Mucormicosis rino-órbito-cerebral crónica: una patología poco frecuente / Chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: an uncommon pathology

Resumen La mucormicosis rino-órbito-cerebral (ROC) crónica es una patología poco frecuente, con un número reducido de casos publicados en la literatura, cuyas manifestaciones son muy diversas e inespecíficas. El tratamiento se basa en la experiencia de casos y series de casos. Las herramientas terapéuticas incluyen el uso de antifúngicos endovenosos y orales por tiempo prolongado, asociado o no a debridamiento quirúrgico amplio, pudiendo requerir incluso exenteración orbitaria. Presentamos a continuación un caso de mucormicosis ROC crónica, junto con las dificultades para su diagnóstico y manejo, en el que destaca el enfrentamiento multidisciplinario. Dada la poca frecuencia de esta enfermedad, nos parece relevante difundirlo.

Abstract Chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is a rare condition with a small number of cases that have been published, whose manifestations are very diverse and nonspecific. The treatment is based on case series experiences. Therapeutic options include the use of long-term intravenous and oral antifungals, associated or not with extensive surgical debridement, and may even require orbital exenteration. We present below a case of chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis with the challenge of diagnosis and management in which multidisciplinary work is fundamental. Since it is an uncommon pathology, it seems relevant to share the information.

Limited retromuscular fibrofatty tissue resection in upper blepharoplasty for senile patients

BACKGROUND: Studies of eyelid anatomy suggest an absence of supratarsal folds and a redundancy of retromuscular tissue in many Asians. Aggressive retromuscular tissue resection during senile blepharoplasty can lead to complications such as hematoma and extra fold formation. A thin fold is considered aesthetically pleasing, but upper eyelid hollowness is undesirable. Therefore, senile blepharoplasty allows relatively little room for retromuscular resection. METHODS: Between January 2016 and March 2019, blepharoplasty without a brow procedure was performed in 48 patients aged 55 years and older. In some patients with thin eyelids, the upper retromuscular tissue was explored, and the surgeon decided intraoperatively whether to perform resection. In total, 36 of 48 patients underwent retromuscular tissue resection, which was confined to the central and lateral aspects of the eyelid within 7–10 mm from the incision in the superior direction to create a crisp, thin fold without hollowness. The skin was closed, with the closure including the levator palpebrae superioris (levator) muscle, to create a weak, natural-looking, and dynamic fold instead of the buried dermo-levator suture typically created during double eyelid surgery. RESULTS: In the 72 eyelids that underwent resection, hematoma or extra fold formation was absent. In all cases, thin folds were achieved without an increase in the hollowness of the upper eyelid. Most patients were satisfied with their natural-looking postoperative appearance. CONCLUSIONS: When indicated, limited retromuscular resection is recommended in cases of senile blepharoplasty. The resection should be confined to the central and the lateral aspects of the eyelid, within 7–10 mm in the superior direction from the incision, to create a crisp thin fold without hollowness.

Caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos (2005-2015) / Clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs in dogs and cats (2005-2015)

Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.(AU)

This study aimed to carry out the clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs from dogs and cats, surgical removed as clinical indication between 2005-2015. Hundred-one procedures were performed, 93 enucleations (92%) and 8 exenterantions (8%). The procedures were performed on 80 dogs (79% of cases) and 21 cats (21% of cases). The dogs underwent to surgery had ocular perfuration (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), ocular protrusion (n=13, 16%), diagnosis suggestive of neoplasia (n=10, 12, 5%) and other (n=3, 2.97%). Among the clinical diagnosis cats comprise ocular perforation (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14.2%), microphthalmia (n=3, 14.2%), suggestive of neoplasia (n=2, 9.5%), ocular protrusion (n=2, 9.5%) and other (n=2, 9.5%). Twenty-seven samples of ocular bulbs were sent for histopathologic evaluation in Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, being 23 from dogs and four cats. Among the samples of dogs, seven exhibited histopathologic findings compatible with glaucoma, seven ocular perforations, six had intraocular neoplasias, two panoftalmites and condition of Phthisis bulbi. The ocular bulbs of cats received the diagnosis of two intraocular neoplasias, one microphthalmia and ocular perforation. It was found that the secondary glaucoma and ocular perforations are among the leading causes of enucleation in dogs, and associated with primary disorders such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and uveitis. These disorders, unlike neoplasia, may have therapeutic success through early diagnosis and treatment, preventing blindness and removal of the eyeball.(AU)

Lentigo maligno na face: um desafio na conduta / Lentigo maligna on the face: a challenging conduct

Resumo O lentigo maligno é um melanoma in situ, de crescimento radial e lento, que acomete áreas fotoexpostas principalmente em idosos. Quando acomete a pálpebra, devido à proximidade a um órgão nobre, a conduta é controversa, porém a cirurgia é o método mais usado, com margens que variam de acordo com a referência utilizada. Terapias conservadoras são descritas, como o imiquimode 5% e a radioterapia. O presente relato tem como objetivo demonstrar a escassez de estudos sobre a margem cirúrgica e citar opções de tratamentos não cirúrgicos para o lentigo maligno da face.

Abstract Lentigo maligna is a melanoma in situ, of slow radial growth, which affects sun-exposed areas, especially in the elderly. When it affects the eyelid, due to the proximity to a noble organ, the conduct is controversial, but surgery is the method most commonly used, with with margins varying according to the reference used. Conservative treatments are described, such as imiquimod 5% and radiotherapy. This report aims to demonstrate the lack of studies on the surgical margin, and to name nonsurgical treatment options for lentigo maligna of the face.

Nitroglycerin hypotensive effect and application in a combined surgery for reconstruction after ipsilateral maxillectomy and orbit evisceration

The oral and maxillofacial region is rich in blood, and it is often difficult to stop bleeding during the operation of maxilla. Nitroglycerin is one of the most commonly used antihypertensive drugs in our hospital. We observed the effect of controlled hypotension in patients with maxillary resection. In group N, the patients had different degrees of tachycardia after using nitroglycerin only. In addition, nitroglycerin has the characteristics of rapid drug resistance. A combined reversed temporal muscle flap and random forehead flap technique was performed successfully to reconstruct the large defect after ipsilateral maxillectomy and orbit evisceration. There were 43 cases used this method during 2014-2016 without large side effects

Exenteração orbitária: série de casos / Orbital Exenteration: a series of cases

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os casos de exenteração orbitária de um hospital terciário brasileiro. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, envolvendo pacientes submetidos à exenteração orbitária no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, entre os anos de 1993 a 2016. As cirurgias foram realizadas sob anestesia geral, por equipe multidisciplinar composta por oftalmologistas, otorrinolaringologistas e cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço. Resultados: Foram estudados 14 casos de exenteração orbitária, com média de idade de 63,36 ± 13,18 anos e nove homens (64,3%). Todas cirurgias foram realizadas para tratamento de tumores malignos, sendo mais frequente o carcinoma espinocelular (7 casos - 50,0%). Os sítios primários mais frequentes foram as pálpebras (50,0%), seguida pela conjuntiva (28,6%). A maioria das cirurgias foram do tipo exenteração estendida (57,1%), com cicatrização por granulação espontânea (64,3%). A sobrevida em 1 ano foi de 78,6% e em 5 anos de 71,4%. Conclusão: O carcinoma espinocelular foi a principal causa de indicação de exenteração orbitaria, sendo as pálpebras o sítio primário mais frequente. O procedimento mais realizado foi a exenteração estendida, com a grande maioria alcançando margens livres.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe causes of orbital exenteration in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was done, involving patients submitted to orbital exenteration at the Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, between the years of 1993 to 2016. The surgeries have been performed under general anesthesia, by a multidisciplinary team, composed by ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons. Results: Fourteen cases of orbital exenteration occurred in the period of the study, with a mean age of 63.36 ± 13.18 years and nine were men (64.3%). All exenteration were due to malignant tumors, being more frequent the squamous cell carcinoma (7 cases - 50.0%). The most common primary sites were the eyelids (50.0%) followed by the conjunctiva (28.6%). The majority of the surgeries was extended exenteration type (57.1%) and most of the reconstructions was made by spontaneous granulation (64.3%). The survivor rate in 1 year was 78,6% and in 5 years was 71.4%. Conclusion: The main cause of orbital exenteration was squamous cell carcinoma and the most frequent primary site was the eyelids. Extended exenteration was necessary for the majority of cases, most of them with free margins.

Survival following orbital exenteration at a tertiary brazilian hospital / Sobrevida pós exenteração de órbita em hospital de referência

Objective: to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features and survival rate of patients undergoing orbital exenteration (OE) in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods : we conducted a retrospective study of all patients undergoing OE at the Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP between January 2007 and December 2012. We collected data records related to gender, age, origin, length of stay, duration of the disease, other treatments related to the disease, number of procedures outside of the face related to the disease, follow-up and histological diagnosis. Results : we treated 37 patients in the study period. The average survival in one year was 70%, in two years, 66.1%, and 58.3% in three years. There was no significant difference in the one-year survival related to histological diagnosis (p=0.15), days of hospitalization (p=0.17), gender (p=0.43), origin (p=0.78), disease duration (p=0.27) or the number of operations for the tumor (p=0.31). Mortality was higher in elderly patients (p=0.02). The average years of life lost was 33.9 in patients under 60 years, 14.7 in patients in the 61-80 years range and 11.3 in patients over 80 years. Conclusion : the present series of cases is significant in terms of prevalence of orbital exenteration; on the other hand, it shows one of the lowest survival rates in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for improved health care conditions to prevent deforming, radical resections.

Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico, as características clínicas e a taxa de sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos à exenteração orbitária (EO) em um hospital de referência terciário. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de todos os pacientes submetidos à EO no Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2012. Foram coletados em prontuários dados referentes ao sexo, idade, procedência, dias de internação, tempo de evolução da doença, outros tratamentos relacionados à doença, número de procedimentos fora da face relacionados à doença, tempo de seguimento e diagnóstico histológico. Resultados: trinta e sete pacientes foram identificados no período de estudo. A sobrevida média em um ano foi 70%, em dois anos, 66,1% e em três anos 58,3%. Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de sobrevida de um ano em relação ao diagnóstico histológico (p=0,15), dias de hospitalização (p=0,17), sexo (p=0,43), procedência (p=0,78), tempo de evolução da doença (p=0,27) ou número de operações referentes ao tumor (p=0,31). A mortalidade foi maior em pacientes idosos (p=0,02). A média de anos de vida perdidos foi 33,9 em pacientes com menos de 60 anos, 14,7 em pacientes de 61-81 anos e 11,3 em pacientes com mais de 80 anos. Conclusão: a presente série de casos é significativa em termos de prevalência de exenteração orbitária; por outro lado, apresenta uma das menores sobrevidas da literatura. Isso sugere uma necessidade urgente de melhora das condições de assistência médica para a prevenção de ressecções radicais deformadoras.

Induction chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity: a role in organ preservation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The role of induction chemotherapy (IC) for eyeball preservation has not been established in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity (PNSNC). Periorbital involvement frequently leads to eyeball exenteration with a margin of safety. We evaluated the treatment outcomes, including survival and eyeball preservation, of patients who received IC for HNSCC of the PNSNC. METHODS: We reviewed 21 patients diagnosed with HNSCC of the PNSNC who were treated with IC. We analyzed response, eyeball preservation rate, and overall survival. RESULTS: Tumors were located in the paranasal sinus (n = 14) or nasal cavity (n = 7). Most patients had stage T4a (n = 10) or T4b (n = 7) disease. More than half of the patients received a chemotherapy regimen of docetaxel, fluorouracil, and cisplatin (n = 11). Thirteen patients (61.9%) achieved a partial response after IC and 15 patients (71.4%) achieved T down-staging. Among 17 patients with stage T4 disease, which confers a high risk of orbital exenteration, 14 (82.4%) achieved preservation of the involved eye. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of patients who achieved a partial response to IC was 84.6%. The 3-year OS rate of patients with stable disease or disease progression after IC was 25.0% (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: IC could be considered for down-staging patients with advanced T-stage disease. It could also be a reasonable option for eyeball preservation in locally advanced HNSCC of the PNSNC.

Reconstruction of the Orbit With a Temporalis Muscle Flap After Orbital Exenteration

OBJECTIVES: This study presents the role of the temporalis muscle flap in primary reconstruction after orbital exenteration. METHODS: A retrospective nonrandomized study of orbital exenterations performed between 1990 and 2010 for malignant tumors of the skin, paranasal sinus, and nasal cavity is presented. RESULTS: The study included 13 patients (nine men, four women; age range, 30-82 years) with paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, or skin carcinomas. Primary reconstruction of the cavity was performed in all patients after orbital exenteration. No visible defects in the muscle flap donor site were present. Local recurrences were readily followed up with nasal endoscopy, whereas radiology helped to diagnose intracranial involvement in three patients. Two patients died of systemic metastases and five died for other reasons CONCLUSION: The temporalis muscle flap is readily used to close the defect after orbital exenteration, and does not prevent the detection of recurrence.

Traumatismo accidental con estallido del globo ocular / Accidental trauma with eyeball popping-up

Paciente masculino de 27 años de edad, trabajador agrícola, que fue ingresado en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" por haber sufrido una herida penetrante por arma de fuego, producida por la impulsión retrógrada del percutor al disparar una escopeta artesanal de cacería, que provocó estallido del globo ocular izquierdo, fractura de la pared externa de la órbita y heridas palpebrales. Se retiró el cuerpo extraño, se completó la evisceración del ojo izquierdo, se recolocó el fragmento fracturado de la órbita en posición anatómica, se regularizaron los tejidos blandos intra y periorbitarios, preparando la cavidad orbitaria para la colocación posterior de la prótesis; y se realizó la hemostasia, la exploración de la cavidad neoformada por el cuerpo extraño en los tejidos blandos de la región fronto-temporal y la plastia palpebral. Se logró con éxito la reconstrucción palpebral y con posterioridad, la rehabilitación con fines estéticos mediante prótesis ocular.

A 27 year-old male farmer patient was admitted to "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central Military Hospital suffering a penetrating gunshot wound, caused by the retrograde hammer when shooting a handmade hunting shotgun. This injured caused his left eyeball burst, fracture of the outer wall of the orbit and eyelid injuries. Foreign matter was removed. His left eye evisceration was completed. The fractured orbit fragment was repositioned in anatomical position. Intra and periorbital soft tissues were regularized, preparing the orbital cavity for the subsequent placement of prosthesis; and hemostasis was performed, as well as exploration the newly formed cavity by foreign matter in the soft tissues of the frontal-temporal region and eyelid plasty. Eyelid reconstruction and further rehabilitation for aesthetic purposes by ocular prosthesis was successfully achieved.

Reabilitação estética por meio de prótese ocular a base de PMMA - relato de caso / Aesthetic rehabilitation using PMMA ocular prosthesis - case report

Perdas oculares provocam assimetria facial e comprometimento estético. As próteses oculares são importantes para restabelecer a estética, proteger a cavidade anoftálmica, restabelecer função, como o redirecionamento do l¡quido lacrimal, e reintegrar o paciente … sociedade. O objetivo do trabalho ‚ relatar um caso de prótese ocular, demonstrando as etapas clínicas e laboratoriais de sua confecção, destacando as vantagens do uso da mesma. Paciente do sexo feminino foi acometida de toxoplasmose, o que acarretou em perda ocular. Realizou-se a cirurgia de evisceração sendo que a paciente nunca havia utilizado prótese ocular. Dessa forma, foi confeccionada uma prótese ocular em material resinoso PMMA devolvendo a assimetria e estética … paciente. A mesma relatou satisfação com a reabilitação protética final. O presente estudo demonstrou que para casos de perda ocular por toxoplasmose, o tratamento com prótese ocular a base de PMMA pode ser uma alternativa segura e satisfatória para restaurar a estética perdida.

Eye loss results on facial asymmetry compromising its aesthetics. Ocular prostheses are important to re-establish aesthetics; protect the anophthalmic cavity; recover function such as the redirection of lachrymatory liquid; and reintegrate the patient to society. The aim of this study was to describe a case report, demonstrating clinical and laboratorial procedures for confection of ocular prostheses and highlighting their advantages. A female patient was afflicted by toxoplasmosis, which led to the loss of her eye. An eye evisceration was performed. The patient reported no previous use of ocular prosthesis. A PMMA ocular prosthesis was manufactured restoring patient’s aesthetic and facial contour. The patient was satisfied with the treatment. Therefore the present study has shown that PMMA ocular prosthesis is able to restore facial aesthetics and can be a safe and satisfactory alternative for patients that have lost their eyes due to toxoplasmosis

Orbital exenteration under trigeminal block: an innovative method of regional anesthesia

Orbital exenteration is a disfiguring operation involving the removal of the entire contents of the orbit, with or without the eyelids. It is widely felt that such extensive surgery can only be performed under general anesthesia. We report our experience with a patient who underwent orbital exenteration under trigeminal block with intravenous sedation. A 68-year-old male patient was diagnosed to have orbital cellulitis [mucormycosis], uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction with severe pulmonary artery hypertension, and nephropathy. We decided to avoid general anesthesia for such a high-risk patient with many co-morbid illnesses. We gave trigeminal block using a 22-G spinal needle with local anesthetic solution of bupivacaine 0.5% by classic approach. A standard exenteration was performed and the patient tolerated the procedure well with no complications

Perfil dos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução primária da cavidade orbitária com implante de Mules após enucleação e evisceração / Primary reconstruction of the orbital cavity with Mules implant after enucleation and evisceration patients' profile

OBJETIVO: Determinar o perfil clínico dos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução da cavidade orbitária com implante de Mules. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico com delineamento transversal, baseado na análise dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de enucleação ou evisceração do globo ocular assistidos no Departamento de Plástica Ocular e Órbita do Hospital Regional de São José (HRSJ) entre dezembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2009. As variáveis utilizadas foram: idade, sexo, cirurgia realizada, indicação, tamanho do implante e complicações pós-operatórias associadas. RESULTADOS: A análise incidiu sob registros de 68 pacientes, com predomínio do gênero masculino (60,3%) cuja média de idade foi de 38,4 anos. Adultos jovens destacaram-se com a maior frequência de perda do globo ocular. As principais etiologias que cursaram com a enucleação ou evisceração do globo ocular foram trauma ocular, glaucoma, melanoma de coróide e phthisis bulbi. O trauma ocular apresentou maior prevalência no sexo masculino (p<0,01). As complicações pós-cirúrgicas com maior frequência foram expulsão ou extrusão do implante (20,6%) e retração de cavidade ocular (5,9%). CONCLUSÃO: As principais causas de perda do globo ocular foram trauma ocular, glaucoma, melanoma de coroide e phthisis bulbi. As complicações pós-cirúrgicas após implante de Mules foram expulsão ou extrusão do implante e retração de cavidade ocular. Os implantes de 15 e 16 mm apresentaram maior assiduidade e o tamanho da esfera não interferiu no risco de extrusão.

OBJECTIVE: To access the patient's profile after enucleation or evisceration of ocular globe using mules implant. METHODS: An epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design was conducted, based on analysis of medical records of patients who underwent enucleation or evisceration of the eyeball assisted in the Department of Ocular Plastic and Orbit of the HRSJ from December 1999 to December 2009. The variables used were age, sex, surgery, indication, size of implant and postoperative complications associated. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 38,4 years and the most prevalent genre was male (60.3%). Young adults stood out with greater frequency of loss of the eyeball. The main etiologies presenting with enucleation or evisceration of the eyeball were ocular trauma, glaucoma, choroidal melanoma and phthisis bulbi. The ocular trauma was more prevalent in males (p<0.01). The postoperative complications more frequently were expulsion or extrusion of the implant (20.6%) and retraction of the orbital cavity (5.9%). CONCLUSION: The main causes of loss of the eyeball were ocular trauma, glaucoma, choroidal melanoma and phthisis bulbi. The postoperative complications after Mules´ implant were expulsion or extrusion of the implant and retraction of the orbital cavity. The implants 15 and 16 mm showed greater frequency and the size of the ball did not affect the risk of extrusion.

O uso de implantes orbitários de polietileno granulado de ultra-alto peso molecular no reparo de cavidades anoftálmicas / The use of orbital ultra-high molecular weight granulated polyethylene implants in the anophthalmic socket repair

OBJETIVO: Alterações oculares, em especial a perda de volume nas cavidades evisceradas, promovem uma série de modificações ao paciente tanto funcional do órgão quanto psicológica e estética. Para tanto a procura de um material de baixo custo e com biocompatibilidade tem sido uma constante na literatura. Portanto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo testar experimentalmente implante de polietileno granulado de ultra-alto peso molecular, material de baixo custo, em órbitas de coelhos submetidos à evisceração cirúrgica em vários tempos experimentais, onde foram avaliados aspectos macroscópicos e microscópicose de toxicidade sistêmica do material. MÉTODOS: Para esse estudo foram utilizados coelhos Oryctolaguscuniculus submetidos à evisceração do globo ocular direito e posteriormente implantados com esfera de polietileno granulado de ultra-alto peso molecular e analisados por 15, 30, 90 e 180 dias pós-implante, com parâmetros macro, microscópios e bioquímicos. Os animais controles foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento sem, entretanto a colocação do implante. RESULTADOS: Os resultados desse trabalho mostram que o material utilizado no implante de cavidade não apresenta alteração significativa nos parâmetros de peso e bioquímicos quando comparados ao grupo controle. O material implantado apresentou uma grande interação com o tecido do hospedeiro. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que implante de polietileno granulado de alto peso molecular desenvolvido por uma indústria nacional tem alto potencial para se realizar testes em humanos.

OBJECTIVE: Ocular changes in special due to volume loss in eviscerated cavities promote several psychological aesthetic and functional alterations to patients. For this reason, searches aiming at finding a material of low cost and biocompatibility have been constantly carried out. Test experimentally the implants constituted of ultra-high molecular weight granular polyethylene oflow cost, in orbits of rabbits subjected to surgical evisceration in several experimental times, evaluating the macro and microscope aspects besides the systemic toxicity of the material. METHODS: In this study we eviscerated the right ocular globe of rabbits of the species Oryctolaguscuniculus, implanted posteriorly a sphere of granular polyethylene of ultrahigh molecular weight and analysed the effects through macro, micro and biochemical parameters during 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after implantation.The control group were submitted the same procedure without the implants. RESULTS: This paper shows that the material used in the cavity does not present significant alteration in the weight and in the biochemistry of the animal; a good assimilation (integration) of the material implanted by the tissue formed was observed inside the implant. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that ultra-high molecular weight granular polyethylene implant developed by a national industry presents excellent integration in the model used supporting further use in tests with humans.

Carcinoma espinocelular de conjuntiva com evolução para exenteração: relato de caso / Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma requiring orbital exenteration: case report

Portador de carcinoma espinocelular da conjuntiva teve a lesão removida, com recorrência em outra localização. O paciente recebeu ciclos de 5-Fluoruracila como tratamento adjuvante à remoção cirúrgica, apresentando evolução desfavorável que chegou à exenteração orbitária. São feitos comentários quanto ao uso de antimitóticos no tratamento destas lesões.

A case of a squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva is presented. The lesion was removed with recurrence in another conjunctival site. The patient received cycles of 5-Fluorouracil as adjuvant treatment to the surgical removal and presented unfavorable evolution, requiring orbital exenteration. Comments are made on the use of antimitotic drugs in the management of these lesions.

Enxerto dermoadiposo em cavidades anoftálmicas secundárias: estudo retrospectivo e revisão da literatura / Dermofat graft in secondary anophthalmic socket: a retrospective study and literature review

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso do enxerto dermoadiposo no tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, do qual participaram 28 portadores de cavidade anoftálmica secundária, tratados com enxerto dermoadiposo. Os dados avaliados foram: idade, sexo, motivo da primeira cirurgia, tipo de cavidade, razão da opção pelo enxerto dermoadiposo, resultados e complicações. Os dados foram analisados segundo a frequência de ocorrência. RESULTADOS: dos 28 pacientes analisados, 19 (67,8 por cento) eram do sexo masculino, 46,4 por cento deles apresentando de 40 a 60 anos de idade. A principal causa da perda do olho foi o trauma (7 casos - 25,0 por cento). A cavidade onde mais se empregou o enxerto dermoadiposo foi a do tipo III (32,1 por cento). Como primeira cirurgia, a evisceração havia sido realizada em 13 casos, a enucleação em 11 e o enxerto de pele em dois pacientes e em outros dois, não havia informação sobre a primeira cirurgia a que haviam sido submetidos. A opção pelo enxerto dermoadiposo foi feita com a finalidade de repor volume na cavidade e, ao mesmo tempo, conseguir maior superfície anterior da cavidade, já que a maioria possuía cavidades contraídas. A maioria dos pacientes (53,6 por cento) não apresentou complicações, tendo sido a necrose do enxerto a complicação mais observada (32,1 por cento). O resultado final da cirurgia foi considerado bom em 71,4 por cento dos pacientes e ruim em 7,1 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O enxerto dermoadiposo é uma técnica cirúrgica simples e de bons resultados para reposição de volume em cavidades anoftálmicas. Os autores estimulam o ensino da mesma nos serviços de treinamento de jovens cirurgiões.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the dermofat graft in the anophthalmic socket treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study including 28 anophthalmic cavity carriers treated with dermofat graft was carried out. The patients were analyzed according to age, sex, socket contraction degree, first surgery performed, reason for graft choice, procedure´s results and complications. The data were analyzed according to the frequency of occurrence. RESULTS: Nineteen (67.8 percent) of the 28 analyzed patients were male. According to age the majority of patients were between 40 to 60 years old (13 patients - 46.4 percent) and the most common cause of eyeball loss was trauma (seven cases - 25 percent). Anophthalmic socket type III was the most frequently observed (32.1 percent). The evisceration was the first procedure in 13 cases, enucleation in 11 and skin graft was done in two patients. Two patients came to the service after evisceration and did not provide any information about the first surgery. The choice to use the dermofat graft was to replace volume at the socket of 12 patients (42.8 percent). Most of the patients (53.6 percent) had no complications and graft necrosis was the problem most frequently observed (32.1 percent). The surgery was considered good in 71.4 percent and not good in only 7.1 percent. CONCLUSION: the dermofat graft is an efficient and easy technique to reconstruct the anophthalmic cavity. The authors suggest this procedure must be introduced in the medical training services since it provide good results.

A modified technique for retention of orbital prosthesis.

An orbital defect (congenital or acquired) causes severe facial asymmetry and disfigurement, which results in psychological and social disturbances to the patient. It becomes a challenging task for a maxillofacial prosthodontist to fabricate a prosthesis that replicates the healthy side of the face. Success of the prosthesis depends primarily on satisfactory retention of the same. This clinical report illustrates rehabilitation of a patient with an orbital defect by fabricating a hollow orbital prosthesis, utilizing anatomical undercuts for retention using an acrylic resin template relined by a resilient denture liner.

Cavidades anoftálmicas atípicas / Atypical anophthalmic cavities

OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento de las cavidades anoftálmicas atípicas en nuestro centro en cuanto a edad, sexo, causas de pérdida del globo ocular, técnica quirúrgica y sus principales alteraciones. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo prospectivo de 239 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de cavidades anoftálmicas atípicas que acudieron a la consulta de prótesis del ICO Ramón Pando Ferrer en el período de junio a diciembre del 2007. RESULTADOS: El 3 por ciento fueron menores de 20 años, el 30 por ciento entre los 21 y los 40 años, el 43 por ciento entre los 41 y 60 años y el 24 por ciento mayores de 60 años. El 74 por ciento fueron del sexo masculino. La pérdida del globo ocular por traumatismo fue en 115 pacientes para un 48,1 por ciento seguido de infecciones y glaucoma. El 69,5 por ciento fueron eviscerados y el 30,5 por ciento enucleados. El 64 por ciento tuvo patología conjuntival de ellos el 28 por ciento por retracción del férnix inferior. La pseudoptosis se presentó en el 49 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: Las cavidades anoftálmicas atípicas resultaron más frecuentes entre los 41 y 60 años. Predominó el sexo masculino. Las principales causas de pérdida del globo ocular fueron el traumatismo seguido de infecciones. Predominó la evisceración como técnica quirúrgica. La mayoría de las cavidades atípicas resultaron ser por pérdida de fondo de saco inferior y malposiciones palpebrales

OBJECTIVE: To determine the situation of atypical anophthalmic cavities in our center in terms of age, sex, causes of eyeball loss, surgical technique and main alteration of the technique. METHODS: A prospective descriptive study was conducted in 239 patients with confirmed diagnosis in the period of June to December 2007. RESULTS: In this group of patients, 3 percent were under 20 years of age, 30 percent aged 21 to 40 y, 43 percent was in 41-60 y group and 24 percent were over 60 years. Males accounted for 74 percent. The eyeball loss due to trauma affected 115 patients for 48,1 percent followed by infections and glaucoma. In these patients, 69,5 percent were eviscerated and 30,5 percent were enucleated. Conjunctival pathology was present in 64 percent of them whereas lower fornix retraction affected 28 percent. Pseudoptosis was observed in 49 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Atypical anophthalmic cavities were more common in the 41-60y age group. Males prevailed. The main causes of the eyeball loss were trauma and infections. Evisceration was the most used surgical technique. Most of these atypical cavities were due to loss of the lower sac fundus and to palpebral malpositions

Evisceración en estafiloma escleral anterior gigante / Evisceration of the giant anterior scleral staphyloma

La evisceración es la técnica quirúrgica seleccionada para el tratamiento de muchas afecciones oculares graves como: endoftalmitis, ojo ciego doloroso por trauma crónico, glaucoma absoluto, desprendimiento de retina crónico, uveítis crónica, pthisis bulbi, buftalmos y por razones estéticas. Paciente de 21 años de edad que acude a consulta solicitando mejoría de su apariencia facial. Al examen ocular encontramos aumento de volumen localizado en toda la zona superior del globo ocular desde hora 9 hasta hora 3 del ojo derecho, donde se observaba adelgazamiento escleral con extensas zonas de coroides expuesta, leucoma corneal que ocupaba eje visual y exotropia 30° x Hirshberg, como secuela de trauma ocular. El diagnóstico fue estafiloma escleral anterior en el ojo derecho con riesgo de perforación escleral. La evisceración fue el proceder quirúrgico de elección en este tipo de afección, se colocó implante orbitario, sin complicaciones. Inmediatamente después de la cirugía se coloca conformador en la cavidad y luego de un mes se coloca prótesis ocular. De esta forma se logra mejorar el componente estético así como una adecuada rehabilitación y por ello la calidad de vida de nuestro paciente

Evisceration is the surgical technique selected for the treatment of many serious ocular illnesses such as endophthalmitis, painful blind eye due to chronic trauma, absolute glaucoma, chronic retinal detachment, chronic uveitis, pthisis bulbi, buphthalmos and for aesthetic reasons. A 21 years-old patient went to the doctor's office to request some assistance to improve her facial look. On ocular exam, increased volume located in the upper area of the eyeball from hour 9 to hour 3 of the right eye was observed; also scleral thinning with extensive areas of exposed choroid, corneal leukoma occupying the visual axis and 30° exotropia x Hirshberg, as ocular trauma sequel. The diagnosis was anterior scleral staphyloma with risk of scleral perforation in the right eye. Evisceration was the surgical procedure of choice in this type of disorder. An orbital implant was placed, without further complications. Immediately after the surgery, a conformator was placed in the cavity and after one month, an ocular prosthesis was added. In this way, the facial esthetics improved together with an appropriate rehabilitation that contributed to the quality of life of our patient