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.@*METHODS@#A total of 56 patiens with single segment cervical spondylotic radiculopathy from December 2017 to October 2020, were randomly divided into observation group and control group. In observation group, there were 16 males and 11 females, including 8 cases of C4,5, 13 cases of C5,6 and 6 cases of C6,7 performed posterior percutaneous endoscopic discectomy, aged from 34 to 61 years old with an average of (51.15±6.29) years old. In control group, there were 19 males and 10 females with single segment cervical spondylotic radiculopathy including 10 cases of C4,5, 14 cases of C5,6 and 5 cases of C6,7 performed anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, aged from 40 to 65 years old with an average of (53.24±5.31) years old. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative time of lying in bed and length of postoperative hospital stay were recorded. Visual analogue scale(VAS) and neck disability index(NDI) were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Cervical plain films or MRIs, CTs were taken for re-visiting patients.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up more than 2 years. The observation group patients were followed up, the duration ranged from 24 to 42 months with an average of (30.48±4.91) months. The control group patients were followed up, the duration ranged from 25 to 47 months, with an average of (32.76±4.53) months. Compared with control group, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative time of lying in bed and length of postoperative hospital stay were decreased(P<0.05). Compared with pre-operation, VAS of neck and upper limb and NDI at the latest follow-up between two groups were significantly improved(P<0.05). Compared with control group, VAS of neck and upper limb at 1 day after operation in observation group were significantly reduced(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS of neck and upper limb and NID at 1, 3 months and the latest follow-up after operation between two groups(P>0.05). In the observation group, one patient's deltoid muscle strength was weakened to grade 4 after operation, and returned to normal after 12 weeks of conservative treatment. In control group, there was 1 case of postoperative adjacent spondylosis with symptoms of spinal compression after 2 years operation, then underwent cervical artificial intervertebral disc replacement. And there was 1 case of dysphagia after operation in control group and improved after 1 year. There was no significant difference in incidence of complications between two groups.@*CONCLUSION@#PPECD has advantages of shortening operative time, decreasing intraoperative blood loss, reducing postoperative time of lying in bed and length of postoperative hospital stay. However, applicable age range of patients and long-term clinical efficacy needs further study.

Diagnosis and treatment of 11 patients with cevical spondylotic amyotrophy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical features, treatment methods and clinical effects of cervical spondylosis with proximal muscular atrophy.@*METHODS@#Eleven patients with proximal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy were retrospectively studied from September 2016 to November 2020, including 7 males and 4 females, aged 38 to 68 years old. Clinical symptoms, MRI and neuroelectrophysiological manifestations were analyzed, and patients were treated with conservative treatment or anterior cervical decompression fusion surgery, respectively. The efficacy was evaluated by manual muscle test (MMT) before and after treatment, and patients' satisfaction was followed up at the same time.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 6 to 19 months. All 11 patients were unilateral, mainly manifested by atrophy of deltoid muscle, supraspinatus muscle and infraspinatus muscle, and may be accompanied by ipsilateral neck and shoulder pain at early stage. MRI showed lesions at C4,5, C5,6 segments were more common. Electrophysiological examination showed the affected muscle was denervated, and amplitude of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of innervated nerve on the affected side was lower than that on the healthy side. All patients were obtained bone fusion. One patient who were underwent anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) occurred developed contralateral C5 nerve root paralysis after operation, which recovered completely after 10 weeks of symptomatic treatment. At 12 months after operation, the efficacy was evaluated according to MMT, 3 patients were treated conservatively, 2 patients excellent and 1 good;in 8 patients treated by operation, 3 patients were excellent, 4 good, and 1 moderate.@*CONCLUSION@#The incidence of cervical spondylosis with proximal muscular atrophy is low, which is manifested as unilateral proximal muscle atrophy and may be accompanied by ipsilateral neck and shoulder pain in the early stage. Combined with MRI and neuroelectrophysiological examination, misdiagnosis could be reduced. In the early stage of disease, especially in the case of nucleus pulposus protrusion leading to nerve compression, conservative treatment could be taken. When the conservative treatment is ineffective or the pain cannot be tolerated, anterior decompression surgery is recommended, and the overall effect is satisfactory.

Manual therapy combined with posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression for the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of manual therapy combined with posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression(PECD) in the treatment of intractable cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.@*METHODS@#From May 2016 to May 2018, 23 CSR patients who responded poorly to conservative treatment for at least 6 weeks underwent the combination management. Firstly, the patients received the posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression routine care for the following 4 weeks and manual therapy for another 4 weeks. A total of 23 patients were followed up, including 14 males and 9 females, the age ranged from 29 to 78 years old with an average of (50.30±12.28) years, the course of disease was 3 to 24 months with an average of (9.74±5.76) months. The lesion segment involved C4,5 in 4 cases, C5,6 in 13 cases, C6,7 in 6 cases. The visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), changes of cervical physiological curvature and interbody stability, adverse events were observed before and after operation. The follow-up time points were before operation, 1 day after operation and 1, 3 and 6 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#All patients successfully completed the operation and manual treatment for 4 to 8 times. Among the 29 cases, 23 patients were followed up for more than 6 months. There was no spinal cord and nerve root injury during the treatment and follow-up. Operation time was from 80 to 120 min with a median of 90 min;intraoperative blood loss was from 35 to 80 ml with a median of 50 ml. NDI, VAS of neck, shoulder and arm each period after operation were significantly lower than those before PECD(P<0.05), while there were no significant improvement in cervical physiological curvature and target segment intervertebral space height(P>0.05);there was no significant change in interbody stability (P>0.05). After received the manual therapy, NDI significantly decreased (P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference in VAS of neck, shoulder and arm, physiological curvature of cervical spine and intervertebral space height of target segment compared with that before manual treatment (P>0.05);there was no significant change in interbody stability (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Manual therapy combined with PECD in the treatment of intractable cervical spondylotic radiculopathy can not only quickly improve the symptoms, but also alleviate the residual symptoms after PECD safely and effectively, and can not cause obvious signs of accelerated instability of cervical adjacent segments in the short term.

Microscope assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the efficacy of microscope assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with conventional surgical approach in the treatment of single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 89 patients with single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated from March 2015 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 55 males and 34 females, with an average of (52.00±11.36) years old. Among the patients, 34 cases were treated with conventional anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (conventional group), including C@*RESULTS@#Intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay in microscope group were less than those in conventional group (@*CONCLUSION@#Both methods can achieve satisfactory effect in treating single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy. However, microscope-assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion has advantages of clear vision, less bleeding and fewer intraoperative complications.

Zero profile anchored spacer(ROI-C) for the treatment of cervical spondylosis with osteoporosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of zero-profile anchored spacer (ROI-C) in treating cervical spondylosis with osteoporosis.@*METHODS@#From May 2013 to May 2018, a total of 145 patients with cervical spondylosis were treated by ROI-C through anterior cervical spine approach. Among them, 31 patients were aged ≥60 years and had osteoporosis by bone density measurement, and they were retrospectively analyzed. Including 9 males and 22 females, aged 60-84 years old with an average of (69.12±7.65) years. There were 23 cases of single-segment fusion, 6 cases of two-stage fusion, and 2 cases of three-stage fusion;and 41 devices of ROI-C fusion was placed in the patients. Operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded;Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and visual analogue scale(VAS) were respectively used to evaluate the neurological function and neck pain before and after operation. The cervical curvature (expressed as Cobb angle), the height of the intervertebral space at the surgical segment, and the intervertebral fusion were observed at postoperative and follow-up periods were observed by image data.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12-24(15.6±4.4) months after operation. The operation time were from 75 to 113 (101.33±10.25) min and intraoperative blood loss were from 14 to 51 (33.18 ± 16.56) ml. Among these 23 patients with fusion of single segment, the operation time were 75 to 98 (85.47±8.70) min and intraoperative blood loss were 14 to 30(21.18±6.56) ml. JOA scores of all included patients were increased from 9.66±2.12 preoperatively to 14.36±1.24 at the final follow-up (@*CONCLUSION@#Anterior cervical approach with ROI-C for the treatment of elderly patients with cervical spondylosis and osteoporosis had reliable clinical effect, short operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, and can effectively restore cervical curvature and intervertebral space height, and has advantages of fewer complications and higher successful rate of fusion.

A case-control study of cervical spine Key-hole technique and anterior cervical Zero-P system in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the short-term clinical efficacy of single-stage cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) between the minimally invasive Key-hole technique and anterior cervical Zero profile intervertebral fusion system (Zero-P).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 45 patients who underwent surgical treatment for CSR from January 2017 to January 2020, including 21 in Key hole group (12 males and 9 females), followed up for 10-22(13.2±2.3) months;24 cases in Zero-P group (14 males and 10 females), and the follow up period was 10 to 23(12.7±1.9) months. Perioperative conditions (incision length, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, length of hospital stay, and complications) were compared between two groups, and X-rays of cervical spine before and after surgery and at the final follow-up were taken to analyzed curvature of the cervical spine, visual analogue scale(VAS) of pain before and after surgery, Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score of cervical spine were recorded to evaluate clinical efficacy.@*RESULTS@#In Key-hole group and Zero-P group, the surgical incision length, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, final follow-up Cobb angle and immediate postoperative VAS score respectively were (1.2±0.2) cm, (5.3±0.3) cm;(35.3±9.7) ml, (120.2±13.5) ml;(56.4±11.3) min, (90.6±12.6) min;(3.2±3.9)°, (7.3±3.8)°;(2.8±1.2)points, (3.8±1.1) points;the Zero-P group was larger than the Key hole group, with statistical significance(@*CONCLUSION@#The cervical spine Key-hole technology is similar to the anterior cervical Zero-P system in the treatment of CSR. The Key-hole technique has certain advantages in incision length, intraoperative blood loss, and operation time. It is a safe, effective and can be widely used cervical spine surgery method.

Comparison of the anterior and posterior approach in treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The optimal surgical approach for four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes and complications between the anterior and posterior approaches for four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy.@*METHODS@#A total of 19 patients underwent anterior decompression and fusion and 25 patients underwent posterior laminoplasty and instrumentation in this study. Perioperative information, intraoperative blood loss, clinical and radiological outcomes, and complications were recorded. Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, 36-item short form survey (SF-36) score and cervical alignment were assessed.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in JOA scores between the anterior and posterior group preoperatively (11.6 ± 1.6 vs. 12.1 ± 1.5), immediately postoperatively (14.4 ± 1.1 vs. 13.8 ± 1.3), or at the last follow-up (14.6 ± 1.0 vs. 14.2 ± 1.1) (P > 0.05). The JOA scores significantly improved immediately postoperatively and at the last follow-up in both groups compared with their preoperative values. The recovery rate was significantly higher in the anterior group both immediately postoperatively and at the last follow-up. The SF-36 score was significantly higher in the anterior group at the last follow-up compared with the preoperative value (69.4 vs. 61.7). Imaging revealed that there was no significant difference in the Cobb angle at C2-C7 between the two groups preoperatively (-2.0° ± 7.3° vs. -1.4° ± 7.5°). The Cobb angle significantly improved immediately postoperatively (12.3° ± 4.2° vs. 9.2° ± 3.6°) and at the last follow-up (12.4° ± 3.5° vs. 9.0° ± 2.6°) in both groups compared with their preoperative values (P = 0.00). Three patients had temporary dysphagia in the anterior group and four patients had persistent axial symptoms in the posterior group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Both the anterior and posterior approaches were effective in treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of neurological clinical outcomes and radiological features. However, the JOA score recovery rate and SF-36 score in the anterior group were significantly higher. Persistent axial pain could be a major concern when undertaking the posterior approach.

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion to treat cervical spondylosis with sympathetic symptoms / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effectiveness of polytheretherketone (PEEK) cages assisted anterior cervical discetomy and fusion (ACDF) to treat cervical spondylosis with sympathetic symptoms.@*METHODS@#Retrospective analysis was undertaken for 39 patients who were diagnosed as cervical spondylosis with sympathetic symptoms and underwent ACDF with PEEK cages. Radiographs obtained before surgery, after surgery, and at the final follow-up were assessed for quality of fusion. The following criteria were used for assessing radiographic success of fusion: (1) endplate obliterated with no lucent lines; (2) obliteration of disc space by bony trabeculae; (3) less than 2°of intervertebral motion or 2 mm of motion between the spinous processes at the operated segment on flexion-extension lateral radiographs. The sympathetic symptoms including vertigo, headache, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, heart throb, hypomnesia and gastroenterological discomfort were scored by 20-point system preoperatively, 2 months postoperatively and at the final follow-up. The recovery rate and clinical satisfaction rate were also evaluated. Surgical complications were also assessed.@*RESULTS@#They were followed up for at least one year. The mean follow-up was 15.6 months. Radiographs of the cervical spine at the last follow-up revealed a solid fusion with no signs of a pseudoarthrosis in 36 cases. In two patients delayed union and bony fusion were achieved at the end of 9 and 11 months. Pseudoarthosis was found in 1 case but the patient had no symptoms. The score of sympathetic symptoms before surgery, 2 months after surgery and at the final follow-up were 8.4±1.0,2.2±0.3,and 2.4±0.3, respectively. There were 22 excellent cases, 15 good cases, 1 fair case and 1 bad case in terms of RR. Good to excellent results were attained in 95% of theses patients. The sympathetic symptoms improved in all the patients and the score was significantly improved after surgery. There was one patient who had cerebral spinal fluid leakage but he recovered one week after surgery. Two patients felt a mild swallowing discomfort, but it disappeared within one month after surgery. Subcutaneous hematoma occurred in one patient due to obstructed drainage. It was cleared two days after surgery.@*CONCLUSION@#Cervical spondylosis patients with sympathetic symptoms may be managed successfully with ACDF using PEEK cages. Successful clinical results regarding symptom improvement and general satisfaction with the surgical procedure depend not only on obtaining successful decompression and radiographic fusion but also on patient selection.

Functional results of surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy / Resultados funcionais do tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia espondilótica cervical / Resultados funcionales del tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielopatía cervical espondilótica

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the functional outcome of surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods: A retrospective study involving 34 patients with CSM, operated from January 2014 to June 2015. The neurological status was assessed using the Nurick and modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) scales preoperatively and at 12 months. Sex, age, time of evolution, affected cervical levels, surgical approach and T2-weighted magnetic resonance hyperintense signal were also evaluated. Results: A total of 14 men and 20 women participated. The mean age was 58.12 years. The average progression time was 12.38 months. The preoperative neurological state by mJOA was mild in 2 patients, moderate in 16 and severe in 16, with a mean of 11.44 points. The preoperative Nurick was grade II in 14 patients, grade III in 8, grade IV in 10 and grade V in 2. The T2-weighted hyperintense signal was documented in 18 patients (52.9%). The functional outcome according to the mJOA recovery rate was good in 15 patients (44.1%) and poor in 19 (55.9%). The degree of Nurick recovery was good in 20 (58.8%) and poor in 14 (41.2%). Conclusions: Decompressive surgery of the spinal cord has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in well-selected patients. Although it is suggested that there are certain factors that correlate with functional outcome, we believe that more prospective randomized studies should be conducted to clarify this hypothesis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o resultado funcional do tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia espondilótica cervical. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 34 pacientes com MEC submetidos a cirurgia de janeiro de 2014 a junho 2015. O estado neurológico foi avaliado utilizando as escalas de Nurick e da Japanese Orthopaedic Association modificada (mJOA) no pré-operatório e aos 12 meses. Sexo, idade, tempo de evolução, níveis cervicais afetados, via de acesso cirúrgico e sinal de hiperintensidade na ressonância magnética ponderada em T2 também foram avaliados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 14 homens e 20 mulheres. A média de idade foi 58,12 anos. O tempo médio de progressão foi 12,38 meses. O estado neurológico pré-operatório por mJOA foi leve em 2 pacientes, moderado em 16 e grave em 16, com média de 11,44 pontos. O Nurick pré-operatório foi de grau II em 14 pacientes, grau III em 8, grau IV em 10 e grau V en 2. O sinal de hiperintensidade em T2 foi documentado em 18 pacientes (52,9%). O resultado funcional de acordo com a taxa de recuperação mJOA foi bom em 15 pacientes (44,1%) e ruim em 19 (55,9%); o grau de recuperação de Nurick foi bom em 20 (58,8%) e ruim em 14 (41,2%). Conclusões: A cirurgia descompressiva da medula espinal demonstrou ser eficaz no tratamento de mielopatia espondilótica cervical em pacientes bem selecionados. Embora se sugira que há certos fatores que se correlacionam com o resultado funcional, acreditamos que mais estudos prospectivos e randomizados devem ser conduzidos para esclarecer esta hipótese.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el resultado funcional del tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielopatía cervical espondilótica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó 34 pacientes con MCE, intervenidos de enero 2014 a junio 2015. Se evaluó el estado neurológico utilizando las escalas de Nurick y de la Japanese Orthopaedic Association modificada (mJOA) en el período preoperatorio y a los 12 meses. Sexo, edad, tiempo de evolución, niveles cervicales afectados, abordaje quirúrgico y el signo de hiperintensidad en IRM potenciada en T2 también fueron evaluados. Resultados: Se intervinieron 14 hombres y 20 mujeres. La edad promedio fue 58,12 años. El tiempo de evolución promedio fue de 12,38 meses. El estado neurológico preoperatorio mJOA fue leve en 2 pacientes, moderado en 16 y severo en 16, con promedio de 11,44 puntos. El Nurick preoperatorio fue grado II en 14 pacientes, grado III en 8, grado IV en 10 y grado V en 2. El signo de hiperintensidad en T2 se documentó en 18 pacientes (52,9%). El resultado funcional según la tasa de recuperación mJOA fue bueno en 15 pacientes (44,1%) y malo en 19 (55,9%); según el grado de recuperación de Nurick fue bueno en 20 (58,8%) y malo en 14 (41,2%). Conclusiones: La cirugía descompresiva de la medula espinal ha mostrado ser efectiva en el tratamiento de la mielopatía cervical espondilótica en pacientes bien seleccionados. Aunque se sugiere que existen ciertos factores que se correlacionan con el resultado funcional, creemos que deberían realizarse más estudios prospectivos y randomizados para aclarar ésta hipótesis.

Application of bioabsorbable screw fixation for anterior cervical decompression and bone grafting

OBJECTIVES: To examine the application of bioabsorbable screws for anterior cervical decompression and bone grafting fixation and to study their clinical effects in the treatment of cervical spondylosis. METHODS: From March 2007 to September 2012, 56 patients, 36 males and 20 females (38-79 years old, average 58.3±9.47 years), underwent a novel operation. Grafts were fixed by bioabsorbable screws (PLLA, 2.7 mm in diameter) after anterior decompression. The bioabsorbable screws were inserted from the midline of the graft bone to the bone surface of the upper and lower vertebrae at 45 degree angles. Patients were evaluated post-operatively to observe the improvement of symptoms and evaluate the fusion of the bone. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was used to evaluate the recovery of neurological functions. RESULTS: All screws were successfully inserted, with no broken screws. The rate of symptom improvement was 87.5%. All of the grafts fused well with no extrusion. The average time for graft fusion was 3.8±0.55 months (range 3-5 months). Three-dimensional reconstruction of CT scans demonstrated that the grafts fused with adjacent vertebrae well and that the screws were absorbed as predicted. The MRI findings showed that the cerebrospinal fluid was unobstructed. No obvious complications appeared in any of the follow-up evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical spondylosis with one- or two-level involvement can be effectively treated by anterior decompression and bone grafting with bioabsorbable screw fixation. This operative method is safe and can avoid the complications induced by metal implants.

The value of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting postoperative recovery in patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy: a meta-analysis

This meta-analysis was designed to elucidate whether preoperative signal intensity changes could predict the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy on the basis of T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images. We searched the Medline database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for this purpose and 10 studies meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. In total, 650 cervical spondylosis myelopathy patients with (+) or without (-) intramedullary signal changes on their T2-weighted images were examined. Weighted mean differences and 95g% confidence intervals were used to summarize the data. Patients with focal and faint border changes in the intramedullary signal on T2 magnetic resonance imaging had similar Japanese Orthopaedic Association recovery ratios as those with no signal changes on the magnetic resonance imaging images of the spinal cord did. The surgical outcomes were poorer in the patients with both T2 intramedullary signal changes, especially when the signal changes were multisegmental and had a well-defined border and T1 intramedullary signal changes compared with those without intramedullary signal changes. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging including T1 and T2 imaging can thus be used to predict postoperative recovery in cervical spondylosis myelopathy patients.

Analysis of interbody versus posterolateral fusion for lumbar spondylosis / Análise da artrodese vertebral intersomática versus posterolateral na espondilose lombar / Análisis de la fusión intersomática versus posterolateral en la espondilosis lumbar

Objective : To evaluate and compare radiographic and clinical evaluation of patients undergoing interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine. Methods : Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with lumbar spondylosis that were surgically treated in the period from 2012 to 2014. The results were observed by clinical evaluation by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for low back and leg pain. We evaluated functional results and quality of life through the application of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires, respectively. The pre and postoperative condition were compared in Group 1 (interbody fusion) and Group 2 (posterolateral fusion), in addition to evaluation of fusion by means of post-operative radiograph. Results : A total of 30 patients of 36 were eligible, 12 in Group 1 and 18 in Group 2. The mean follow-up was 10.1 months. Statistical analysis showed similar scores for back and leg pain VAS, SF-36 function scores and Oswestry between groups with interbody and posterolateral fusion, and compared within these groups regarding the pre- and postoperative condition, and found no statistical significance. The successful fusion was similar in both groups, with 11 of 12 patients in Group 1 showing bone fusion and 17 of 18 in Group 2 showing arthrodesis. Conclusion : No clinical or radiographic differences between patients who underwent posterolateral or interbody fusion were observed. Both methods showed improvement in functional outcome and pain reduction.

Objetivo : Avaliar e comparar a evolução radiográfica e clínica dos pacientes submetidos à artrodese intersomática em comparação com a posterolateral na coluna lombar. Métodos : Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de espondilose lombar, submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico no período de 2012 a 2014. Os resultados foram observados por avaliação clínica pela aplicação da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) para dor com relação à dor lombar e nos membros inferiores. Foram avaliados resultados funcionais e de qualidade de vida através dos questionários Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) e o Short Form-36 (SF-36), respectivamente. A situação pré e pós-operatória foi comparada no Grupo 1 (artrodese intersomática) e no Grupo 2 (artrodese posterolateral), além da avaliação da fusão por meio de radiografia pós-operatória. Resultados : Foram avaliados 30 pacientes de 36 elegíveis, sendo 12 do Grupo 1 e 18 do Grupo 2. O seguimento médio dos pacientes foi de 10,1 meses. Os resultados da análise estatística mostraram pontuações semelhantes para EVA lombar, EVA na perna, função no SF-36 e Oswestry entre os grupos com artrodese intersomática e posterolateral, assim como na comparação dentro desses grupos referente ao estado pré e pós-operatório, sem significância estatística. A fusão bem-sucedida foi semelhante nos grupos, com 11 de 12 no Grupo 1 mostrando sucesso e 17 de 18 no Grupo 2 também evidenciando artrodese. Conclusão: Não foram observadas diferenças clínicas ou radiográficas entre pacientes submetidos à artrodese intersomática e posterolateral. Ambos os métodos apresentaram melhora no resultado funcional e na redução da dor.

Objetivo : Examinar y comparar la evaluación radiográfica y clínica de los pacientes sometidos a la fusión intersomática frente a la fusión posterolateral de la columna lumbar. Métodos : Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados con espondilosis lumbar que fueron tratados quirúrgicamente en el período desde 2012 hasta 2014. Se observaron los resultados de la evaluación clínica por la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) para el dolor en relación con el dolor de lumbar y de los miembros inferiores. Evaluamos el resultado funcional y la calidad de vida por medio de los cuestionarios Índice Discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI) y el Short Form-36 (SF-36), respectivamente. Antes y después de la intervención se compararon el Grupo 1 (fusión intersomática) y Grupo 2 (artrodesis posterolateral), además de la evaluación de la fusión a través de la radiografía postoperatoria. Resultados : Un total de 30 pacientes de 36 elegibles, 12 en el Grupo 1 y 18 en el Grupo 2. El seguimiento medio de los pacientes fue de 10,1 meses. Los resultados del análisis estadístico mostraron puntuaciones similares para EVA lumbar, EVA de las extremidades inferiores, SF-36 y Oswestry entre los grupos con artrodesis intersomática y artrodesis posterolateral, así como la comparación dentro de estos grupos en relación con el estado de pre y postoperatorio y sin significación estadística. La fusión fue similar en ambos grupos con 11 de 12 en el Grupo 1 que tuvieron éxito y 17 de 18 en el Grupo 2 que presentaron artrodesis. Conclusión : No se observaron diferencias clínicas o radiográficas entre los pacientes sometidos a artrodesis intersomática y posterolateral. Ambos métodos mostraron una mejoría en los resultados funcionales y la reducción del dolor.

A new expansive two-open-doors laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: technical report and follow-up results / Nova tecnica de laminoplastia expansiva para tratamento de mielopatia espondilotica cervical: descricao tecnica e resultados de follow-up

The laminoplasty technique was devised by Hirabayashi in 1978 for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Objective: To describe an easy modification of Hirabayashi’s method and present the clinical and radiological results from a five-year follow-up study. Method and Results: Eighty patients had 5 levels of decompression (C3-C7), 3 patients had 6 levels of decompression (C2-T1) and 3 patients had 4 levels of decompression (C3-C6). Foraminotomies were performed in 23 cases (27%). Following Nurick`s scale, 76 patients (88%) improved, 9 (11%) had the same Nurick grade, and one patient worsened and was advised to undergo another surgical procedure. No deaths were observed. The mean surgery time was 122 min. Radiographic evaluation showed an increase in the mean sagittal diameter from 11.2 mm at pretreatment to 17.3 mm post surgery. There was no significant difference between pretreatment and post-surgery C2-C7 angles. Conclusions: This two-open-doors laminoplasty technique is safe, easy and effective and can be used as an alternative treatment for cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy without instability. .

A laminoplastia é técnica clássica descrita por Hirabayashi em 1978 para descompressão do canal cervical sem utilizar prótese. A principal indicação é o tratamento da mielopatia espondilotica cervical sem instabilidade. Objetivo: Descrever modificação simples da técnica de laminoplastia clássica de Hirabayashi com resultados clínicos e radiográficos em 5 anos de acompanhamento. Resultados e Método: Foram acompanhados 86 pacientes. Em 80, foi feita descompressão por laminoplastia em 5 níveis (C3-C7); em 3, descompressão em 6 níveis (C2-T1); em 3, descompressao em 4 níveis (C3-C6). Em 23 casos (27%), foi realizada foraminotomia associada a descompressão medular. O acompanhamento dos pacientes foi feito utilizando a escala de Nurick. Em 76 pacientes (88%) houve melhora do grau de Nurick. Não houve mortalidade associada à técnica. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico foi de 122 minutos. Em relação à avaliação radiográfica, houve aumento do diâmetro sagital médio do canal cervical de 11,2mm para 17,3mm. Não houve diferença estatística do ângulo C2-C7 nas avaliações antes e após o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: A nova técnica de laminoplastia descrita no presente estudo foi segura, de fácil execução, efetiva, não utiliza protese e não há instabilidade do canal cervical. .

Características clínicas, radiológicas y funcionales pre y post quirúrgica de los pacientes con mielopatía espondilótica cervical del Servicio de Neurocirugía, del Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - Año 2011 / Clinical, radiological and functional characteristics in pre and post surgical of the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy of the Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - year 2011

Objetivos: Determinar las características clínicas, radiológicas y funcionales pre y post quirúrgicas de los pacientes con Mielopatía Espondilótica Cervical del Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati M. (año 2011). Material y métodos: Estudio de diseño retrospectivo y metodología observacional, longitudinal y descriptivo en 20 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico-radiológico de la MEC tratados en el servicio de Neurocirugía en el año 2011. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 68.6+/-6.8 años predominó el sexo masculino (70 por ciento). El 75 por ciento tenían comorbilidad médica, el 15 por ciento tuvieron cirugía previa cervical y el 15 por ciento se movilizaron en silla de ruedas, el nivel cervical de la MEC más frecuente fue C3-C4-C5 (30 por ciento), C4-C5 (20 por ciento), C4-C5-C6 (15 por ciento). El dolor a la admisión fue moderado en 14 casos (70 por ciento) e intenso (20 por ciento). La técnica quirúrgica en el 90 por ciento fue laminectomía descompresiva y abordaje anterior (discectomía C4-C5-C6+Placa anterior (10 por ciento). El cambio de señal medular normal/Alto radiológico se halló en el 75 por ciento. El área de compresión medular en PreQ fue de 138.5+/-53 y aumentó en el Post Q a 193.6+/-56 mm2 (p=0.0015) y el diámetro aumentó de 7.5+/-1 en el PreQ a 10.1+/-1 en el Post Q. Los rangos de descomprensión PQ fueron: rango I (65 por ciento) rango II (30 por ciento), rango III (5 por ciento). La curvatura promedio varió de 20.7 a 21.2 (no significativo). La gravedad de la MEC se redujo de 2.8 a 1.9 p=0.0001 en el Post Q. Variando los rangos de O-VI. La escala de AJOm se elevó en promedio de 9.95 a 13.35 en el Post quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Se demostró que el sexo masculino y mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados, donde el patrón mielopático puro y dentro de éste el síndrome medular central fue la forma de presentación en la mayoría de los casos. El conocimiento de la fisiopatología de mielopatía cervical y el entendimiento...

Objectives: To determine the clinical, radiological and functional pre-and post-surgery characteristics of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CEM), treated in the Service of Spinal Surgery of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, during the period of January to December 2011. Material y methods: Study of retrospective design and observational, longitudinal and descriptive methodology, in 20 patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of CEM treated in the Service of Spinal Surgery during the period of January to December 2011. Results: Mean age was 68.6+/-6.8 years, gender predominantly mate (70 per cent). Seventy five percent (75 per cent) had medical comorbidity, 15 per cent had previous cervical surgery and 15 per cent were wheelchair mobilized. The most frequent level of the CEM was C3-C4-C5 (30 per cent), C4-C5 (20 per cent), C4-C5-C6 (15 per cent). Pain at admission was moderate in 14 cases (70 per cent) and severe in 6 (20 per cent). The surgical technique in 90 per cent was the decompressive laminectomy and the anterior approach (discectomy C4-C5-C6+anterior plate, 10 per cent). The change of spinal cord radiological signal from normal to high was found in the 75 per cent. The area of spinal cord compression in the PreOp was of 138.5+/-53 mm and increased in the Post Op to 193.6+/-56 mm2 (p=0.0015) and the diameter increased from 7.5+/-1mm in the PreOp to 10.1+/-1 mm in the Post Op. The ranges of Post Op decompression were: range I (65 per cent) range II (30 per cent), range III (5 per cent). The average curvature varied from 20.7 to 21.2 (not significative). The severity of the CEM was reduced from 2.8 to 1.9 p=0.0001 in the Post Op. state, varying the ranges from O-VI. The average of the scale of the modified Japanese Orthopedics Association (mJOA) scale increased from 9.95 a 13.35 in the Post Op. state. Conclusions: We showed that male and patients older than 60 years old, were the most affected groups, where the pure...

Depression Subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale applied preoperatively in spinal surgery / Subescala de Depressão da Escala Hospitalar de Depressão e Ansiedade no pré-operatório de coluna vertebral

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the Depression Subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) in spine surgery, comparing it to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the HADS-D and the BDI were applied to patients undergoing spine surgery for lumbar (n=139) or cervical spondylosis (n=17). Spearman correlation tests for HADS-D and BDI were applied. The internal consistency of HADS-D was estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: According to the BDI, the prevalence of depression was of 28.8% (n=45). The Spearman r coefficient between HADS-D and BDI was 0.714 (p<0.001). Cronbach's alpha for HADS-D was 0.795. The area of the ROC curve was 0.845. Using a cutoff for HADS-D >10, there was a sensitivity of 71.1%, specificity of 95.4%, and positive likelihood-ratio of 15.78. CONCLUSIONS: HADS-D showed a strong correlation with BDI and good reliability. HADS-D is a good alternative for screening depression and assessing its severity.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da Subescala de Depressão da Escala Hospitalar de Depressão e Ansiedade (HADS-D) em cirurgia da coluna, comparando-a com o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, no qual a HADS-D e o BDI foram aplicados em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia da coluna vertebral por espondilose lombar (n=139) ou cervical (n=17). Teste de correlação de Spearman foi aplicado entre HADS-D e BDI. A consistência interna da HADS-D foi estimada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: De acordo com o BDI, a prevalência de depressão foi de 28,8% (n=45). O coeficiente r de Spearman entre HADS-D e BDI foi de 0,714 (p <0,001). Alpha de Cronbach para o HADS-D foi de 0,795. A área da curva ROC foi de 0,845. Usando um corte para HADS-D >10, houve sensibilidade de 71,1%, especificidade de 95,4% e razão de verossimilhança positiva de 15,78. CONCLUSÕES: HADS-D apresentou forte correlação com o BDI e boa confiabilidade. A HADS-D é uma boa alternativa para a triagem de depressão e verificação da gravidade dos sintomas.

Efficacy of Postoperative Radiograph for Evaluating the Prevertebral Soft Tissue Swelling after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

BACKGROUND: After surgery for degenerative spinal disease by the anterior approach, the degree of soft tissue swelling can be assessed simply using plain radiographs. However, there are little studies according to the surgical methods or extent of surgery, and no study had addressed the clinical meaning of swelling determined by plain radiography. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PSTS) after anterior cervical fusion with plate fixation for the treatment of degenerative cervical spinal disorders. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-five patients that underwent anterior cervical fusion with plate augmentation for degenerative cervical spondylosis were included in this study. PSTS differences were analyzed with respect to numbers of fusion segments and location of fusion. Cases were divided into two groups based on the amount of PSTS, and incidences of dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia were evaluated. RESULTS: PSTS increments were significantly greater in patients that had undergone multi-level or high-level fusion. Complications of dyspnea, dysphagia and dysphonia were found more frequently in patients with marked PSTS group. CONCLUSIONS: Increments of PSTS after anterior cervical fusion for degenerative spinal disorders are greater and incidences of complications are higher in patients that undergo multi-level or high-level fusion. Thus, measurement of PSTS using consecutive cervical lateral radiographs after anterior cervical surgery is clinically meaningful procedure.

Efficacy of Postoperative Radiograph for Evaluating the Prevertebral Soft Tissue Swelling after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

BACKGROUND: After surgery for degenerative spinal disease by the anterior approach, the degree of soft tissue swelling can be assessed simply using plain radiographs. However, there are little studies according to the surgical methods or extent of surgery, and no study had addressed the clinical meaning of swelling determined by plain radiography. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PSTS) after anterior cervical fusion with plate fixation for the treatment of degenerative cervical spinal disorders. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-five patients that underwent anterior cervical fusion with plate augmentation for degenerative cervical spondylosis were included in this study. PSTS differences were analyzed with respect to numbers of fusion segments and location of fusion. Cases were divided into two groups based on the amount of PSTS, and incidences of dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia were evaluated. RESULTS: PSTS increments were significantly greater in patients that had undergone multi-level or high-level fusion. Complications of dyspnea, dysphagia and dysphonia were found more frequently in patients with marked PSTS group. CONCLUSIONS: Increments of PSTS after anterior cervical fusion for degenerative spinal disorders are greater and incidences of complications are higher in patients that undergo multi-level or high-level fusion. Thus, measurement of PSTS using consecutive cervical lateral radiographs after anterior cervical surgery is clinically meaningful procedure.

Anterior cervical interbody fusion using carbon fiber cages

Anterior decompression and inter body fusion is a widely accepted surgical treatment for patients with cervical disc herniations and cervical spondylosis. Tricorticaf iliac crest autograft has been considered the classic method but problems such as graft collapse, and extrusion still persist. Cages were introduced because of their theoretical ability to prevent graft collapse. Carbon fiber cages for anterior cervical fusion will be evaluated in this study. Thirty two patients with symptomatic cervical disc disease were treated by anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using carbon fiber cages packed with autogenous bone graft. The average duration of symptoms was 9.3 months [range, 2-15 months]. The average follow-up was 28 months [range, 12-36 months]. All patients had neck pain. Twenty one patients [65.6%] had a single level affection, and eleven patients [34.4%] had double level affection with a total of 43 disc lesions. Fifteen patients [46.9%] had radiculopathy without myelopathy, ten patients [31.2%] had myelopathy without radiculopathy and seven patients [21.9%] had myeloradiculopathy. Four patients [12.5%] had sphinctric disturbances. Twenty seven patients [84.4%] had complete relief of neck pain. All patients improved neurologically postoperatively, except 2 patients [6.2%] with myelopathy although their symptoms stopped to progress. Maintenance of cervical lordosis or correction of kyphosis occurred in 29 patients [90.6%]. Fusion occurred in 40 disc lesions [93%]. Subsidence [< 5mm] occurred in 6 disc spaces [14%]. There were no implantrelated complications. Carbon fiber cages represent a good option to restore the intervertebral disc space and promote fusion in cervical disc surgery. Furthermore, the bone fusion can be easily assessed because of radiolucency of these cages