Planejamento pré-operatório em hepatectomias / Hepatectomy preoperative planning

Hepatectomia pode combinar desde a captação pequeno tumor periférico para operações de grande porte como trissegmentectomia ou ressecções central. Os pacientes podem ser saudáveis, com doença hepática localizada ou cirróticos com alto risco operatório. A avaliação pré-operatória do risco de insuficiência hepática pós-operatório é fundamental para determinar o procedimento cirúrgico adequado. A natureza da doença hepática, a sua gravidade e a operação realizada devem ser considerados para correta preparação pré-operatória. A ressecção hepática deve ser avaliada em relação ao parênquima residual, especialmente em cirróticos, pacientes com hipertensão portal e grandes ressecções. O racional para a utilização de volumetria hepática é medida pelo cirurgião. Child-Pugh, MELD e retenção de verde de indocianina são medidas de avaliação da função do fígado que pode ser usado em hepatectomia pré-operatório. Extremo cuidado deve ser tomado em relação à possibilidade de complicações infecciosas com alta morbidade e mortalidade no período pós-operatório. Vários centros estão desenvolvendo a cirurgia de fígado no mundo, com diminuição do número de complicações. O desenvolvimento da técnica cirúrgica, anestesia, doenças infecciosas, oncologia, terapia intensiva, possível ressecção em pacientes considerados inoperáveis no passado, irão proporcionar melhores resultados no futuro.

Hepatectomy can comprise excision of peripheral tumors as well as major surgeries like trisegmentectomies or central resections. Patients can be healthy, have localized liver disease or possess a cirrhotic liver with high operative risk. The preoperative evaluation of the risk of postoperative liver failure is critical in determining the appropriate surgical procedure. The nature of liver disease, its severity and the operation to be performed should be considered for correct preparation. Liver resection should be evaluated in relation to residual parenchyma, especially in cirrhotic patients, subjects with portal hypertension and when large resections are needed. The surgeon should assess the rationale for the use of hepatic volumetry. Child-Pugh, MELD and retention of indocyanine green are measures for assessing liver function that can be used piror to hepatectomy. Extreme care should be taken regarding the possibility of infectious complications with high morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period. Several centers are developing liver surgery in the world, reducing the number of complications. The development of surgical technique, anesthesia, infectious diseases, oncology, intensive care, possible resection in patients deemed inoperable in the past, will deliver improved results in the future.

Trasplante hepático pediátrico estudio descriptivo de la experiencia recogida por el grupo de trasplante pediátrico de Clínica Las Condes y Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna / Pediatric liver transplantation: descriptive study of the experience in liver transplantation at Clínica Las Condes and Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital

El trasplante hepático pediátrico (THP) es la única alternativa de tratamiento para niños que padecen enfermedades hepáticas terminales, ya sean éstas agudas o crónicas. En Chile el THP representa aproximadamente un 20 por ciento del total de trasplantes de hígado realizados en nuestro país. Objetivo: Exponer las indicaciones, procedimientos y principales complicaciones del THP desde el punto de vista teórico y realizar un estudio descriptivo de la experiencia recogida por el grupo de trasplante pediátrico de Clínica Las Condes y Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna desde 1994 a 2009 en esta materia. Material y Métodos: Se recolectaron los datos de 209 trasplantes hepáticos realizados a 173 pacientes menores de 18 entre 1994 y 2009 en ambos centros, realizando estadística descriptiva y curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan y Meier. Resultados: Las principales causas de trasplante fueron Atresia de Vías Biliares (48 por ciento) y Falla hepática aguda (28 por ciento). Cuarenta y un trasplantes se realizaron en niños menores de 10 kilos. Se trasplantaron con donante vivo 27 por ciento de los casos. Las complicaciones vasculares se presentaron en 13 por ciento de los casos y las biliares en 14 por ciento. Rechazos moderados o severos se diagnosticaron en 36 por ciento de los trasplantes. Enfermedad por Citomegalovirus se detectó en 30 por ciento de los pacientes dentro del primer año post trasplante y síndrome linfoproliferativo en 5 por ciento. La sobrevida actuarial de pacientes a 1 año ha sido de 76 por ciento, a 5 años de 67 por ciento y a 10 años de 65 por ciento. Conclusión: Los resultados del THP en términos de sobrevida y complicaciones es similar a la experiencia de centros extranjeros, la cual es superior a las expectativas y calidad de vida de los pacientes sin trasplante. Las áreas de mayor desarrollo de nuestro centro y que presentan los mayores desafíos son el trasplante hepático en niños menores de 10 kilos, en falla hepática aguda, y el uso de donante vivo.

Pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) is the only therapeutic option for children with acute or chronic end stage liver disease. In Chile PLT represents approximately 20 percent of all liver transplants performed. Objective: To present indications, procedures and main complications of PLT from an theoretic point of view and describe the experience achieved by the pediatric liver transplant team of Clínica Las Condes and Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna from 1994 to 2009 in this field. Methods: Data from 209 liver transplants performed in 173 patients younger than 18 years old, between 1994 and 2009 were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Kaplan-Meier’sactuarial survival graphs were calculated. Results: The main liver diseases leading to PLT were Biliary Atresia (48 percent) and Acute Liver Failure (28 percent). Forty-one transplants were performed in children weighting b 10 kilograms. Living donor was used in 27 percent of the cases. Vascular complications occurred in 13 percent and biliary reoperations performed in 14 percent. Moderate and severe acute graft rejection was diagnosed in 36 percent of the transplants. Cytomegalovirus disease occurred in 30 percent of the cases and post transplant lymphoproliferative disease in 5 percent. Actuarial patients survival at 1 year has been 76 percent, at 5 years 67 percent and at 10 years 65 percent. Conclusion: Results of PLT in terms of survival and complications is comparable to foreign transplant centers, which is superior to life expectancy and quality of life of these patients without liver transplant. The areas that have exhibit major development in our center and represent the biggest challenge are liver transplant in small children, in patients with acute liver failure, and the use of living donors.

Comparison of etiology of sporadic acute and fulminant viral hepatitis in hospitalized patients in Pune, India during 1978-81 and 1994-97.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the etiology of sporadic acute and fulminant viral hepatitis in two groups of patients 16 years apart. METHODS: Serologic diagnostic tests for hepatitis A, B, C, D and E, and cytomegalovirus infection were carried out in 276 patients during 1994-1997 (Group A) and 206 patients during 1978-1981 (Group B). RESULTS: Among children, hepatitis A virus was the major etiologic agent (81.6% in Group A and 51.4% in Group B), followed by hepatitis E virus (12.2%, 46.4%) and hepatitis B virus (5.4%, none). Among adults, hepatitis E virus was the main causative agent (42.4% in Group A and 71.2% in Group B) followed by HBV (28%, 25.5%) and hepatitis A virus (10.6%, 3.5%). Delta hepatitis was found only in Group A. No viral cause was found in 25% of patients in Group A and 13.5% patients in Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis E virus is a major cause of sporadic acute and fulminant hepatitis. There has been an increase in hepatitis A in adults who developed fulminant hepatic failure. Our data points to the emergence of hepatitis A in adults and emergence of delta virus infection. Hepatitis C virus was unimportant in causing sporadic hepatitis.

Wilson's disease with hepatic presentation in childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical, laboratory findings, treatment and long-term follow-up of children with Wilson's disease with hepatic presentation. DESIGN: Retrospective study with a median follow-up period of 9 years. SETTING: University medical center. SUBJECTS: Thirty-four children with hepatic involvement, ranging in age from three to fifteen years, were diagnosed as Wilson's disease over an eighteen year period. METHODS: The diagnosis was based on the presence of family history and Kayser-Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin levels and increased urinary and hepatic copper concentrations. RESULTS: Four patients had also neurological manifestations. Eight patients were diagnosed as fulminating hepatic failure resulting in death in a few days. The most common symptoms were abdominal distension and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly was the predominant physical finding and serum transaminases were elevated in most of the patients. Twenty patients had cirrhosis and six had chronic hepatitis histopathologically. All patients with fulminating hepatic failure had hyperbilirubinemia with normal alkaline phosphatase and higher aspartate aminotransferase than alanine aminotransferase. Patients were treated with D-penicillamine and zinc sulphate. Three patients underwent liver transplantation. Four more patients besides patients with fulminating hepatic failure died due to end stage liver disease. Twenty-two patients were followed for median 9 years. Four patients with poor compliance progressed to decompensated cirrhosis and the others were stable. CONCLUSIONS: Liver disease with unknown origin with positive family history and parental consanguinity should imply Wilson's disease strongly.