Apropriação dos espaços urbanos na infância e na velhice em Brasília (DF) / Occupation of urban spaces in childhood and old age in Brasilia, Brazil / Apropiación de espacios urbanos en la infancia y en la vejez en Brasília, Brasil

Os estudos sobre as relações mútuas entre as pessoas e o ambiente buscam subsidiar melhorias no contexto urbano a partir de métodos e técnicas pautados na compreensão do uso de espaços públicos e privados. A crescente demanda pela promoção de ambientes amigáveis para idosos e crianças nos cenários urbanos direcionou esta pesquisa e elencou dois componentes: o panorama relativo à população local e o arcabouço teórico da psicologia ambiental. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais atividades realizadas por crianças e idosos em seus respectivos locais de moradia. Foram avaliados os principais usos e atividades desses dois grupos, em duas vizinhanças, diferenciando-os de acordo com suas especificidades em termos de demandas individuais e ambientais. As observações sistemáticas a partir da técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar (MCCL) ocorreram na cidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF) e permitiram compreender o processo de apropriação dos espaços na infância e na velhice e suas repercussões em termos da congruência pessoa-ambiente. Cada um destes setores organizados a partir de elementos específicos direciona as ações dos participantes para determinados tipos de comportamentos, observados de maneira a compor um roteiro em que a brincadeira (lazer ativo) surge como central na infância e a caminhada (circulação) como mais potente para a população idosa. Os resultados demonstram que o diálogo entre a psicologia ambiental e a ciência do desenvolvimento humano tem sido bastante profícuo e tem contribuído para a compreensão de aspectos da relação pessoa-ambiente em diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida.(AU)

Studies on the mutual relations between people and the environment seek to support improvements in the urban context from methods and techniques based on understanding the use of public and private spaces. The growing demand for the promotion of friendly urban environments for older people and children guided this research, with two notable components: the panorama related to the local population and the theoretical framework of Environmental Psychology. Therefore, we sought to identify the main activities carried out by children and older people in their respective dwellings. The main uses and activities of these two groups were evaluated in two neighborhoods, differentiating them according to their specificities in terms of individual and environmental demands. Systematic observations using the place-centered behavioral mapping technique took place in the city of Brasília, Federal District, and allowed us to understand the process of appropriation of spaces in childhood and old age and its repercussions in terms of person-environment congruence. Each of these sectors, organized from specific elements, directs the participants' actions towards certain types of behavior, observed in order to compose a script in which playing (active leisure) emerges as central in childhood and walking (circulation) as more potent for the older people. The results demonstrated that the dialogue between environmental psychology and the science of human development has been very fruitful and has contributed to the understanding of aspects of the person-environment relationship at different times in the life cycle.(AU)

Los estudios sobre las relaciones mutuas entre las personas y el medio ambiente buscan aportar mejoras en el contexto urbano mediante métodos y técnicas basados en la comprensión del uso de los espacios públicos y privados. La creciente demanda de la promoción de ambientes amigables para las personas mayores y los niños en entornos urbanos guio esta investigación y enumeró dos componentes: el panorama relacionado con la población local y el marco teórico de la Psicología Ambiental. En este contexto, buscamos identificar las principales actividades que realizan los niños y las personas mayores en sus respectivas viviendas. Se evaluaron los principales usos y actividades de estos dos grupos en dos barrios, diferenciándolos según sus especificidades en cuanto a las demandas individuales y ambientales. Las observaciones sistemáticas utilizando la técnica de mapeo conductual centrado en el lugar (MCCL) ocurrieron en la ciudad de Brasília, Distrito Federal (Brasil) y nos permitieron comprender el proceso de apropiación de espacios en la infancia y la vejez y sus repercusiones en la congruencia persona-ambiente. Cada uno de estos sectores, organizados a partir de elementos específicos, orienta las acciones de los participantes hacia determinados comportamientos, observados para componer un guion en el que el juego (ocio activo) emerge como central en la infancia y el caminar (circulación) como el más potente para las personas mayores. Los resultados demuestran que el diálogo entre la Psicología Ambiental y la ciencia del desarrollo humano ha sido muy fructífero y ha contribuido a la comprensión de aspectos de la relación persona-entorno en diferentes momentos del ciclo de vida.(AU)

Reflexiones sobre el primer programa de magister en física médica en diagnóstico por imagen de Chile / Reflections on the first master's degree on physics in diagnostic imaging from Chile

El objetivo del presente artículo de actualización será dar a conocer el nuevo programa de postgrado desarrollado denominado Magíster en Física Médica en diagnóstico por imagen, describiendo sus principales características y proponiendo algunas reflexiones. Este programa tiene la particularidad de permitir el acceso a diferentes Licenciados provenientes de las áreas de la Salud, Ingenierías o Ciencias. El plan de trabajo para este programa es de dos años, contempla cuatro semestres, con 91 créditos transferibles (SCT) por concepto de cursos y 27 SCT dedicados a la tesis. Dando un total de 118 SCT. Los Físicos Médicos son profesionales con formación académica de postgrado y entrenamiento clínico, que forman parte del grupo multidisciplinario profesional responsable del diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes, garantizando la calidad de los aspectos técnicos que intervienen en los procesos, la efectividad y la seguridad de los mismos, reduciendo así la probabilidad de accidentes. El programa de Magíster en Física Médica en diagnóstico por imagen de la Universidad de Tarapacá abre sus puertas para profesionales que se interesen a recibir esta formación única en Chile y ayudar en la tarea de hacer cada día del diagnóstico por imagen, una actividad más segura para los pacientes, profesionales y el público en general.

The main objective of this updating article is to present the latest Post-graduated developed program named " Master in Medical Physics in image diagnosting", describing its main characteristics and proposing some reflections about it. This program is focused on different graduates from the Health, Engineering or Science field. The study plan for this program is two years, including four semesters with 91 transferable credits for courses and 27 SCT dedicated to the thesis with a total of 118 SCT. Medical Physicists are professionals with postgraduate academic and clinical training, which is part of the professional multidisciplinary group that is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of patients, guaranteeing the quality of the technical areas involved in the processes, the effectiveness and safety, and reducing the probability of accidents. This program of "Universidad de Tarapaca" is open to professionals that are interested in receiving unique training in Chile and in helping to provide accurate and safe imaging diagnosis to patients on a daily basis.

Reduciendo el impacto de COVID-19 sobre la radioterapia oncológica en países en desarrollo: revisión rápida y consenso de expertos / Reducing the impact of COVID-19 on radiation oncology units of developing countries: a rapid review and expert consensus

OBJETIVO: Establecer recomendaciones para la toma de decisiones de manejo en radioterapia durante la pandemia de COVID-19, adaptadas a un país con recursos de salud limitados. MÉTODOS: A través de una revisión rápida de la literatura se buscaron publicaciones que describieran medidas para reducir el riesgo de infección por COVID-19, así como también pautas de manejo para reducir la carga de trabajo en las unidades de radioterapia. Se incluyeron en el alcance de esta revisión las siguientes patologías: tumores ginecológicos, cáncer de mama, tumores gastrointestinales, tumores genitourinarios, tumores de cabeza y cuello, cáncer de piel, tumores del sistema nervioso central y linfomas. Un grupo de expertos discutió en línea los datos extraídos y redactó las recomendaciones. Mediante un método Delphi modificado, se evaluó el consenso entre 14 radio-oncólogos certificados. Se evaluó la calidad de la evidencia que sustentó las recomendaciones sobre esquemas de tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron un total de 57 documentos. De 25 trabajos se extrajeron las estrategias para reducir el riesgo de infección. De los restantes, se obtuvieron las recomendaciones para cada patología. Las recomendaciones están orientadas a establecer escenarios específicos donde se pueden omitir, diferir, priorizar y acortar los tratamientos. En el ítem de acortar se recomiendan esquemas de tratamiento para cada patología, priorizando los esquemas hipofraccionados cuando fue posible. CONCLUSIÓN: Se plantean estrategias para la gestión de los servicios de radioterapia con el objetivo de garantizar que los tratamientos de alta calidad para pacientes oncológicos sigan entregándose, pese a la crisis sanitaria ocasionada por COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To generate recommendations on the management of radiotherapeutic treatments during the pandemic, adapted to a country with limited health resources. METHODS: We did a rapid review of the literature, searching for papers that describe any measures to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection, as well as management guidelines to reduce the workload, in radiotherapy units. The following conditions were included in the scope of this review: gynecological tumors, breast cancer, gastrointestinal tumors, genitourinary tumors, head and neck tumors, skin cancer, tumors of the central nervous system, and lymphomas. An expert group discussed online the extracted data and drafted the recommendations. Using a modified Delphi method, the consensus was reached among 14 certificated radio-oncologists. The quality of the evidence that supported the recommendations on treatment schedules was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 57 documents were included. Of these, 25 provided strategies to reduce the risk of infection. Recommendations for each condiction were extracted from the remaining documents. The recommendations aim to establish specific parameters where treatments can be omitted, deferred, prioritized, and shortened. Treatment schemes are recommended for each condition, prioritizing hypo-fractionated schemes whenever possible. CONCLUSIONS: We propose strategies for the management of radiotherapy services to guarantee the continuity of high-quality treatments despite the health crisis caused by COVID-19.

Usage des Rayonnements ionisants en milieu médical à Cotonou (Benin)

Objectif : Faire l'état des lieux des applications médicales des rayonnements ionisants dans la ville de Cotonou.Matériels et méthode : Etude prospective du 16 avril au 22 juin 2018 dans les structures sanitaires disposant de générateurs ou sources de rayonnements ionisants utilisés à des fins médicales dans la ville de Cotonou. Les paramètres étudiés étaient : les caractéristiques des structures sanitaires utilisant les rayonnements ionisants, les infrastructures techniques et ressources humaines impliquées, et la mise en oeuvre des mesures de radioprotection.Résultats : Les rayonnements ionisants étaient utilisés respectivement dans 22 services pour les rayons X, et 1 service pour les rayons gamma. Ces services ne couvraient que les 2/3 des arrondissements. Les générateurs de rayons X comprenaient les appareils de radiologie classique (52,1%), de mammographie (19,6%), de radiologie dentaire (15,2%) et de scanner (8,7%). Ces appareils étaient acquis à l'état neuf dans 52,1% et utilisés dans 63,1% dans les structures privées. Ils étaient dominés par les marques Siemens (20,8%), Schimadzu (12,5%) pour la radiologie classique. Les scanners avaient un âge compris entre 5 et 9 ans et étaient de 16 barrettes dans 50%. Quatorze radiologues et 65 manipulateurs étaient recensés. Près des 2/3 des manipulateurs avaient moins de dix années d'expérience. Aucune structure n'utilisait de dosimètre. Seulement 2 structures sanitaires disposaient de pictogramme et de règlement de zone. Un peu plus de 1500 patients étaient exposés aux rayons X par semaine et 150 dosages radio immunologiques étaient réalisés par semaine.Conclusion : L'usage des rayonnements ionisants était exclusivement à but diagnostique à Cotonou avec des mesures de radioprotection peu satisfaisantes

Necesaria integración, adecuación y convergencia de la física en la educación de las ciencias médicas / Necessary integration, adaptation and convergence of the Physics in medical science education

Se hizo una revisión crítica y actualizada sobre la necesidad de integrar las teorías físicas que se manifiestan en la biología humana, así como adecuar estos conocimientos en los planes de estudios de pregrado y posgrado del proceso formativo en las ciencias médicas y las carreras de tecnología de la salud. También se abordó lo concerniente a la imprescindible convergencia de estas cogniciones, teniendo en cuenta la relación existente hoy en día entre todas estas disciplinas académicas.

A critical and updated review was made about the necessity of integrating physical theories manifesting in the human biology, adapting this knowledge to the pregraduate and postgraduate curricula of the educative process in medical sciences and health technology careers. Indispensable convergence of this knowledge was dealt with, taking into account the current relationship between all these academic disciplines.

Revisión del plan de estudio de la asignatura Física Médica: problemática existente en su adecuación dentro de la estructura curricular de la oncología / Review of the Medical Physics subject curriculum: current problems in its adjustment to the curricular structure of oncology

Se revisó el plan de estudio de la asignatura Física Médica en el proceso de formación de los especialistas en oncología, con vista a proponer los cambios indispensables en la problemática existente para lograr la adecuación de su contenido dentro de la estructura curricular de la cancerología.

The curriculum of the Medical Physics subject in the training of oncology specialists was reviewed, with the view of proposing essential changes in the current problems to achieve the adjustment of its contents to the curricular structure of cancerology.

Hyperthermia, a modality in the wings.

Hyperthermia is a heat-treatment. It is widely used in various medical fields and has a well-recognized effect in oncology. Its effect is achieved by overheating of the targeted tissues. It is an ancient treatment and a promising physical approach with lack of acceptance by the serious medical use. To accept the method we need strong proofs and stable, reproducible treatment quality, but we are limited by biological, physical/technical and physiological problems. However, the main point--I believe--is the incorrect characterization and unrealistic expectations from this capable method. The temperature concept of the quality assurance guidelines has to be replaced by the heat-dose sensitive characterization, pointing the essence of the hyperthermia method.

The physical problems in medicine / 中国医疗器械杂志

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the basic sciences to support the human health are chemistry, physics and informatics. Chemistry is the base of pharmacy. Physics is the base of medical instruments and equipments (MIE). The diagnosis and therapy of diseases are relying on informatics. Therefore, as the fusion results of physics and medicine, medical physics is the creative source science of MIE. Among all diagnosis tools, medical imaging devices are the fastest-developed and the most-complicated MIE since Roentgen discovered X-ray which was quickly used in medical diagnosis in 1895. Among all treatment tools, the radiotherapeutical devices are the most-widely used and the most effective MIE for tumor treatments since Mrs. Courier found the nature radiation isotope Radium at the end of 19th century and began to use it in tumor therapy. Although the research and development (R&D) of so-complicated MIE need many subjects of science and engineering, the kernel science is medical physics. With the results of more than 50 years' development in developed countries, medical physics has defined its own field, which is the medical imaging physics and the radiotherapeutical physics. But, the definition has been expanded to be wider and wider. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the establishment of Medical Physics in China. In order to develop medical physics in china, the bases of R&D and clinical practice should be also built.

La regulación de la protección radiológica y la función de las autoridades de salud / Regulating radiological protection and the role of health authorities

En este artículo se presenta una breve síntesis de la evolución de la protección contra las radiaciones ionizantes y se hace una interpretación de su filosofía actual. Se analiza el papel decisivo que deben desempeñar las organizaciones reguladoras en protección radiológica y la importante contribución que pueden brindar las autoridades sanitarias. Estas deberían participar activamente al menos en tres aspectos: la promoción de la educación formal del personal de salud en lo concerniente a la protección radiológica, la atención médica de las personas sobreexpuestas accidentalmente y la protección radiológica de los pacientes en relación con los procedimientos radiológicos. Para lograr esos objetivos, los profesionales sanitarios han de tener los conocimientos necesarios en materia de protección radiológica, promover el uso de los equipos adecuados y aplicar los procedimientos necesarios de garantía de la calidad. La apropiada intervención de las autoridades nacionales de salud puede contribuir en gran medida a reducir las dosis innecesarias en los procedimientos médicos con fuentes de radiación y reducir la probabilidad de que ocurran accidentes radiológicos en este campo.

This article summarizes the development of protection against ionizing radiation and explains current thinking in the field. It also looks at the decisive role that regulatory agencies for radiological protection must play and the important contributions that can be made by health authorities. The latter should take an active part in at least three aspects: the formal education of health personnel regarding radiological protection; the medical care of individuals who are accidentally overexposed, and the radiological protection of patients undergoing radiological procedures. To this end, health professionals must possess sufficient knowledge about radiological protection, promote the use of proper equipment, and apply the necessary quality assurance procedures. Through their effective intervention, national health authorities can greatly contribute to reducing unnecessary doses of radiation during medical procedures involving radiation sources and decrease the chances that radiological accidents will take place.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la depresión en pacientes de la consulta dermatológica en dos hospitales de la ciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia) / Associated risk factors to depression in dermatology care at hospitals in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia)

objetivos: Analizar los factores personales y familiares asociados a la depresión en los pacientes dela consulta externa dermatológica del Hospital Universidad del Norte y del Hospital Nazareth de laciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia).Resultados: Se encontró una fuerte asociación entre la presencia de depresión y los antecedentespersonales y familiares de la enfermedad, la evolución prolongada de la enfermedad dermatológica, laspérdidas laborales y afectivas, la presencia de enfermedad concomitante y la disfuncionalidad familiar.Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la depresión en los pacientes con trastornos dermatológicosestá asociada a la influencia de factores similares a los encontrados en la población general, a lo cualse añade el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad dermatológica y la disfuncionalidad familiar.

Objectives: To analyze the association between personal and familiar factors and the presence ofdepression in dermatologic patients that attend the outpatient service at the Hospital Universidaddel Norte and the Hospital Nazareth in Barranquilla.Methods: A cross sectional study was designed within a population of 339 dermatology outpatients.The sample was selected by systematic sampling methods. Cases were defined as having some degreeof depression diagnosed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and controls as those who werenegative. Individual factors studied were: sex, marriage and economic status, length of evolution ofdermatological disorder, former history of depression, loss of job and loss of loved ones. Familiar factorsanalyzed were family history of psychiatric disorders, depression and familiar function. Data analysiswas computerized and the prevalence odds ratios (POR) and their confidence intervals werecalculated. The significance tests for association utilized were Chi-squared and Fisher.Results: Depression was associated to: personal and familiar background of depression, length ofevolution of the dermatological problem ...

School children’s physic health of two standard schools in Xuan Truong district 2002

The study was carried out on 1328 pupils aged of 6-15 years in Xuan Bac primary and Xuan Ngoc secondary school, Xuan Truong district, Namdinh province in 2002 ( males were 69, females were 638). The results showed some anthropometric measurements and clinical examinations. The following conclusion have been drawn:- Physical status: The anthropometric of Xuan Bac and Xuan Ngoc school children were considerably higher than those of 1975 Vietnamese biological constant and those of Thai binh province in 1995; but these indices were lower than index of Duong Nghiep Chi in 2001. – Morbidity: The general morbidity rate:38.62%. Four commonest disease in the Xuan Truong School (6-15 years old) were dento-oral disease (28.46%), ear-nose-throat diseases(7.75%),goiter diseases (2.43%) and myopia (2.03%)

Consideraciones sobre el otorgamiento del Primer Premio Nobel de Física a Guillermo Conrado Rontgen / Considerations on the First Nobel Prize of Physics given to Guillermo Conrado Rontgen

A fines del siglo XIX, la cantidad de científicos de gran valía era tal que su selección para el lauro máximo no fue tarea sencilla. Las opiniones estaban muy divididas, lo que derivó en una controversia personal que se detalla en este trabajo

Indoor radon.

The naturally radioactive but chemically inert gas, radon, is formed from the radioactive decay of radium which is part of the uranium series. Radon gas, which has a half life of 3.8 days, must escape from soil particles through air-filled pores in order to enter the atmosphere following the decay of radium. The concentration of radon in the atmosphere varies, depending on the place, time, height above the ground and meteorological conditions. It is thus an inescapable source of radiation exposure, both at home and at work. The potential hazards posed by exposure to radiation from indoor radon gas and its daughter products are of great concern worldwide. Noting of an excessive lung cancer risk among several groups of underground miners exposed to radon and its daughter products, studies on radon concentrations in the workplace and in dwellings have been conducted in many countries. The results have shown that the distribution of radon concentrations are approximately lognormal from which population weighted; the arithmetic mean of radon concentration of 40 Bq.m-3 has been adopted worldwide for dwellings and workplaces. The principal methods for reducing a high indoor radon concentration are: reducing the radon supply by reversing the pressure difference between the building and the soil; raising the resistance of the foundations to soil gas entry; removing the radon sources such as water or underlying soil; diluting the concentration by increasing the ventilation rate; and reducing the concentration of radon progeny by filtering and increasing the circulation of indoor air. Buildings which have a radon concentration higher than 200 Bq.m-3 should be investigated by the national authorities concerned; meanwhile, householders should be advised to take simple temporary precautions, such as increasing ventilation, until a permanent remedy can be effected.